Choice Of Site Research Articles

Procedural outcomes of the transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic cerebral angiograms according to BMI: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BMI has been shown to affect choice of access site in coronary intervention procedures, with lower complications reported during transradial (TR) access. To the authors' knowledge, the effect of BMI on outcomes in patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography remains undescribed. This study compares outcomes for BMI subgroups based on access site (TR vs transfemoral [TF] access). The authors conducted a single-center retrospective study of patients who underwent diagnostic cerebral angiography between December 2019 and January 2024. Propensity score matching was used to create two similar cohorts (TR and TF). These cohorts were subdivided based on BMI: underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal (BMI 18.5-25.0), overweight (BMI 25.1-29.9), and obese (BMI ≥ 30). Linear regression analysis and the chi-square test were used to compare outcomes. Nine hundred thirty-six patients were stratified into two groups of 468 patients each. Procedure time was significantly shorter for TR access for all BMI subgroups, with a 13-minute reduction in procedure time among underweight patients. Patients with normal BMI, overweight patients, and obese patients experienced a reduction in procedure time of approximately 11, 10, and 13 minutes, respectively. Obese patients experienced significantly shorter length of stay (LOS; 1.33 days) with TR access. There were no significant differences between each BMI subgroup in access site complications, postoperative complications, and conversion of access from TR to TF. TR access in diagnostic cerebral angiography is associated with shorter procedure times and no increased risk of complications compared to TF access across all BMI subgroups. Obese patients experienced shorter LOS with TR access. This study adds to the literature on the safety and efficacy of TR access across all BMI subgroups. Further studies are necessary to validate these preliminary results.

A population-level study reveals hidden patterns in resting site choice of free-ranging dogs

Abstract Rest is an essential biological activity for all animals. Urban animals encounter multiple anthropogenic disturbances while resting. Since free-ranging dogs (FRDs) have survived as a population in the Global South for centuries, they provide a unique opportunity to study adaptation to the human-dominated landscape. In a field-based study over 3 years, we documented resting behaviour and site selection in 66 dog groups (284 dogs) in India. Eleven physical parameters of the resting sites, along with biological activities such as mating and pup-rearing, season, and the time of day, affected their choice of resting sites. The frequency-rank distribution of the unique combinations of the 11 parameters followed a power-law distribution, suggesting underlying biological reasons for the observed preferences. Seven of these parameters were most consistently involved in site choice, explaining around 24% of the observations. FRDs prefer to rest near resources at the centre of their territory, where they have maximum visibility and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. They prefer concrete surfaces with low insect presence. Our results suggest that the FRDs choose resting sites that enable better resource and territory defence, foraging effectiveness, and insect avoidance. Urban planners can use these insights to reduce situations of conflict and build more inclusive urban areas.

From public health to political repression: COVID-19 lockdown measure in Hong Kong's opposition districts

Repression comes with costs, such as reducing regime legitimacy and citizen conformity. The COVID-19 pandemic was an opportunity and a pretext for authoritarian regimes to repress their populations at a low cost. This paper examines the case of Hong Kong, where restriction-testing declarations (RTDs) were used as a lockdown measure to facilitate mandatory testing for the virus from January 2021 to September 2022. Despite the government's claim that RTDs were implemented for public health reasons, statistical analyses showed that Hong Kong districts that opposed the regime or those with a mobilization legacy were more likely to be subject to RTDs, with the opposition district effect present only when COVID-19 infections were low. These RTDs highlight the authoritarian regime's tradeoff in using a nonpolitical measure to achieve its political aims and illustrates the enduring impact of past election and mobilization activities on the choice of selective repression sites in Hong Kong.

Predation of eggs and incubating females in willow ptarmigan Lagopus l. lagopus

Nest predation is a major cause of reproductive loss in many ground-nesting birds. During 15 consecutive years the predation of nests and females throughout the incubation season were recorded in a willow ptarmigan Lagopus l. lagopus population in central Norway. The temporal predation patterns, factors affecting the predation probability and age-specific nesting patterns in this species were studied. There was a large annual variation in predation rate of both nests (0-50%) and incubating females (0-29%) in this area during the study period. The mean annual predation rate of nests (15%) was on average three times higher than the predation of incubating willow ptarmigan females (5%). Predation rate was not constant throughout the incubation season, and the nest predation rate increased with increasing number of available nests. The predation events started after the mean initiation day of incubation, and coincided with the highest number of available nests. None of the parameters we tested in a logistic regression analysis (physical condition, nest cover, experience and date for initiation of egg-laying) could predict the predation probability of nests and incubating females. However, “good” nest cover tended to have some predictive value on the predation probability. Yearling incubating females had significantly lower physical body condition than adults, and also there were differences in choice of nest site in relation to cover between the two age groups. Initiation of egg-laying in adult females tended to be distributed more evenly over the season, whereas yearling females had a more aggregated egg-laying pattern, compared to adults.

Ecological Adjustments and Behavioural Patterns of the European Badger in North-Western Italy

The European badger is a highly adaptable species, inhabiting a range of environments across Europe, from woodlands to urban areas, with its behaviour influenced by environmental conditions and human activities. This study examines the badger feeding habits, patterns of diel activity, and sett site choice in north-western Italy, assessing how landscape composition affects these behaviours. We conducted our research across seven study areas in northern Italy from December 2020 to November 2022, utilising camera trapping, faeces analysis, and sett surveys. Our findings revealed significant dietary variation, with earthworms being the primary food source in natural landscapes, while fleshy fruits being consumed especially in mixed and heavily modified landscapes, up to constitute the staple of the diet in one agricultural area. Badgers were found to be nocturnal, primarily active between sunset and sunrise. Setts varied considerably in structure and location, with a preference for natural grounds over human-made structures; key factors influencing sett site choice included slope, exposure, and vegetation cover. This study underscores the European badger’s remarkable adaptability, illustrating how its diet, activity patterns, and sett site preferences are shaped by a complex interplay of factors, allowing the species to thrive in both pristine and modified environments across northern Italy.

ASSOCIATION OF RADIAL ARTERY ACCESS WITH REDUCED INCIDENCE OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication following cardiac procedures, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The choice of vascular access site may influence the incidence of AKI, with radial artery access potentially offering protective benefits compared to femoral artery access. Objective: To evaluate the association between radial artery access during cardiac procedures and the incidence of acute kidney injury among patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease from January 2023 to January 2024. A total of 370 patients who underwent cardiac procedures were included, comprising 200 patients in the radial artery access group and 170 in the femoral artery access group. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records, including demographic information, baseline renal function, procedural details, and serum creatinine levels before and after the procedure. The incidence of AKI was determined based on established criteria for changes in serum creatinine. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate tests, with a significance level set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Patients in the radial artery access group had a shorter average hospital stay (2.5 ± 1.2 days) compared to the femoral group (3.8 ± 1.5 days, p = 0.001). The mortality rate was lower in the radial group (1.5%) versus the femoral group (4.1%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was 2.5% in the radial group compared to 5.9% in the femoral group (p = 0.07). Acute kidney injury occurred in 10.0% of patients in the radial artery access group (20 out of 200) versus 17.6% in the femoral artery access group (30 out of 170), indicating a significant reduction in AKI incidence with radial access. Conclusion: Using radial artery access during cardiac procedures significantly reduces the incidence of acute kidney injury compared to femoral artery access. These findings support the preference for radial artery access to minimize the risk of AKI and improve patient outcomes.

CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON COASTAL PLAIN SOILS FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN ORON LGA, SOUTH- SOUTH, NIGERIA

Soils are characterized and classified based on its unique properties. Detailed characterization of four representative areas of Oron coastal plain soils in South –South, Nigeria was carried out. Soil samples were collected from pedogenic horizons of soils in four sampling sites. Routine analysis of soil properties was carried out in the laboratory with standard laboratory procedures. Soil data was subjected to descriptive statistics using statistical analytical system. The soils have a deep well drafted profile of about deep 200 cm. The soil texture varied in areas ranging from loamy sand to sandy loam, sandy and sandy clay loam while bulk density increased down the natural horizons. The pH varied between moderately acidic to strongly acidic in the soils of the study area. The morphology of soils ranged in various colour matrix of hues (10-7.5) and Chroma values (1-8) in all horizons. The soils were characterized by Dark Brown (10YR3/3), Dark Greyish Brown (10YR4/2) and Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) to Grey (7.5YR6/2). The soils had low concentrations of exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K). The Coefficient of variation (CV%) values ranged from 0.74 to 91.6 in Ca, Mg, Na and K. All the parameters in the soils of the study area showed low and medium mean values except soils of Esin Ufot1 and 2 which showed high mean values of Na with Esin Ufot 2 having the highest mean value of sodium to be 0.18 Cmol/kg. Suborder soils were classified as Grossarenic Kandiaqualfs (CEC &gt; 16 Cmol/kg) for Esin Ufot1.Esin Ufot2, Esuk Oron1 while Esuk Oron 2 were classified as Typic Kandaquults (CEC &lt; 16 Cmol/kg). A great importance in providing adequate data to enable right decision taking in the choice of site for developmental projects and crop production.

Phylogenomic instructed target analysis reveals ELAV complex binding to multiple optimally spaced U-rich motifs.

ELAV/Hu RNA-binding proteins are gene-specific regulators of alternative pre-mRNA processing. ELAV/Hu family proteins bind to short AU-rich motifs which are abundant in pre-mRNA, making it unclear how they achieve gene specificity. ELAV/Hu proteins multimerize, but how multimerization contributes to decode degenerate sequence environments remains uncertain. Here, we show that ELAV forms a saturable complex on extended RNA. Through phylogenomic instructed target analysis we identify the core binding motif U5N2U3, which is repeated in an extended binding site. Optimally spaced short U5N2U3 binding motifs are key for high-affinity binding in this minimal binding element. Binding strength correlates with ELAV-regulated alternative poly(A) site choice, which is physiologically relevant through regulation of the major ELAV target ewg in determining synapse numbers. We further identify a stem-loop secondary structure in the ewg binding site unwound upon ELAV binding at three distal U motifs. Base-pairing of U motifs prevents ELAV binding, but N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has little effect. Further, stem-loops are enriched in ELAV-regulated poly(A) sites. Additionally, ELAV can nucleate preferentially from 3' to 5'. Hence, we identify a decisive mechanism for ELAV complex formation, addressing a fundamental gap in understanding how ELAV/Hu family proteins decode degenerate sequence spaces for gene-specific mRNA processing.

Opportunity and feasibility studies for the deployment of green hydrogen in Algeria

This study focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of green hydrogen production systems using three wind turbine technologies. These are the VESTAS V90, GAMESA G80 and LAGARWEY LW72 models, each with a power of 2MW. These turbines are being deployed at three distinct sites (the north, the high plateau and the Algerian south). The results obtained allow us to compare the costs and volumes of hydrogen production for the three sites and wind turbine technologies chosen. Results clearly show that VESTAS wind tur-bines offer the most advantageous costs for hydrogen production, with costs of $20.16/kg, $10.47/kg and $9.11/kg for the Algiers, El-Bayadh and Adrar sites respectively, compared with costs of $29.18/kg, $14.37/kg and $12.81/kg for the same sites using LAGERWEY wind turbines. These results highlight the importance of evaluating both the quantity of hydrogen produced and the related cost, taking into consideration the choice of site as well as the wind turbine technology used.

The potential for kelp (order Laminariales) aquaculture in South Africa: a biological review

Abstract The Benguela upwelling region on the west coast of South Africa/Namibia has the only major kelp forests on the African continent. South Africa has four species of laminarian kelps; Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida dominate kelp forests in the west coast Benguela upwelling system, with Macrocystis pyrifera occurring rarely in this region and Ecklonia radiata largely confined to the more nutrient-poor south and east coasts. Growth studies on these species have been limited to laboratory experiments and very few initial, small-scale coastal studies. As in other Atlantic regions, there is growing interest in the potential for kelp aquaculture in Southern Africa, and recent pilot initiatives. A comprehensive summary of available literature on South African kelps, their biology and ecology, distribution and growth parameters, is presented, and the potential for kelp aquaculture discussed in relation to recent developments elsewhere on Atlantic and Eastern Pacific coastlines. Recommendations are made with respect to the choice of potential species and sites.

Understanding and controlling the variables for stromal vascular fraction therapy.

In regenerative medicine, the isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the adipose tissue's stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a critical area of study. Our review meticulously examines the isolation process of MSCs, starting with the extraction of adipose tissue. The choice of liposuction technique, anatomical site, and immediate processing are essential to maintain cell functionality. We delve into the intricacies of enzymatic digestion, emphasizing the fine-tuning of enzyme concentrations to maximize cell yield while preventing harm. The review then outlines the filtration and centrifugation techniques necessary for isolating a purified SVF, alongside cell viability assessments like flow cytometry, which are vital for confirming the efficacy of the isolated MSCs. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of using autologous vs allogeneic SVF sources, touching upon immunocompatibility and logistical considerations, as well as the variability inherent in donor-derived cells. Anesthesia choices, the selection between hypodermic needles vs liposuction cannulas, and the role of adipose tissue lysers in achieving cellular dissociation are evaluated for their impact on SVF isolation. Centrifugation protocols are also analyzed for their part in ensuring the integrity of the SVF. The necessity for standardized MSC isolation protocols is highlighted, promoting reproducibility and successful clinical application. We encourage ongoing research to deepen the understanding of MSC biology and therapeutic action, aiming to further the field of regenerative medicine. The review concludes with a call for rigorous research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and strict adherence to ethical and regulatory standards to safeguard patient safety and optimize treatment outcomes with MSCs.

Sincronismo em um modelo metapopulacional de agregação com acoplamento não linear convexo

The present work is part of the result of the author's doctoral dissertation and aims at presenting a metapopulational aggregation model with a density-independent migration rate that allows the choice of the destination site according to its density. A non-linear coupling is produced here, formed by a convex combination of two matrices, one with a local connection and the other with a global connection. The result obtained here guarantees the asymptotic stability of the synchronized attractor and also that the transverse Lyapunov number of the synchronized attractor is given by the product of the orbital Lyapunov number by a quantifier that depends on the migration rate and the eigenvalues of an originating matrix of the connection matrix. From the numerical simulations of the variation of the transversal Lyapunov number in relation to the parameters migration rate and intrinsic reproduction rate of the function that describes the local dynamics, the regions of possible and impossible synchrony are measured. With the simulations of the synchronized orbit with respect to small perturbations, the values of the intrinsic reproduction rate and the migration rate are determined, for which the most synchronization occurs, and it is also determined that there is no synchronization of chaotic orbits.

Nest site selection and fidelity of European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) population of Babat Valley (Gödöllő, Hungary)

BackgroundThe conservation of aquatic and semiaquatic turtles requires knowledge of the area and vegetation structure of habitat used for nesting, and nesting migration route. We aimed to survey the effects of habitat features to the nest site selection, nesting success, and test the possibility of nest site fidelity. Our study was carried out at 10 different nesting areas, with special emphasis on data from returning females in a pond system in Hungary between 2014 and 2017.ResultsMost nesting attempts were found in closed sand steppes, uncharacteristic dry and semi-dry grasslands habitat patches. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that increased sandy soil cover, sunlight and slope were important variables in nest site choice. The increasing PCA first axis score significantly increased the chance of an emergence. The degradation of open steppe vegetation, occurrence of weeds, invasive and disturbance tolerant species have a negative effect on the selection of nest sites. We observed that 96.55% of nests were located within 20 m south of a pine forest at preferred nest site at pond 5, which provided the right incubation temperature through partial shading. The returning females nested significantly closer to the northern pine forest than the single clutch females. Most probably the returning females already has the necessary experience to select the right nesting site. The individually marked females did not choose new nesting areas during the monitored years which suggests nesting area fidelity, but we did not find nest site fidelity.ConclusionThe maintenance of mosaic habitat structure, slowing down the succession process at the nesting area should be basic priorities in European pond turtle conservation programs. We suggested a spatial and temporal scheduling of land management and agricultural work to the local farmers. If the actual nest site is in an agricultural area, all work should be avoided throughout the year. Agricultural machinery should avoid the migration routes of adult turtles and emerged hatchlings during the concerned period. Under strong predation pressure, predator control should be carried out, and use nest protection.

WATERHYPERNET: a prototype network of automated in situ measurements of hyperspectral water reflectance for satellite validation and water quality monitoring

This paper describes a prototype network of automated in situ measurements of hyperspectral water reflectance suitable for satellite validation and water quality monitoring. Radiometric validation of satellite-derived water reflectance is essential to ensure that only reliable data, e.g., for estimating water quality parameters such as chlorophyll a concentration, reach end-users. Analysis of the differences between satellite and in situ water reflectance measurements, particularly unmasked outliers, can provide recommendations on where satellite data processing algorithms need to be improved. In a massively multi-mission context, including Newspace constellations, hyperspectral missions and missions with broad spectral bands not designed for “water colour”, the advantage of hyperspectral over multispectral in situ measurements is clear. Two hyperspectral measurement systems, PANTHYR (based on the mature TRIOS/RAMSES radiometer) and HYPSTAR® (a newly designed radiometer), have been integrated here in the WATERHYPERNET network with SI-traceable calibration and characterisation. The systems have common data acquisition protocol, data processing and quality control. The choice of validation site and viewing geometry and installation considerations are described in detail. Three demonstration cases are described: 1. PANTHYR data from two sites are used to validate Sentinel-2/MSI (A&amp;amp;B); 2. HYPSTAR® data at six sites are used to validate Sentinel-3/OLCI (A&amp;amp;B); 3. PANTHYR and HYPSTAR® data in Belgian North Sea waters are used to monitor phytoplankton parameters, including Phaeocystis globosa, over two 5 month periods. Conclusion are drawn regarding the quality of Sentinel-2/MSI and Sentinel-3/OLCI data, including indications where improvements could be made. For example, a positive bias (mean difference) is found for ACOLITE_DSF processing of Sentinel-2 in clear waters (Acqua Alta) and clues are provided on how to improve this processing. The utility of these in situ measurements, even without accompanying hyperspectral satellite data, is demonstrated for phytoplankton monitoring. The future evolution of the WATERHYPERNET network is outlined, including geographical expansion, improvements to hardware reliability and to the measurement method (including uncertainty estimation) and plans for daily distribution of near real-time data.

SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation of CPSF100 promotes plant thermomorphogenesis by controlling alternative polyadenylation

Under warm temperatures, plants adjust their morphologies for environmental adaption via precise gene expression regulation. However, the function and regulation of alternative polyadenylation (APA), an important fine-tuning of gene expression, remains unknown in plant thermomorphogenesis. In this study, we found that SUMOylation, a critical post-translational modification, is induced by a long-term treatment at warm temperatures via a SUMO ligase SIZ1 in Arabidopsis. Disruption of SIZ1 altered the global usage of polyadenylation signals and affected the APA dynamic of thermomorphogenesis-related genes. CPSF100, a key subunit of the CPSF complex for polyadenylation regulation, is SUMOylated by SIZ1. Importantly, we demonstrated that SUMOylation is essential for the function of CPSF100 in genome-wide polyadenylation site choice during thermomorphogenesis. Further analyses revealed that the SUMO conjugation on CPSF100 attenuates its interaction with two isoforms of its partner CPSF30, increasing the nuclear accumulation of CPSF100 for polyadenylation regulation. In summary, our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of APA via SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation in plant thermomorphogenesis.

Pemanfaatan Internet Sehat, Bertanggungjawab dalam Pemasaran Desa Wisata Way Tebing Cepa

Internet media with its offers, choice of various sites and freedom of access is like a double-edged sword, on the one hand it can have a positive impact and on the other hand it can have a negative impact. To avoid crime in cyberspace, we always emphasize the basic principles that must be known when using the internet. Basic principles in the real world also apply in the virtual world. Healthy and safe use of the internet needs to be instilled from an early age through learning healthy internet ethics. This needs to be conveyed to avoid bad habits in the real world being carried over into the virtual world and causing negative effects in the real world. This service activity carried out by lecturers from Indonesian partner universities carries the theme "Healthy and Responsible Use of the Internet in Marketing Way Tebing Cepa Tourism (WTC) Kalianda, South Lampung Regency" where the aim of this activity is to provide knowledge to Way Tebing Cepa tourism managers in using the internet both in promotions and otherwise in order to avoid unhealthy and irresponsible internet use.

Comparison of different venous access ways for right heart catheterization—a meta-analysis

ObjectivesRight heart catheterization (RHC) is a common diagnostic tool and of special importance in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Until today, there have been no clear instructions or guidelines on which venous access to prefer. This meta-analysis assessed whether the choice of the venous access site for elective RHC has an impact on procedural or clinical outcomes. MethodsA structured literature search was performed. Single-arm reports and controlled trials reporting event data were eligible. The primary endpoint was a composite of access-related and overall complications. ResultsNineteen studies, including 6509 RHC procedures, were eligible. The results were analyzed in two groups. The first group compared central venous access (CVA; n = 2072) with peripheral venous access (PVA; n = 2680) and included only multi-arm studies (n = 12, C/P comparison). In the second group, all studies (n = 19, threeway comparison) were assessed to compare the three individual access ways. The overall complication rate was low at 1.0% (n = 68). The primary endpoint in the C/P comparison occurred significantly less for PVA than for CVA (0.1% vs. 1.2%; p = 0.004). In the threeway comparison, PVA had a significantly lower complication rate than femoral access (0.3% vs. 1.1%; p = 0.04). Jugular access had the numerically highest complication rate (2.0%), but the difference was not significant compared to peripheral (0.3%; p = 0.29) or femoral access (1.1%; p = 0.32). ConclusionThis meta-analysis showed that PVA for RHC has a significantly lower complication rate than CVA. There was a low level of certainty and high heterogeneity. This pooled data analysis indicated PVA as the primary venous access for RHC.

Prevention of central venous line associated bloodstream infections- A literature review

Hospital-acquired infections, particularly Central Venous Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs), are a noteworthy concern in intensive care units (ICUs). CLABSIs not only extend hospital stays but also increase healthcare costs and pose serious threats to patients' well-being. This narrative literature review explores the evidence-based strategies for the prevention of CLABSIs in critical care settings. It emphasizes the importance of proper infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, maximal barrier precautions, and chlorhexidine skin preparation, to reduce the risk of infection. The choice of catheter insertion site, duration of catheter use, and nurse-patient ratios are also discussed as crucial factors in CLABSI prevention. Additionally, post-insertion care, including daily bathing with chlorhexidine, catheter patency maintenance, and dressing changes, is highlighted. The review underscores the need for healthcare workers to adhere to best practices and guidelines to minimize CLABSI rates, ultimately enhancing patient safety and reducing healthcare burdens. The findings emphasize the significance of informed practices in preventing CLABSIs and the potential for improved patient outcomes with their implementation.

Null models confirm nest site fidelity by male smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu

BackgroundMany animals appear to preferentially renest in proximity to a site they previously occupied. Evidence of nest fidelity is often inferred from a right skewed distribution of distances between the nests of individuals that breed in two consecutive reproduction episodes, where many individuals nest some arbitrarily close distance to their prior nest and others, in the extended right tail of the distribution, nest far from the nest they previously occupied. Because right skewed distributions of inter-nest distances can arise even when individuals choose nest locations randomly, however, such inferences are prone to error. The importance of null models—used to generate patterns of individual inter-nest distances by processes that do not involve site attachment—for inferences about site fidelity has been known for decades but is still often unappreciated or ignored.MethodsThe right skewed distributions of inter-nest distances observed in two earlier studies of male smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) suggest prima facie that males exhibit nest site fidelity between annual reproduction episodes, but patterns of inter-nest distances have yet to be compared to an adequate null model. Here, we evaluate the nest site fidelity of marked male M. dolomieu in a decade-long dataset, where we apply a randomization procedure based on the rencontre probability problem to generate null models. Eight observed distributions of individual, annual inter-nest distances are compared to a year-specific null model to determine whether random processes are sufficient to explain the observed distributions of inter-nest distances.ResultsThrough contrasts between observed annual inter-nest distances and results derived from null models that imposed realistic constraints on behavior, we show that some males were undoubtedly nest-site faithful. To reinforce the utility of null models and to make these kinds of models more accessible, we also provide a supplemental tutorial. The tutorial illustrates how random site choices, subject to common ecological and behavioral constraints, and even how distance is measured, can produce patterns of inter-nest distances that falsely imply nest site fidelity, or a lack of fidelity. The R code needed to reproduce these null models is included. The inference errors evident in our examples generalize to other forms of site fidelity, such as the apparent patch fidelity of certain sea bird foragers.ConclusionsThe comparisons of observed distributions of inter-nest distances with those generated by null models imply that, as suggested in prior studies, male M. dolomieu indeed exhibit annual nest site fidelity. Procedures like those we apply are necessary first steps in analyses when distributions of distances between the nests of individuals in consecutive reproduction episodes are used to infer nest-site fidelity. Why male M. dolomieu are site faithful is a question yet to be answered.

Multiplexed single-cell characterization of alternative polyadenylation regulators

Most mammalian genes have multiple polyA sites, representing a substantial source of transcript diversity regulated by the cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) machinery. To better understand how these proteins govern polyA site choice, we introduce CPA-Perturb-seq, a multiplexed perturbation screen dataset of 42CPA regulators with a 3' scRNA-seq readout that enables transcriptome-wide inference of polyA site usage. We develop a framework to detect perturbation-dependent changes in polyadenylation and characterize modules of co-regulated polyA sites. We find groups of intronic polyA sites regulated by distinct components of the nuclear RNA life cycle, including elongation, splicing, termination, and surveillance. We train and validate a deep neural network (APARENT-Perturb) for tandem polyA site usage, delineating a cis-regulatory code that predicts perturbation response and reveals interactions between regulatory complexes. Our work highlights the potential for multiplexed single-cell perturbation screens to further our understanding of post-transcriptional regulation.