Choice Of Program Research Articles

플립러닝 연계 시뮬레이션 교육에서 간호대학생의 의사소통능력, 학습만족도가 학습자기효능감에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study is a retrospective descriptive correlational research aimed at determining the extent to which communication skills and learning satisfaction, developed through flipped learning-integrated simulation education, influence the self-efficacy of nursing students. Methods The study was conducted with 164 senior nursing students from G University in G City, and data were collected between March and June 2023. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 26.0, employing descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results The data analysis revealed that nursing students' learning self-efficacy significantly differed based on their reasons for choosing the nursing program and preferred teaching methods. Furthermore, communication skills and learning satisfaction showed a significant positive correlation with learning self-efficacy. The variables influencing academic self-efficacy were found to be program choice motivation, communication skills, and learning satisfaction, which together explained 44% of the variance in learning self-efficacy. Conclusions To enhance nursing students' learning self-efficacy in flipped learning-based simulation education, it is important to consider the variables of communication skills and learning satisfaction as key strategies.

Identification of Factors in Selection of Islamic Education Management Postgraduate Programs

In facing global challenges, there needs to be a major contribution to Islamic Education Management to optimize the career orientation of postgraduate students. This research provides insight into the factors that influence students in choosing a study program. The objectives of this research: 1) Provide insight into the decision-making process of postgraduate students at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang in choosing the Islamic Education Management study program, 2) Identify the most relevant factors that influence the choice of study program. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with a case study at the Postgraduate Program at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. The data collection techniques are through semi-structured interview techniques and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques in this research include 3 methods, namely: Data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions from the data. The findings of this research include: 1) Students chose to continue their studies at the UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Postgraduate Program for self-development and career advancement in the future, 2) The UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Campus was chosen because of its good reputation, superior study program accreditation, and a positive brand image, 3) A diverse undergraduate educational background is not an obstacle in choosing an MPI study program, 4) Factors such as job prospects, advice from lecturers, and family influence play an important role in choosing an MPI study program. The conclusion of this research provides an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence students' decisions in choosing the Islamic Education Management study program at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang in the 2022/2023 academic year.

Shear Strength of Adhesives Based on Solvent Type, Aged, and LED-cured with Different Wavelengths: An In Vitro Study.

To evaluate the shear strength of adhesives based on the type of solvent (ethanol and acetone), aged and light-cured using light-emitting diode (LED) units with different wavelengths. Polywave and monowave LED units were employed for this in vitro study. Ninety bovine tooth samples were analyzed using OptiBond Universal adhesive (acetone) and single bond universal adhesive (ethanol). The samples underwent an aging process before being light-cured with different programs of polywave LED units (high-power, low-power, soft start) and monowave. Shear strength was measured using an Instron® Universal testing machine, with statistical analysis performed using ANOVA and the student's t-test. The adhesive with ethanol solvent, light-cured with polywave in high-power mode, achieved an average of 11.06 MPa, while low-power and soft start modes yielded 7.23 MPa and 10.82 MPa, respectively. The adhesive with acetone solvent, light-cured in high-power mode, had an average shear strength of 14.27 MPa, compared to 12.71 MPa in low-power mode and 12.92 MPa in soft start mode. No statistically significant differences were observed between the mean shear strengths of the groups treated with polywave and monowave LED units (p > 0.05). The shear strength of adhesives with ethanol and acetone solvents varies depending on the light-curing program used, but no significant differences were found between the solvents when cured with polywave and monowave LED units. The choice of solvent type and light-curing program may influence adhesion properties. A careful selection of solvent and light-curing techniques for adhesives can enhance the quality and durability of dental restorations, improving adhesion and reducing micro leakage. How to cite this article: Medina J, Orellana-Arauco H, Chacon-Gonzales D, et al. Shear Strength of Adhesives Based on Solvent Type, Aged, and LED-cured with Different Wavelengths: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(9):846-850.

Intervention programme to improve emotional regulation among adolescent with mental disorders: a systematic review

Adolescence is an important period for developing social and emotional habits that are important for mental well-being. This research aimed to know the effectiveness of intervention programs to improve emotional regulation in adolescents with mental disorders. Preparation using the PICO approach, determination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a literature review of scientific English articles published between 2016 and 2023 were conducted. Data were obtained from the SCOPUS, Science Direct, SpringerLink, ProQuest, and SAGE databases. Assessment of the title, abstract, and full text of the article with the keywords "Adolescent," "Child," "Teenager," "Emotion regulation," "Emotion exposure," "Intervention," "Mental Disorders," "Randomised Control Trial." The systematic review report was reviewed critically to ensure that all PRISMA steps and items were included. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The choice of programs and methods of intervention may vary depending on the specific mental disorders and individual needs of adolescents. Nursing interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, group therapy, support groups, and school-based programs, are widely used to manage and treat mental health disorders with the aim of improving well-being and recovery. The effectiveness of intervention programs varies, and selection should consider adolescent needs, resources, and cultural contexts. Consulting mental health professionals or organizations is recommended.

A non-randomised controlled trial of a community-based accommodation and psychosocial support programme for adults experiencing mental illness and homelessness.

The transition out of inpatient mental health is a crucial time for adults experiencing concurrent mental illness and homelessness, yet evidence regarding effective support options is mixed. Choices is an intensive 3-month psychosocial outreach and crisis accommodation support programme for adults experiencing mental illness and homelessness, delivered by Baptcare in Tasmania, Australia. This study examined the effect of Choices on adults' psychosocial functioning, clinical symptomology and psychiatric readmissions in comparison to standard care only. Participants were adults aged 18-64 years experiencing mental illness and homelessness, recruited upon discharge from a psychiatric admission. Intervention participants (n = 124) received the Choices programme. Control participants (n = 122) received standard care, clinical assessment and treatment from hospital-based Mental Health Services. Outcomes were psychosocial functioning (primary), clinical symptomology, hospital readmission rate and readmission length of stay. Outcomes were assessed at programme commencement and closure (3 months) and 3 months post-closure (intervention group only). Analysis of covariance was used to analyse differences between groups at closure, while controlling for baseline differences. Intervention participants had significantly improved social functioning (encompassing living conditions, social relationships, self-esteem/confidence), overall psychosocial functioning, symptoms of depression and anxiety and shorter hospital readmission length of stay in comparison to the control group. Intervention participants experienced further improvements in social and overall psychosocial functioning 3 months post-closure. The Choices programme is effective in enhancing the psychosocial functioning of adults experiencing concurrent mental illness and homelessness. These findings support the ongoing delivery of this combined accommodation and wrap-around psychosocial model of intensive support.

Costume curation knowledge exchange: A case study on experimental pedagogy

This article demonstrates how the consideration of costume can be a catalyst in developing curatorial/cultural programming approaches and, in reciprocation, how curatorial/cultural programming choices expand costume dissemination by means of atypical audience engagement and activation. The article contributes to costume discourse by elevating costume as a teaching and learning tool in a related discipline (curation) and by revealing how costume can be recontextualized and renewed for interactive public reception, going beyond costume as garment/artefact to expand the area of costume curation itself. The underlying research evaluates the pedagogical approach that steered an industry–academia project within an emerging area of arts and culture-related practice in higher education (HE), referred to as mutually beneficial ‘knowledge exchange’ (KE). The aim of the partnership project was to move a traditional fashion curation curriculum towards the performance-related realm of ‘cultural programming’, expanding students’ experience of real-world working practices and outputs, potentially leading to a richer range of employment opportunities upon graduation. As such, MA Fashion Curation and Cultural Programming students from London College of Fashion (LCF) at University of the Arts London (UAL) created three costume-based interventions as part of the yearly performance festival at the internationally renowned Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A). Framing four main research observations with theory of ‘threshold concepts’ in parallel with the principles of KE practice, both being portals towards new understandings and knowledge, this research additionally contributes to KE scholarship by addressing the need for more analytical case-studies involving students. More widely, this costume study evidences how KE scaffolds the discursive, collaborative teaching practices that are already a signature pedagogy of art and design (), and suggests that KE might be vital to the growing demand for new models of creative education (: 17) that develop industry–academia communities of practice.

Segregation and school composition in Washington, D.C. following the implementation of a unified school lottery

ABSTRACT The global expansion of choice programmes fuels debates about the equity potential of school choice policies and mechanisms. In 2014, Washington, D.C. pioneered a citywide lottery and enrolment system to match students with preferred institutions and distribute access to seats in high-demand schools. While unified lottery and enrolment systems impact a vast number of students and influence educational opportunities across continents, little evidence exists on the efficacy of these systems or the link between centralized lotteries and changes in school composition or segregation. Using longitudinal data and an interrupted time series analysis, this study examines the relationship between D.C.’s centralized lottery system and student distribution. We find unchanged desegregation trends systemwide and annual increases in segregation in schools located in wealthier and lower-income wards after the adoption of the lottery system. We raise questions about the way school-designated preference structures give the appearance of numerous school options for families, while keeping access to meaningful choices superficial. Across international contexts, these systems may aid desegregation efforts and enhance equity by randomizing school matches, preventing cream skimming, and offering a baseline of school information, but additional research is needed to better understand their substantive outcomes.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis programmatic preferences among people who inject drugs: findings from a discrete choice experiment

BackgroundPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) holds promise for decreasing new HIV infections among people who inject drugs (PWID), yet daily oral PrEP use is low, and PrEP modality and delivery strategy preferences in this population remain understudied.MethodsFrom May 2022-June 2023, we conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) with PWID in San Diego, California. Participants viewed 18 PrEP program scenarios in sets of three and chose their preferred scenario within each set. Scenarios consisted of various combinations of five characteristics: PrEP modality (injectable, implantable, oral), frequency of use (annual, bi-monthly, daily), service location (community-based organization, clinic, telemedicine), prescription access location (on-site, street outreach, mail), and adherence supports (social support, outreach worker, phone/text reminder). Multinomial logit regression estimated probabilities of choosing PrEP program scenarios as a function of the five characteristics to estimate part-worth utility scores (PWUS; reflecting relative preferences for specific characteristic values) and relative importance scores (RIS; reflecting the relative influence of each characteristic on program choice). We also explored differences by hypothesized modifiers of preferences (i.e., sex assigned at birth, housing status, injection frequency, prior PrEP awareness).ResultsAmong 262 participants, mean age was 43.1 years, and most reported male sex assigned at birth (69.5%), identified as non-Hispanic (60.3%), and were previously unaware of PrEP (75.2%). Frequency of use (RIS: 51.5) and PrEP modality (RIS: 35.3) had the greatest influence on PrEP program choice. Within these characteristics, participants had relative preferences for annual use (PWUS: 0.83) and oral PrEP (PWUS: 0.57), and relative aversions to daily use (PWUS: -0.76) and implantable PrEP (PWUS: -0.53). Generally, participants did not indicate preferences for specific service or prescription access locations, or adherence supports; however, among those with prior PrEP awareness, prescription access location and adherence supports had a slightly greater influence on PrEP program choices.ConclusionOur study considered diverse PrEP scenarios and highlighted potential preferences for long-acting oral modalities. Although not currently available, renewed investment in long-acting oral PrEP formulations may facilitate PrEP care engagement among PWID. Additional delivery and implementation strategy research is needed to support PrEP uptake and persistence in this population.

Reputable and affordable programs with a strong commitment to diversity: Factors influencing school psychology student admission decisions.

A current issue in the field of school psychology is the extreme shortage of school psychologists, and this is likely to persist in the future. Effective recruitment into school psychology programs is one of the most important strategies to increase the number of school psychologists. Within the present study, researchers created the Graduate Enrollment Admissions Rating Scale (GEARS), a survey measuring several different factors that school psychology students consider when applying to graduate programs, to determine what factors contributed to school psychology students' choice of program. The GEARS was sent via email to current school psychology graduate students. Overall, current students rated program quality, including faculty friendliness, as the most important factor influencing their decision. Second, considerations reflecting the program cost were influential. Diversity issues were the third most important factor in students choosing their school psychology programs. Costs and research/teaching opportunities were more important in the recruitment of doctoral students than specialist students, but specialist students valued convenience of a program more than doctoral students. Results of this study suggest that faculty members in charge of recruiting need to consider ways to manage tuition costs, develop relationships with future students, and strive toward high-quality programs as the best ways to increase the likelihood that students will attend their university. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluating Sampling Designs to Survey Fish Diversity in Lakes From Northern Temperate Zones

ABSTRACTLong‐term biological monitoring and management depend on efficient protocols and methodology to characterize and precisely describe species distributions and diversity. In recent years, environmental DNA has progressively become a tool of choice in survey programs. However, the effect of variables such as sampling effort and sampling design still requires consideration. Simple random, grid, and transect‐based sampling methods are widely used in ecological surveys to obtain an unbiased estimation of species richness and community structure. However, under certain conditions where spatial information is available, sampling design and sequencing depth can be optimized to reduce effort and cost. Here, we evaluate different subsampling approaches to identify sampling strategies that are both easily implemented in the field and provide optimal recovery of species diversity for a given sampling effort. With a homogeneous grid‐based sampling (25–50 samples by lake) of 12 freshwater lakes in southeastern Québec, and using the 12S MiFish metabarcoding primer set, we demonstrate that random and stratified designs perform similarly to detect 90% and 95% of species. However, we found that, under certain circumstances, stratified sampling outperformed random sampling, requiring lower numbers of samples to detect the same species diversity. We also demonstrate that for the minimum sequence threshold and sample replication used in our study, a sequencing depth of 50K reads per sample is adequate to obtain a reliable portrayal of species richness. In this study, we contribute to the effort of eDNA sampling standardization by providing data for selecting the best sampling design, sequence depth, and sample size to detect 90%–95% of fish species found in temperate lakes.

Perceived personal benefits from study as determinants of student satisfaction in Australian vocational education and training

PurposeIn the wake of a skills shortage in Australia and its impact on the economy, the need for students to complete their vocational education and training (VET) programmes and enter the workforce is critical. This study aims to identify to what degree student programme choice and perceived personal benefits as well as various confounders act as determinants of student satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data from the Australian Student Outcome Survey to quantify the gain or loss in satisfaction conditional on whether a specific personal benefit was received from the training.FindingsThe results show that when students acquire personal benefits through their VET training, overall student satisfaction has a relationship with the nature of the personal benefit received. This may be a determinant of future enrolments and should thus be important to VET providers and policymakers for their planning and institutional priority setting.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this paper is the first that quantifies the relationship between the satisfaction of graduates from VET and a variety of personal benefits received from vocational training.

SECONDARY ENGLISH GRADE AS A PREDICTOR OF STUDENTS’ ENTRANCE ENGLISH COMPETENCE AND PROGRAMME PLACEMENT

Almost all universities have used students’ overall academic performance at the secondary or high school level as the primary measurement tool in determining the students’ placement into different tertiary academic programmes in hopes of their potential overall success in those programmes. The same is applied in the Malaysian context in line with the notion of Human Capital Theory (HCT) on a person’s success determined by the investment in their education. However, the importance of English language results in the Malaysian students’ national examination certificate is not rigorously considered as one of the primary measures in determining their tertiary level of English competence; instead, only a general passing or acceptable grade based on the offered programmes is used as the university or programme entrance pre-requisite. This may later be challenging for students as English is used in most of the academic references. Through secondary data analysis research design, this study examined 600 students’ collected database of Malaysia National Certificate or SPM English grade to see its determining effect on their English language entrance competence scores and their placement into different academic majors. It was found that their excellent English grades in their SPM were good determining measures of their university’s English Placement Test (EPT) and then exempted for the first-entry level diploma English course. Students with better English grades, accompanied with better EPT scores, mostly ended up in STEM programmes with higher levels of English competence than those students with lower English SPM grades and EPT scores. The advantage of reduced academic course workload shows that their English competence can be a determinant of their subsequent tertiary academic success. Future research may investigate the effects of their secondary and tertiary English on their CGPA and MUET scores and their future choice of academic programmes.

Advanced resistance exercise combined with aerobic rehabilitation training on cardiopulmonary function

Chronic diseases are the number one killer in the world today, and the most common cause of chronic diseases is lack of exercise. Research on the application of artificial intelligence technology in the medical field can shorten the distance between clinical best practice and practical application, and promote the standardized management of clinicians according to specifications. In this paper, three different exercise methods, continuous aerobic, anaerobic, and control, were used to conduct a 12-week study. This paper discussed the effects of three different forms of exercise on the body shape, body composition, and metabolism of patients with chronic diseases, and discussed the intervention effects of the same exercise mode in different periods (0–6 weeks, 6–12 weeks), to provide a theoretical basis for more effective and targeted choice of exercise intervention programs. Through training load, training frequency, training sequence, training interval, and other factors, a training plan can be designed. To avoid mistakes, experts often try to do some items that are prone to mistakes, especially lung function measurement. The scores of self-care, extraction, standing, occupation/housework, social activities, and total scores were significantly lower than those before intervention (P < 0.01). Advanced resistance kinetic energy can significantly improve the exercise and cardiopulmonary function of patients with various types of chronic diseases. Advanced resistance kinetic energy can significantly promote the strength and explosive force of the shoulder, waist, and back muscles in chronic patients, and can significantly promote the muscle adaptability of the shoulder, waist, and back muscles in chronic patients.

One way or another: An optimal matching analysis of students' educational pathways and the impact of socioeconomic background and engagement

AbstractUnderstanding social disparities in educational attainment requires understanding of students' decision‐making throughout their educational career. We focused on students' pathways throughout upper secondary and higher education (HE), identified common types of pathways and studied the role of SES as a determinant of students' pathways. Additionally, we researched the role of engagement for overcoming socioeconomic disadvantages in students' educational decision‐making. Using data from 965 Flemish students, optimal matching analyses identified seven distinct pathways throughout upper secondary and HE. While pathways largely mirrored the tracked structure of the Flemish educational system, there was considerable within‐track heterogeneity. Multinomial regression analyses demonstrated that even among the academic track students, socioeconomic background affected programme choice and long‐term academic success. Less engaged students were less likely to follow university pathways. Moreover, higher cognitive engagement decreased disadvantaged students' chances of ending up in typical vocational pathways.

What makes medical students choose their residencies? Association between mental health of medical students and their choices of future medical specialties

Background: Excessive cognitive demands and chronic stress contribute to the occurrence of mental health problems among medical students. It may be hypothesized that the presence of such disturbances have an influence on their choices of post-graduate training programs. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the state of mental health of medical students and to assess if there is any association between the prevalence of mental health problems and their residency choices. Materials and methods: 114 medical students were surveyed in terms of their residencies' choices and their mental health with the usage of validated psychological questionnaires. Results: 74 (64,91%) of medical students needed psychiatric or psychological treatment at some stage in their lives. Intensity of risky alcohol consumption was positively correlated with the choice of surgery (p=.0000) and negatively correlated with the choice of psychiatry (p=.0000). The severity of depressive symptoms was positively correlated with emergency medicine choice (p=.0479). Anxiety symptoms, eating disorders and autism spectrum severity symptoms were not significantly correlated with the choice of any medical specialty. Conclusions: Medical students were found seriously affected by mental health problems, what to some extent seemed to impact their future career choices.

A program evaluation of the new choices workforce development program: An appreciative inquiry approach

A significant amount of money ($1.76B annually in the United States) is spent on workforce development programs, while there is limited research on the effectiveness of workforce development programs in meeting their program objectives and assisting program participants in attaining employment. This study evaluated the New Choices Program, a workforce development program offered by PA Women Work, to help its clients obtain employment and overcome personal and professional barriers. The program has historically been offered in a 30-hour in person format but was forced to be modified to a 10-hour virtual program when the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions began. This program evaluation included a comparative analysis of the perceptions of participants in the 30-hour in person program and the 10-hour virtual program. It was found that participants in both the 30-hour in person program and 10-hour virtual program perceived the program positively, experienced an increase in self-confidence and belonging, which led to either obtaining employment or being better prepared for the job search process. The data will help inform the New Choices program stakeholders on programmatic improvements and how best to structure the program in the post-pandemic employment world.

Analysis of Aspiration Factors becoming Mathematics Teacher that Influence High School Students’ Decision to Choos Mathematics Education Program

The importance of the ideal factor in making decisions to choose a program is the urgency of this study. The purpose is to describe the factors of the ideal of becoming a mathematics teacher that influence students in making decisions to choose the mathematics education program at UIN SYAHADA Padangsidimpuan candidates in 10 respondents. The qualitative descriptive is the approach taken in this study. The method of sampling targeted/purposive and snowball data sources, triangulation data collection methods, inductive/qualitative data analysis and qualitative research results emphasize these methods in one method. The results showed that the ideal factor of becoming a mathematics teacher was found in making decisions to choose the mathematics education. After analyzing the information that the researcher collected, it was found based on the results of the analysis questionnaires distributed and interviews with respondents/students who were active in the mathematics education department, several effective factors in the field were found that influenced students to choose the mathematics education section, namely the ideal factor of becoming a mathematics teacher. Based on these results, it shows that one of the factors that influences students to choose a mathematics education program is the aspiration factor to become a mathematics teacher. The aspiration factor to become a mathematics teacher is related to choice of mathematics education program. Of all the problems answered by mathematics education students, there were 10 respondents who in accordance with the aspiration factor to become a mathematics teacher in making decisions about choosing a mathematics education program.

Are Hybrid Schoolers Reluctant to Participate in Private School Choice Programs? Experimental Evidence from a National Sample of Hybrid School Leaders

ABSTRACT Private school choice programs are publicly-funded programs that provide families with funding to attend a private school of their choice. Since 2021, 15 states have enacted or expanded choice legislation, even making homeschoolers eligible to participate. However, homeschoolers are often reluctant to participate due to proposed regulations. We survey a national sample of hybrid school leaders, a sector that shares similarities with homeschoolers in modality, and randomly assign hypothetical regulations to them. We find that 65% are willing to encourage participation in the absence of regulations, but regulations reduce leaders’ willingness to encourage participation by about 31 points.

A Survey of Perspectives and Educational Needs of Canadian Oncology Residents on Artificial Intelligence.

This study evaluated the perspectives and educational needs of Canadian oncology residents with regard to artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, exploring the influence of factors such as program of choice, gender, and tech literacy on their attitudes towards AI. An ethics-approved survey collected anonymous responses from Canadian oncology residents from December 2022 to July 2023. Comparisons by demographics were made using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. A total of 57 residents and fellows responded out of an expected 182, with representation from each oncology training program in Canada. Over half of the participants were male (63.2%), with radiation oncology programs being better represented than medical oncology programs (68.4% vs. 31.6%). There was balanced representation across all years of training. Most trainees (73%) were interested in learning more about AI, and many believed the topic should be formally taught during residency (63%), preferably through workshops (79%). Among evaluated factors, tech literacy showed the most impact over AI perspectives, driving a perception shift towards viewing AI as an improvement tool, rather than as a threat to professionals. In conclusion, Canadian oncology residents anticipate AI's growing influence in medicine but face educational deficiencies. Gender, oncology discipline, and self-reported tech literacy impact attitudes toward AI, highlighting the need for inclusive education.

НАВЧАЛЬНЕ ПРОГРАМУВАННЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ РЕФЛЕКСІЇ РОЗУМОВИХ ДІЙ ТА ЇХ ФОРМАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПРОГРАМНИМ КОДОМ

The paper examines the problem of improving programming learning through optimization of reflection accompanying the writing of software code. Reflection, as control of the logic of thinking, is an important mechanism of critical thinking in educational and professional activities. The purpose of this research is the formation of optimized, conceptual, concise schemes of reflection, which will allow to successfully cope with the tasks of educational practical programming. To realize the goal, an analysis of educational practical activities in programming was carried out in the context of their reflection on the example of creating a computer model of a simple physical phenomenon. The choice of programming as an activity for analyzing critical thinking reflection is due to the fact that this activity is well formalized. The essence of critical thinking reflection is revealed here in a refined and transparent form. Modeling gives the thinking process its own contrast, because in mental activity, in addition to algorithmic senses, additional physical ones also appear. Programming a model of a physical process here is a kind of research ground. Reflection is considered through the prism of cyclical mental processes in terms of formal logic with reference to the evolution of the structure of declarative knowledge. The final instance of this analysis was the formalization of reflection actions in laconic schemes, both the processes themselves and the structure of knowledge. An important part of the work is the connection of mental actions with the corresponding materialized activity. This relationship was also succinctly depicted on the corresponding diagram. The clear, short, expressive formalization of critical thinking actions presented in the work, in connection with materialistic actions, in laconic schemes could be used by education seekers to optimize learning and form protocols of abstract-logical and cause-and-effect thinking. The developed reflection schemes can be considered as a methodical means of learning that allows you to avoid cognitive traps and optimize educational activities both in the field of practical programming and in natural fields of knowledge, where practical actions to create or debug artificial objects of high complexity are expected.