Choice Situation Research Articles

The Future of Decisions From Experience: Connecting Real-World Decision Problems to Cognitive Processes

In many important real-world decision domains, such as finance, the environment, and health, behavior is strongly influenced by experience. Renewed interest in studying this influence led to important advancements in the understanding of these decisions from experience (DfE) in the last 20 years. Building on this literature, we suggest ways the standard experimental design should be extended to better approach important real-world DfE. These extensions include, for example, introducing more complex choice situations, delaying feedback, and including social interactions. When acting upon experiences in these richer and more complicated environments, extensive cognitive processes go into making a decision. Therefore, we argue for integrating cognitive processes more explicitly into experimental research in DfE. These cognitive processes include attention to and perception of numeric and nonnumeric experiences, the influence of episodic and semantic memory, and the mental models involved in learning processes. Understanding these basic cognitive processes can advance the modeling, understanding and prediction of DfE in the laboratory and in the real world. We highlight the potential of experimental research in DfE for theory integration across the behavioral, decision, and cognitive sciences. Furthermore, this research could lead to new methodology that better informs decision-making and policy interventions.

Bridging the brand volume/ brand value measurement divide: Towards a multidimensional understanding of brand strength

With inflation rising and wages shrinking in real terms, many consumers are forced to consider every penny they spend. To generate profitable revenue in this environment, it is more important than ever for marketers to understand not just the proportion of consumers to whom their brand appeals but also the extent to which those consumers view the brand as worth paying for. Armed with this vital part of the puzzle, meaningful strategic and tactical action plans can be devised to realise that all-important profit margin. The perceptions that drive brand choice are distinctly different from the drivers of brand premium, yet many marketers are still relying on brand trackers and measurement techniques that focus exclusively on a brand’s ability to generate sales volume through legacy measures of consideration and preference. GfK’s Brand Architect provides new metrics and insight for brand strength and performance, volume and value. It does this in three ways: by providing better predictors of volume through the use of realistic brand choice simulations; by capturing the value/premium equation of a brand; and by evaluating the propensity to brand switch by observing how consumers behave across multiple brand choice situations. The approach, in which lies embedded behavioural science and conjoint analysis, has been validated during our own extensive studies. In this paper, we explain the framework and use real brands to show how the technique can be used for effective brand management. We have provided a summary of the validation work we have carried out to show that this approach is rooted in commercial reality. It cannot only provide a highly strategic framework for brand management, but it also offers deeper insights into brand repertoires and richer diagnostics on how to drive volume, value or both according to the brand’s objectives.

In vitro comparative quality evaluation of different brands of carbamazepine tablets commercially available in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia

BackgroundGood-quality drugs that fulfill the regulatory parameters and are produced per the current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) standards are very critical for the best therapeutic outcomes. However, the variety of branded drugs circulation in the market often put clinicians and pharmacists in a difficult situation of choice due to the possibility of interchangeability among brands, so we should ascertain the quality of the various brands of drugs, available in the drug market. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality and physicochemical equivalence of six brands of carbamazepine tablets that are commercially available in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsAn experimental study design was used. Six different brands of carbamazepine tablets were purchased from community pharmacies in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia, which were selected using simple random sampling methods. Identification, weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, dissolution test, and assay for the content of active ingredients were evaluated according to the procedures described in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and British Pharmacopeia (BP), and the results were compared with USP and BP standards. The difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factors were calculated to assess in vitro bioequivalence requirements.ResultsThe identification test results revealed that all samples contained the stated active pharmaceutical ingredients and all brands of carbamazepine tablets complied with the official specification for weight variation, friability, and hardness tests. The percentage concentration of carbamazepine was found in the range of 97.85 to 102.09, which met the USP specification of 92% to 108% of the stated amount. Similarly, all samples fulfilled disintegration time (i.e., ≤ 30 min) except brand CA1 (34.183 min) and dissolution tolerance limits (i.e., Q ≥ 75% at 60 min), which was found in the range of 91.673% -97.124%. The difference factor (f1) values were < 15 and the similarity factor (f2) values were > 50 for all the tested brands of carbamazepine tablets.ConclusionThe present study revealed that all brands of carbamazepine 200 mg tablets met the quality control parameters as per pharmacopoeial specifications except the disintegration test of brand CA1, and could be used each brand interchangeably to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Theatrical historical performances as a form of cultural solidarity in the space of a provincial town (early 1920-s)

The article studies historical theatre performances on the territory of Kazan in the early 20s of the XX century on the basis of available historical sources and scientific literature. The political and cultural elite of the new state was faced with the task of attracting the attention of Soviet citizens to new, revolutionary symbols and values, since a significant part of the population, especially in the provinces, was still «eyeing» the Soviet order. After October 1917 the most common form of Soviet political celebration in the country was not only rallies and solemn meetings but plays on historical and revolutionary themes. Within the framework of the historical and cultural context, the connection of theatrical productions with innovative methods of influencing to the viewer is revealed. All the participants of the performances in Kazan were involved in the plot outline of the reproduced dramatic events of the recent past with their amateur, involved presence. On the streets and squares of Kazan, as well as many other Russian cities, a collective creation unprecedented in the history of world culture arose, where the natural experience of the dramatic moment of the past became a mysterious process and, at the same time, an original artistic text. During the theater, this was achieved in the most spectacular way, which was facilitated by both symbolic entourage and imitation of collective actions in which «random» meetings with participants in real events could take place. All this had a strong impact on the perception of the historical plot as the only possible scenario of historical reality and inspired a sense of deep involvement in the memorable event. Living the past as real created a new space of unprecedented ecstatic solidarity, where collective action became not just a political act of the revolutionary mass, strengthening the individual’s sense of belonging, belonging to the whole, it manifested the energy of the present moment, returning to disequilibrium and uncertainty, emotionally plunging into a situation of choice. The nascent unity of personalities was at the same time the foundation of a new social identity and at the same time the hope of restoring personality and society, unconscious cleansing from the hardships of reality, getting rid of ignorance, selfishness and inhumanity.

Professional choice as a moral dilemma for doctors in the context of COVID-19

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has added new semantic trend to the problem of the professional choice of doctors through a change in the conditions of their activities in the direction of intensifying tasks, complicating the possibilities for their implementation, and multiplying the uncertainty of the efforts made.&#x0D; The purpose of the study. Assessing the professional choice of doctors in the context of COVID-19 when solving moral dilemmas.&#x0D; Material and methods. The total sample size was four hundred twenty nine people (doctors of various surgical and therapeutic specialties) aged of 25–32 years. All doctors had at least 1.5 years of practical experience in COVID-19 conditions. The study was conducted using a questionnaire developed by the author, containing 24 moral dilemmas related to professional decision-making.&#x0D; Results. Regardless of the doctor’s profile, professional choice is made in favour of patients of the same gender as the doctor. At the same time, both male and female doctors strive to save young patients (up to 50 years old) with chronic diseases. At the same time, it should be noted that the profile (therapeutic or surgical) of a doctor and his specialty also influence the criteria for choosing professional decisions. Clear criteria in the situation of moral choice have not been established only in the group of ophthalmologists.&#x0D; Limitations. Excluded from participation in the study were pediatricians and dentists, as well as doctors who lack professional experience in the context of COVID-19. &#x0D; Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was found that regardless of the working conditions (in the red zone for COVID-19, in the green zone), both male and female doctors choose in favour of patients of the same gender. At the same time, doctors working in the red zone on COVID-19 make a professional choice in a situation of moral choice in favour of young patients of the same gender with chronic diseases. Physicians working in the green zone make the choice to rescue elderly patients of the same gender as physicians.

Priming and the value of a statistical life: A cross country comparison

Using a discrete choice experiment this study examines whether different types of priming may influence the respondents’ answers when choosing between different policies aimed at reducing the mortality risk due to ambient air pollution. We focus on two types of priming: (i) two versions of an oath where respondents commit to answer truthfully during the survey, and (ii) a priming scenario that combines information about the social cost of ambient air pollution and questions on the respondents’ experiences related to the topic. To test the robustness of the findings the same survey is implemented in two different countries, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). Results show that respondents behave as expected in the choice situations and the two estimates of the value of statistical life (VSL) obtained are in line with values recommended for policy purposes in both countries. Regarding the priming treatments, we find that the oath treatments have different effects in the US and in the UK, and that the priming scenario has an effect on those who have already been suffering from air pollution (US), or on those who are willing to change and undertake actions to protect the environment (UK).

Feedback and winning-losing probability effects on economic behavior in risky choices decision-making

Myopic Loss Aversion (MLA) is one of the study objects of behavioral economics. It corresponds to the fact that participants, when facing choice situations, cannot rationally evaluate the risks and profits of available options, leading them to choose investments more likely to occur but less profitable. This behavior shows that they cannot evaluate the options satisfactorily, so they have sub-optimal decisions. There may be conditions for MLA more favorable for it to occur, as the frequency one shows the participant the outcomes of their choices (feedback) and the probability of winning or losing. In this way, this study aims to evaluate how feedback influences participants' choices and the influence and interaction of the winning and losing probability. This study had the participation of 80 people, ages 18 to 30 years, all university students, 29 women and 51 men, without either relation to business degree courses or familiarity with the research area on economic behavior. The experiment consisted in making nine repeated choices in a lottery game. Participants started the experiment with R$1000 (a thousand) fictitious reais (Brazilian currency); each lottery game had a cost of 150 reais, and the profits returned this invested value with an addition of more 150 reais. The results indicate that the presence of feedback induces participants to bet more. However, the winning and losing probability do not influence the invested amount, and there was no interaction between these two factors.

Bioethics in Russia: a Complex Scientific Discipline at the Intersection of Philosophy, Biology, Culture and Law

The article describes the formation of bioethics — a complex scientific discipline — in our country. The emergence of bioethics in the world dates back to the 1970s of the 20th century, in the Soviet Union it began to take shape during the period of perestroika as part of the activities of Academician Ivan Timofeevich Frolov (1929–1999). Bioethics deals with ethical issues that arise during the introduction of the latest biomedical technologies into practice, the solution of which can have various medical, cultural, legal, and financial consequences. The latest biomedical technologies open up new possibilities for a person (heredity management, genetic passport, etc.) and put a person in a situation of choice. Their future depends on what choice people will make, and this choice is determined by the state of the culture of society. In the field of bioethics, regulation is crucial and should be comprehensive and multi-stage. Philosophers, culturologists, and ethicists formulate general principles of regulation based on the ideology of humanism. Further on, scientists consider these recommendations and develop appropriate codes of conduct, while lawyers consolidate the new understanding within the legal system. The formation of such an integrated approach in Russia took place within the framework of scientific structures created by Academician I. T. Frolov, — the AllUnion Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences, the Institute of Man of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian National Committee on Bioethics (RNKB), the Russian Committee on Bioethics under the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO. In these structures, expert work was carried out on the main documents related to the interaction of the Russian Federation with the Council of Europe in the field of bioethics. RNKB prepared expert opinions for the Department of European Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Department for International Humanitarian Cooperation and Human Rights of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation regarding Russia's accession to international conventions on bioethics.

Effect of maize seed treatment on oviposition preference, larval performance and foliar damage of the fall armyworm

AbstractThe fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an invasive pest that has recently become a major worldwide threat for maize production. Greatest crop yield reductions occur following damage by FAW larvae at early vegetative plant stages, between the first and second week after plant emergence. In this study, field and semi‐field experiments were carried out to assess the effect of cyantraniliprole‐based seed treatment on the protection of early stages of maize plants against FAW and the associated mechanisms. In the field, maize seed treatment using cyantraniliprole (Fortenza®) significantly reduced the percentage of infested seedlings (77%) and the percentage of seedlings with severe damage (86%) up to 3 weeks after emergence. In a choice situation, semi‐field experiments showed that gravid moths preferred to lay eggs on plants from untreated seeds (68%) rather than on plants from treated seeds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that insecticide residues present in plant tissues deter oviposition of Noctuid moths. Seed treatment with cyantraniliprole also reduced plant infestation (65%) 10 days after artificial inoculation of neonate larvae at 3 weeks after plant emergence, reducing the severity of leaf damage (by 67%). Insecticide seed treatment is a relevant tool for the integrated pest management of the FAW in high‐value crops such as sweet corn, especially for reducing foliar applications of insecticides during the most susceptible stages of the crop, as far as the risk of impacts on non‐target organisms is low and no alternative biocontrol option is available.

Existential-legal principle in forming the personality of a human and citizen

Objective : to study the existential-legal principle in the formation of the personality of a human and a citizen. Methods: the dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena led to the choice of the following methods of cognition: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological methods. Results : scientific usage includes a methodologically dubious approach associated with the concept of “a person in law”. There seems to be a human and a citizen in law. In this regard, of the most important doctrinal issues referring to a human, attention is drawn by the issue of the role of the existential principle in the formation of the personality of a human and a citizen, which has not been developed by lawyers. Existence covers situations of personal choice that affect the vital problems of a person’s life, their formation as a personality, overcoming objective life difficulties and subjective dissatisfaction in the process of experiencing them. The level of freedom, felt (reflected) by a person and allowing them (giving them the right) to decide for themselves what to do with their life in all its senses, forms an existential right. It is still waiting for its researcher. One of the directions of such research is the formation of subjective rights and obligations outside and before the mediation of relevant social relations by positive law. Scientific novelty : the most important existentialist questions (where we came from, where we are going, what we stand on, what justifies us, what is the meaning of our presence in the world) are not only philosophical questions. They are purely practical. It is no coincidence that discontent is brewing in the Russian public opinion, both in the scientific community and in the mass of thinking citizens, about the lack of a basic ideology. Existentialism gives preference to internal regulators of behavior over external ones and, consequently, this philosophy does not leave much room to legalism and everything related to the use of legislative means. However, the study of the existence involved in the legal sphere, directed to the legal status of the individual, inevitably actualizes the problems of legislative regulation, evaluation of the existing laws for compliance with natural rights and obligations. The aspect which always remains relevant is the prevention of behavior that deviates from the requirements of an external regulator through metered prohibitions and permits of legitimate authorities. The place of the existential principle in the formation of the personality of a human and a citizen is determined in the light of the ratio of general, special and individual spheres, patterns and forms of life activity. The first is dominated by the general laws of natural-scientific and social development reflected in philosophy; the second is dominated by the specific laws of the political and legal movement of societies and states in a definite place and time; the third – by the existence of active personalities. Practical significance : the conclusions and provisions of the article can be used in scientific and legislative activities, in the educational process of universities.

Violent Resistance as Radical Choice

What reasons stand in favor of (or against) violent resistance to oppression? I distinguish two kinds of normative reasons that bear relevantly in such a practical deliberation. I argue that in addition to reasons of impartial morality, victims’ personal projects and relationships may also provide reasons for (or against) violent resistance. Moreover, there is no guarantee that conflicts will not occur between such reasons. Thus, some acts of violent resistance may arise from situations of radical choice in which impartial moral reasons and personal reasons pull the agent in opposite directions. Regardless of what we ultimately think agents facing such decisions ought to do, all things considered, recognizing such conflicts is crucial for understanding the circumstances that give rise to violence and for better sympathizing with victims who are pushed to such extreme modes of resistance.

Human Being and the World in the Capricious Radiance of Talmudic Mythology (Based on a Religious Study of the Little-Researched Work of Yakym Olesnytsky)

The article continues and develops the experience of actual reading of one of the significant, but littlestudied works of the prominent Kyiv Hebrew scholar and biblical scholar of the last third of the XIX – early XX century, professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Yakym Olesnytsky. Through the religious study reinterpretation of the structural elements of Talmudic mythology discovered by Olesnytsky, the peculiarities of the evolution of the agadic picture of the world were revealed. Being quite structurally heterogeneous, this phenomenon is characterized by “human dimension”, which is the leitmotif of universal natural harmony, social order, moral balance of good and evil. Both the actions of God, and the elements of nature, and the norms and requirements of society are full of mental, psycho-emotional tension, placed in a situation of moral choice and action, appear in fact anthropological projections, the image of human abilities. Therefore, the anthropological aspects of the transformations of agadic consciousness have been studied from the standpoint of religious studies. The transformation of psychological and anthropological motives in agadic angel and demonology and ideas about the human soul is singled out; revealed dimensions of the sacred symbolization of the unity of man with nature, humanity and the universe in the agadic doctrine of metempsychosis; anthropological and socio-political projections of agadic sacred geography and ritualized practices of contact with the afterlife as with the “Other Reality” are demonstrated; the sacred dimensions of ethno-, cultural- and religious-genesis engraved in the agada are traced.

On the voluntariness of public health apps: a European case study on digital contact tracing

ABSTRACT As evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a growing reliance on smartphone apps such as digital contact tracing apps and vaccination passports to respond to and mitigate public health threats. In light of the European Commission's guidance, Member States typically offer such apps on a voluntary, ‘opt-in’ basis. In this paper, we question the extent to which the individual choice to use these apps – and similar future technologies – is indeed a voluntary one. By explicating ethical and legal considerations governing the choice situations surrounding the use of smartphone apps, specifically those related to the negative consequences that declining the use of these apps may have (e.g. loss of opportunities, social exclusion, stigma), we argue that the projected downsides of refusal may in effect limit the liberty to decline for certain subpopulations. To mitigate these concerns, we recommend three categories of approaches that may be employed by governments to safeguard voluntariness.

Between Ibsen and Dostoevsky: “Rewriting the Classics” in Z. N. Gippius’ Story “Mirrors”

Z.N. Gippius’ story “Mirrors” was repeatedly correlated with the plot of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel Idiot in lifetime criticism and the latest literature. The paper discovers the second source text, which is H. Ibsen’s play “Hedda Gabler.” Comparing the plot details of Dostoevsky’s novel and Ibsen’s drama, we can reveal “male” and “female” love triangles (Myshkin – Nastasya Filippovna – Aglaya, Nastasya Filippovna – Myshkin – Rogozhin; Levborg – Gedda – Thea; Raisa – Jan – Samokhin, Jan – Raisa – Olga). The reinterpretation of plot collisions in “Mirrors” may be considered from the psychological and religious-philosophical point of view. The paper provides with nearly word-by-word textual overlaps in the story with the mentioned sources. The analysis shows that the fundamental difference between the love triangles in Z. Gippius’ story in comparison with the previous tradition is that Gippius is trying to destroy the situation of inevitable choice for her characters. She reinterpreted and rewrote anew the plots of Dostoevsky and Ibsen, while the main characters changing their roles and the triangles collapsing at the end. No Gippius neither Merezhkovsky have articulated the philosophy of a religiously meaningful “triple union” as a form of realization of the “Third Testament” at the time of writing the story. The story “Mirrors” rewrites of the classics and the latest literature destructing of the traditional plots, though not completing and rethinking: the story has an open ending, the ideas of a triple alliance are unfinished. The article conclusion offers the hypothesis that the title of the story itself is not only Plato’s idea of the human existence world as a multiple reflection of the true ideal world in crooked mirrors, which is repeatedly articulated by its characters. It is also the formulated metapoetic principle of creating the text of the story itself, which is built on multiple reflections of familiar literary images and plot situations.

Ways to reduce the risks of business activity

The article considers the concept of «business risk», discloses the types and methods of its assessment and presents possible ways to reduce it. It has been established that business risk characterizes the specifics of the activity of a business entity to overcome the uncertainty of the situation of an inevitable choice, during which it is possible to assess the probability of achieving the desired result, failure and deviation from the goal. The level of influence of the risk of entrepreneurial activity on the results of the functioning of a business entity is expressed depending on the factors of its external and internal environment. The authors found that it is expedient to carry out the analysis of business risks through their qualitative analysis, as a result of which risks are identified, described and classified, and the reasons for their occurrence are analyzed. Quantitative analysis of business risks will allow you to calculate, evaluate and predict possible business risks. The method of influencing business risks will help reduce business risks or completely neutralize them. The process of managing business risks and their main stages has been studied. As a result, managerial decisions are made to protect the results of entrepreneurial activity from the consequences of situations caused by risks, control of results from the onset of business risks, their reassessment and adjustment through the adoption of operational management decisions. The main methods for assessing business risks are presented. It has been determined that the ways to reduce the impact of business risks on entrepreneurial activity can be: directly reducing the amount of damage arising from business risk; creation of appropriate conditions under which it is possible to quickly respond to the consequences of the realization of business risks; transfer of responsibility for the possible occurrence of risk to third parties; distribution of risk between participants jointly carrying out entrepreneurial activities; business risk insurance; reservation of funds necessary to cover unforeseen expenses by eliminating partial risks; reduction of risks due to their financing.

Ireland and Slovenia in the European Union: comparison of economic development

The article considers the concept of «business risk», discloses the types and methods of its assessment and presents possible ways to reduce it. It has been established that business risk characterizes the specifics of the activity of a business entity to overcome the uncertainty of the situation of an inevitable choice, during which it is possible to assess the probability of achieving the desired result, failure and deviation from the goal. The level of influence of the risk of entrepreneurial activity on the results of the functioning of a business entity is expressed depending on the factors of its external and internal environment. The authors found that it is expedient to carry out the analysis of business risks through their qualitative analysis, as a result of which risks are identified, described and classified, and the reasons for their occurrence are analyzed. Quantitative analysis of business risks will allow you to calculate, evaluate and predict possible business risks. The method of influencing business risks will help reduce business risks or completely neutralize them. The process of managing business risks and their main stages has been studied. As a result, managerial decisions are made to protect the results of entrepreneurial activity from the consequences of situations caused by risks, control of results from the onset of business risks, their reassessment and adjustment through the adoption of operational management decisions. The main methods for assessing business risks are presented. It has been determined that the ways to reduce the impact of business risks on entrepreneurial activity can be: directly reducing the amount of damage arising from business risk; creation of appropriate conditions under which it is possible to quickly respond to the consequences of the realization of business risks; transfer of responsibility for the possible occurrence of risk to third parties; distribution of risk between participants jointly carrying out entrepreneurial activities; business risk insurance; reservation of funds necessary to cover unforeseen expenses by eliminating partial risks; reduction of risks due to their financing.

A control-function correction for endogeneity in random coefficients models: The case of choice-based recommender systems

Applications of discrete choice models in personalization are becoming increasingly popular among researchers and practitioners. However, in such systems, when users are presented with successive menus (or choice situations), the alternatives and attributes in each menu depend on the choices made by the user in the previous menus. This gives rise to endogeneity which can result in inconsistent estimates. Our companion paper, Danaf et al. (2020), showed that the estimates are only consistent when the entire choice history of each user is included in estimation. However, this might not be feasible because of computational constraints or data availability. In this paper, we present a control-function (CF) correction for the cases where the choice history cannot be included in estimation. Our method uses the attributes of non-personalized attributes as instruments, and applies the CF correction by including interactions between the explanatory variables and the first stage residuals. Estimation can be done either sequentially or simultaneously, however, the latter is more efficient (if the model reflects the true data generating process). This method is able to recover the population means of the distributed coefficients, especially with a long choice history. The variances are underestimated, because part of the inter-consumer variability is explained by the residuals, which are included in the systematic utility. However, the population variances can be computed from the estimation results. The modified utility equations (which include the residuals) can be used in forecasting and model application, and provide superior fit and predictions.

Choice Heuristics in Processed Food Purchases: The Case of Hotdog Purchase in the U.S.

The classical discrete choice model assumes that decision-makers consider all attributes in choice situations. However, decision-making often relies on some heuristic process instead of full attribute assessment. Unlike previous literature based on stated choice data, this study attempted to accommodate attribute inattention into a discrete choice model using market data. Our test reports getting better models fit in where they include both choice heuristic and full attribute preservation rules than in the conventional assumption. Accordingly, the heterogeneous decision rules need to be considered in choice modeling as an alternative to the traditional assumption. It is expected that this approach will help to derive food marketing implications for the consumer segments corresponding to each decision rule, reflecting multiple decision-making rules.

Экологические практики молодежи в сфере потребления: аспекты актуализации проблемы

Introduction. In modern Russian society, the problem of a systematic study of the environmental practices of young people in the sphere of consumption is actualized, in particular, such factors of their formation and development as accessibility and awareness. Methods. The article provides a sociological reflection of the factors of formation and development of environmental practices of young people in the sphere of consumption, using data on the results of a number of sociological studies conducted in Russia in 2014-2019. Key points. Ecological practices are a structural element of ecological behavior, representing purposeful and meaningful actions of individuals aimed at transforming the natural environment or maintaining it in a state sufficient for the natural reproduction of its main parameters. One of the most common types of environmental practices of young people is consumption practices, represented by different levels of environmental awareness of consumption, which depends both on accessibility and on the level of awareness about the product and manufacturer. The economic component of environmental motivation also continues to be very significant for young people in a particular situation of environmental choice.

PATTERNS IN INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR AUTONOMOUS ENTITIES

Nowadays, the process of integrating autonomous robotic systems (ARS) and military personnel formation is actively underway. Such a new object in the armed forces (AF) should have the property of self-sufficient behavior that guarantees mission fulfillment. The problem is in the construction of information processes in control systems that ensure a predictable behavior of an autonomous artificial system within the Armed Force subdivisions similar to a human one. Currently, the solution for this problem is the development of artificial entities that use symbolic or neural network methods and models for acquiring and formalizing “knowledge”. Ontologies made it possible to make these methods and knowledge models interpretable in natural language semantics and to bring the problem of human-machine interaction to a new level, which was noted by a number of researchers. Nevertheless, it should be noted that as long as there is no cognition process model, the theoretical results obtained are not in demand in practice and are only of theoretical interest. There is a gap between primitive behavior models of artificial entities, their interaction models and expectations from practice. The purpose of this work is to propose an approach to the intellectualization of the artificial entities’ behavior by revising the logical and mathematical abstractions underlying the construction of their onboard control systems based on the pattern theory development. Such approach ensures the transfer of effective human experience to the control systems of artificial entities, as well as the compatibility of the theological and causal approach. It is shown that the choice under severe time constraints is based on behavioral patterns that reflect effective experience. Patterns form both the information structure of representations and a set of possible variants of representations. Subject’s assessments of satisfaction with the current choice situation lead to a change in a subject's interest structure, and he can choose it. There is a developed formal model of the behavioral pattern and a method of logical inference on patterns. The paper considers the problems of identification and construction of pattern models. It proposes to use four positions of information processing for these purposes. The paper proposes an approach to developing software for intelligent control systems for autonomous systems based on the pattern theory. There are the results of behavioral pattern identification solutions that use new generation training systems with voice control. The paper considers the issues of constructing the architecture of unmanned undersea vehicles with an onboard control system that uses pattern models and a pattern inference system. It also solves the problem of the behavior tactics of the node - autonomous unmanned vehicle based on the onboard sensor system data.