Residential Choice Research Articles

Synergistic and threshold effects of telework and residential location choice on travel time allocation

Much of the literature shows a great interest in debating whether telework has a complementary or substitution effect on people’s travel demand. Relatively fewer studies analyze the modification effect of telework on individuals' activity-travel patterns. This study adopts a novel analytical approach to explore the influences of the duration of telework on sustainable travel. The empirical study builds upon a smartphone-based GPS travel survey conducted in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State. The merit of this research is twofold. We first investigate the threshold effects of the duration of telework and built environment characteristics on the shares of travel time spent riding public transit and engaging in active travel. The results can directly inform telework and land use policies. Then, we examine the synergistic effects of the duration of telework and the built environment on both travel outcomes. The findings suggest well-designed telework provisions could complement compact development policies aimed at shifting from automobile dependency to sustainable travel.

Irregular Migration and Its Impact on Refugee Rights

Migration is linked to its general concept and is closely related to the right of the person to freedom of movement and choice of residence inside the borders of each state and the right to leave any country and return to it, including the state. Human migratory movements have become more complex and have taken various forms and means.
 At the same time, successive waves of refugee movements and their attempts to reach a safe haven away from the dangers that forced them to leave their countries and seek asylum. For this reason, international attention has been growing by international organizations and countries in following up the problems of irregular migration and confronting the negative consequences of it. The literature of the United Nations, in particular, organizations working in this regard and countries have adopted the term irregular migration because of its characters.
 Addressing the problem of irregular migration with specific rules and clear international mechanisms contributes significantly to the protection of refugees and the promotion of their rights in transit countries or in the countries of destination in which they will settle, and to clarify it’s essential and important role in this regard with the provisions of the international conventions and declarations guaranteeing human rights and protecting them in such cases. In order to clarify such issues, we have chosen to explore the subject in three sections:
 The first deals with the legal concept of immigration, the legal basis for its treatment and the rights enjoyed by the irregular migrant; The second section deals with the definition of asylum and its legal basis and the rights enjoyed by refugees in order to reach the most important aspects of discrimination between them; In the third section to prevent confusion between the status of migrants and refugee status, the effects of irregular migration on the asylum and refugee system and the international treatment of irregular migration and its impact on refugee rights.

Residential Location, Mobility, and Travel Time: A Pilot Study in a Small-Size Italian Metropolitan Area

This research concerns the topic of Land Use and Transport Interaction (LUTI) models. In particular, the patterns between residential households’ location and mobility choices are analyzed and simulated. The attributes that influence household residential location choices belong to four categories: socioeconomic and mobility attributes of households and/or of their components; land use; real-estate market; transport system. The paper presents the results of a pilot study on households’ location and mobility patterns in the metropolitan area of Reggio Calabria (Southern Italy). The pilot study is divided into two stages. In the first stage, a survey allowed to collect information and identify existing patterns about residential and mobility choices of a sample of households. In the second stage, a residential location model is proposed and some preliminary calibrations are presented in a prototypal way. The pilot study could be extended and improved in terms of spatial extension and sample dimension in order to allow a complete specification-calibration-validation process of the model. The model development can support the land use-transport planning process in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria.

Care home staff's experiences and views of supporting the dietary management and choices of older residents with obesity.

Rising numbers of older people with obesity living in care homes is an international phenomenon. Addressing dietary management of residents with obesity is a cause of debate and controversy. On one hand, the 'obesity paradox' suggests obesity protects against morbidity in frail older people. On the other hand, obesity reduces functional status and restricts activity for this group. This paper considers care home staff's experience and views of supporting dietary management and choice for residents with obesity within the context of this controversy. In this qualitative study, 33 staff from seven care homes in the North East England participated in focus groups, and data were analysed using Braun and Clarkes's (2006) six-phase thematic analysis approach. Findings indicate that participants' support of dietary management and choice for residents with obesity may be strongly influenced by the care home environment. Care priorities, dietary management approaches, care home life and family involvement in residents' dietary intake facilitate and encourage weight gain, and as such, pose challenges for staff attempting to support weight management of residents with obesity. Findings suggest that in the care home setting, nutrition policy, guidelines and service commissioning processes and staff nutrition education should include management of obesity. Furthermore, families should be supported to understand the implications of their own caring behaviours on residents' nutritional status.

Gentrification in the “City of Good Neighbors”: Race, Class, and Neighborhoods in Buffalo

Many neighborhoods in U.S. cities that were once predominantly black and poor have become largely white and middle class. The process of gentrification has fundamentally changed neighborhoods—and metropolises—throughout the United States. Using in‐depth, in‐person interview data from black and white young adults in two Buffalo, New York, neighborhoods, we seek to more fully develop the economic, social, and cultural explanations that draw new residents to such neighborhoods. The racial and neighborhood comparisons also allow us to make sense of gentrifiers’ residential and housing choices. Several themes are developed from the data including neighborhood popularity, cost, and diversity. The data also reveal two types of gentrifiers: mindful and perfunctory. Mindful gentrifiers include residents who think about their socioeconomic footprint and issues such as displacement; perfunctory gentrifiers are more generally concerned with the amenities of a neighborhood. As city planners, social scientists, and others seek to improve the outcomes associated with gentrification, debates will benefit from detailed insights about young adults’ residential decisions.

The Model of the Relationship between Urban Rail Transit and Residential Location

In order to investigate the intrinsic relationship between residence choice and urban rail transit, this paper establishes a housing valuation model, explores the interface link between the rail transit and other transport modes by the establishment of a model, and also obtains the family transportation impedance. According to the balanced housing price, the various districts’ hedonic cost, and the generalized transportation impedance, the attractiveness of the various districts with respect to each mobile home is obtained. Satisfaction of any resident is received by establishing a close degree model. Due to the satisfaction and the price, we construct a largest consumer surplus model and then obtain the residence of the greatest consumer surplus for mobile home. Numerical example’s result indicates that all high-income mobile homes will chose the residence for the commute destination district, especially the one in the suburbs. Furthermore, the low-income families chose the residence for the commute destination district, which has the rail transit if the income is allowed, or the nearest district to the destination with rail transportation if not. This illustrates that whether a road having urban rail transit plays a significant impact only on the low-income family residence choice when the commuter routes pass through the road and almost has no influence for other families. Hence, it is shown that the reasonable urban planning is important and that urban rail transit should form a network that will play a key role.

The concept of human rights: doctrinal approaches

The article examines the modern concept of human rights as the universally accepted system of views and attitudes about the place and role of human rights in the society and the state. The list of human rights enshrined in these international instruments and the constitutions of many countries, was the result of a long historical development of samples and standards of human life and the entire community. It is emphasized that on the basis of a combination of natural and positivistic concepts of human rights and made possible the consolidation of fundamental freedoms in the constitutions of democratic States. The article focuses on the basic concepts of how to solve the problem of human rights and legal status of the individual which have developed in the history of legal theory and practice of various peoples: liberal (European) concept of human rights, collectivist, Islamic and traditionalist concept. It is emphasized that a decisive influence on the establishment of human rights made on the liberal conception of natural law doctrine, which established the priority of human rights, the new parameters of the relationship between the individual and the government. In the statement of the rights and freedoms of man played an important role in their ideological, doctrinal justification – the doctrine of natural human rights that do not depend on the discretion and arbitrariness of the government, and it is aimed at ensuring the rights defined by nature. Based on this doctrine and on the above mentioned international legal instruments, the new Constitution of Ukraine establishes a number of new rights, which were previously unknown or Constitution of the Soviet Ukraine nor the Ukrainian legislation: the right to life, right to dignity, the right to respect for private and family life, freedom of movement and free choice of residence, right to freedom of thought and speech, free expression of views and beliefs, and so on. Therefore, a new concept of the relationship between the Ukrainian state and the person with priority to the latter is brought to life, since the category of human rights operates solely in relations between man and power. Human rights are the limits of power. They define the sphere of human activity in which the power (the state) cannot interfere and the responsibilities which the state has for the human being. The article also discusses four generations of human rights, it is noted that in the XXI century. we can talk about the formation of the fourth generation of human rights, which is connected with the scientific discoveries in the field of microbiology, medicine, genetics and more. It is this generation that is at the center of intense debate precisely in terms of the naturalness of these phenomena and processes, from the standpoint of morality and worldview of a particular society, as well as based on the content of scientific doctrine. As a conclusion, the author writes that the legally enshrined legal position of a person has as its basis a liberal and natural-law concept, which stipulated as the primary principles freedom and inalienability, inalienability of human rights that belong to it from birth. Reference points are made in the relationship between the state and man - freedom, equality, the rule of law, the universality of human rights. And on these principles, principles, in addition to the actual scope of human rights and obligations, are exercised by these rights and freedoms. Keywords: constitution, concept of human rights, international legal act, human rights, natural law.

Emergency Medicine/Internal Medicine Combined Residency Graduates Have High Career Satisfaction and Commonly Practice in Both Specialties.

The first combined emergency medicine/internal medicine (EM/IM) residency was established in 1991. As the 30th anniversary of this unique dual-training opportunity approaches, multiple changes to the practice and educational landscape have occurred. Previous surveys examining this topic are now more than 10years old and occurred prior to the establishment of the EM/IM/critical care medicine (EM/IM/CCM) pathway. We conducted a survey to investigate career trajectories, satisfaction, and opportunities available to EM/IM graduates. Survey questions were developed to both allow for comparison with previously published data and examine new topics not previously investigated. A group of EM/IM and EM/IM/CCM program directors validated the survey questions. Eligible respondents were identified and contacted through their previous residency program leadership. Fifty-two percent (152/290) of graduates completed the survey. Thirty-seven percent of respondents practice both EM and IM, 51% practice EM only, and the remainder practice IM only. Thirty-one percent of total respondents completed a fellowship, with critical care being the most popular choice. Seventy-one percent of graduates practice in an academic center, and many hold leadership positions within education, research, and hospital administration. Eighty-seven percent of graduates were "extremely satisfied" with their choice to pursue EM/IM or EM/IM/CCM and 95% reported that they would choose this path again. Most respondents are satisfied with their residency choice and would choose to pursue this training again, despite the additional years of training. The proportion of graduates pursuing fellowship is higher than previously published data. Most continue to work in academics, and many are leaders within their institutions. The changing health care landscape offers multiple opportunities to dually trained graduates.

Travel and cognitive dissonance

In this review paper, we reconceptualise the relationships between travel-related attitudes and behaviours using (and considering the applicability of) Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory. According to this psychological theory – developed in the 1950s and widely used ever since − a dissonance between attitudes and behaviour can result in feelings of discomfort, which people will try to reduce by changing either their attitudes or their behaviour. In our interpretation, we focus on two interrelated decision processes linked with travel behaviour, i.e., travel mode choice and residential location choice. Although a considerable number of travel behaviour studies refer to the cognitive dissonance theory in order to explain found results (e.g., changed attitudes), a full examination of the process of cognitive dissonance (reduction) in the travel behaviour literature is currently lacking. Through this critical consolidation of transport literature on the cognitive dissonance topic, we propose future research directions to fill this gap. We argue that the cognitive dissonance theory can provide valuable insights into satisfaction levels with travel and the place of residence, while also helping to explain changes in travel-related attitudes and choices of where to live and which travel mode to use.

The influence of job accessibility on local residential segregation of ethnic minorities: A study of Hong Kong

AbstractPrevious research has shown that spatial mismatch between residential location and employment opportunities acts as a key influencing factor in employment outcomes for ethnic minorities living in segregated neighbourhoods. However, the effect of job accessibility on residential choice and segregation of ethnic minorities and its relevance to spatial mismatch across different minority groups has not been fully captured, especially in high‐density, transit‐oriented cities. This study seeks to address these knowledge gaps by investigating the residential segregation of ethnic minorities in relation to job accessibility in Hong Kong. Using a suite of statistical analyses, spatial patterns of residential segregation were found to relate to disparities in the socio‐economic status of different minority groups. Furthermore, modelling results suggest a significant trade‐off between neighbourhood quality and job accessibility particularly for the retail and service industries of South/Southeast Asian groups. By contrast, more privileged minority groups, such as White and Japanese communities, were found to cluster predominantly in higher income neighbourhoods with improved amenities rather than living closer to employment opportunities. These insights contribute to a more nuanced understanding of spatial mismatch across different ethnic minority groups, with which we have proposed policy recommendations with a view towards improving job accessibility, particularly for lower income minority groups and have identified avenues for future research.

Factors affecting residential choice in Greater Jakarta

Various factors might affect the choice of residential location. It might be transport- related or not. This paper was intended to identify factors affecting residential choice in Greater Jakarta. 102 respondents asked to complete 52 online surveys and 50 direct interviews. The questionnaires consist of 2 main parts, i.e. the general questions (gender, age, marital status, religion, job, ethnicity, educational attainment, vehicle ownership & use, and family structure) and residential choice related questions (characteristics of residential unit/environment/facility/distance and accessibility). The second part questions were responded by the respondents using 1 to 4 Likert scale from not important at all, slightly important, important and very important as a factor affecting residential choice. A one-sample t-test mean difference with 2.5 (a departure from not important to important with α=0.05. It was found that in general, Respondents perceived that in general, all observed characteristics were important to affect residential location choice except for a few exemptions.

The multiplicity of self-selection: What do travel attitudes influence first, residential location or work place?

Residential self-selection has been widely considered as an important issue in quantifying the impacts of the residential built environment on travel behavior and much empirical evidence regarding the nature and magnitude of the self-selection effect has been reported. Nevertheless, people may be based on travel attitudes/needs to self-select not only residential location, but also work place, car ownership, etc. In other words, the impacts of long-term decisions other than residential location choices (e.g., decisions on work place, car ownership, etc.) on travel behavior may also be biased by the self-selection effect. However, self-selection concerning these long-term decisions has not been explored much in the travel behavior literature. The role of residential self-selection would not be properly evaluated if self-selections concerning other long-term decisions were not considered because they are often related. This paper addresses this research gap in the travel behavior literature by exploring the multiplicity of travel-based self-selection. We jointly examine the possible self-selections concerning residential location, workplace, commuting distance and car ownership in an integrated framework, taking into consideration the interrelationships among these decisions. Data are derived from an activity-travel diary survey conducted in 2016 in Beijing, China. We classify the respondents into two groups based on the choice order of their current residential and work locations and conduct a comparative analysis using structural equation models. It is found that self-selection exists in all long-term choices examined in the study. The choices of residential location and work place are found to be mutually dependent. Consequently, both choices have indirect impacts on travel behavior through the other choice.

Latent class analysis of residential and work location choices

ABSTRACT This paper developed a two-stage modeling framework for analyzing residential and work location choices with probabilistic choice sets. In the first stage, a household (or a worker) was assumed to select a neighborhood (such as central business district, urban, suburban etc.) to live (or work). In the second stage, the household (or worker) was assumed to choose a specific zone conditional on the selected neighborhood. The neighborhood choice model component takes the form of Manski model with latent choice sets. The model was used to analyze residential and work location decisions in Nashville, Tennessee. The model results indicate significant heterogeneity in the consideration probability of different neighborhood alternatives both in the residential and work location choices. The latent class neighborhood models were found to outperform standard MNL models that assume all decision-makers consider the universal choice set in their decision-making.

Urban revival in America

This paper documents and explains the striking rise in the college share near city centers since 2000. We show that this urban revival is driven by younger college graduates in larger cities. A residential choice model reveals that the rising tendency of young college graduates to reside near non-tradable services accounts for more of their movement toward city centers than other commonly-cited hypotheses. We document corresponding changes in restaurant and nightlife consumption. We then link these changes in both consumption and urbanization to secular trends of top income growth and delayed family formation amongst young college graduates.

Finding a place to live in the city: analyzing residential choice in Kampala

ABSTRACT People are constantly moving to and within Kampala, Uganda. When choosing a place to settle, they have to find a balance between several housing preferences and constraints imposed by their socio-economic situation. Moreover, their options might be limited because of the city’s urban fabric: their housing preferences might not be available at their preferred location. This article analyzes the influence of households’ socio-economic situations on residential preferences and how these preferences interact with the existing morphology of the city, based on data from 2,058 surveys in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area collected in 2018. Using regression and spatial clustering analysis, results show that certain socio-economic factors such as household composition, education level, and traveling by private car are good predictors of revealed preferences regarding housing attributes. Responding households consider relational location (measured as travel time or distance to work/education) more than distance to the city center. Furthermore, while housing attributes showed clear patterns of spatial clustering, this was much less the case for household attributes. An uneven distribution of housing options together with residential choice constraints do not seem to limit households’ equitable access to Kampala, although more research at a finer geography and over time is recommended to capture the dynamics.

Measuring Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities for Populations with Multiple Transportation Modes Considering Residential Transportation Mode Choice

Accessibility research of healthcare facilities is developing towards multiple transportation modes (MTM), which are influenced by residential transportation choices and preferences. Due to differences in travel impact factors such as traffic conditions, origin location, distance to the destination, and economic cost, residents’ daily travel presents different residential transportation mode choices (RTMC). The purpose of our study was to measure the spatial accessibility of healthcare facilities based on MTM considering RTMC (MTM-RTMC). We selected the gravity two-step floating catchment area method (G2SFCA) as a fundamental model. Through the single transportation mode (STM), MTM, and MTM-RTMC, three aspects used to illustrate and redesign the G2SFCA, we obtained the MTM-RTMC G2SFCA model that integrates RTMC probabilities and the travel friction coefficient. We selected Nanjing as the experimental area, used route planning data of four modes (including driving, walking, public transportation, and bicycling) from a web mapping platform, and applied the three models to pediatric clinic services to measure accessibility. The results show that the MTM-RTMC mechanism is to make up for the traditional estimation of accessibility, which loses sight of the influence of residential transportation choices. The MTM-RTMC mechanism that provides a more realistic and reliable way can generalize to major accessibility models and offers preferable guidance for policymakers.

Do changes in the residential location lead to changes in travel attitudes? A structural equation modeling approach

Numerous studies have found that travel attitudes might not only affect travel behavior, but also the residential location choice as people might choose a residential location based on their travel preferences and needs (i.e. transport-related residential self-selection). However, it might also be possible that the residential location and travel behavior influence attitudes towards travel. In this study—using quasi-longitudinal data—we analyze how a change in the residential environment affects attitudes towards specific modes, both directly and indirectly through changes in mode frequency (of commute and leisure trips). Using a structural equation modeling approach on 1650 recently relocated residents in the city of Ghent, Belgium, this study indicates that moving to a more urban type of neighborhood improves attitudes towards public transport and active travel. Especially for leisure trips the effects from changes in the built environment on attitudes are partly indirect through changes in mode frequency. This study offers new insights into the links between the built environment, travel behavior and attitudes. We provide further evidence that the built environment influences travel attitudes, but also indicate that these effects are partly mediated by travel mode frequency.

“Because the World Consists of Everybody”: Understanding Parents’ Preferences for Neighborhood Diversity

Previous research, primarily using survey data, highlights preferences about neighborhood racial composition as a potential contributor to residential segregation. However, we know little about how individuals, especially parents, understand neighborhood racial composition. We examine this question using in–depth interview data from a racially diverse sample of 156 parents of young children in two metropolitan areas. Prior scholarship on neighborhood racial preferences has mostly been animated by expectations about in–group attraction, out–group avoidance, the influence of stereotypes, and perceived associations between race and status. However, we find that a substantial subset of parents expressed a desire for racially and ethnically mixed neighborhoods—a residential preference at odds with racial segregation. Parents across race conceptualized neighborhood diversity as beneficial for children's development. They expressed shared logics, reasoning that neighborhood diversity cultivates skills and comfort interacting with racial others; teaches tolerance; and provides cultural enrichment. However, these ideas intersected with racial segregation and stratification to shape parents’ understandings of diversity and hinder the realization of parents’ aspirations. Beliefs about the benefits of neighborhood diversity were rarely a primary motivation for residential choices. Nonetheless, parents’ perceptions of the advantages of neighborhood racial mixing reveal the reach of discourse on the value of diversity and suggest a potential opportunity to advance residential desegregation.

Why Black‐Majority Neighbourhoods Are The Epicentre Of Population Shrinkage In The American Rust Belt

AbstractDespite a clear association between the most African‐American neighbourhoods and overall population shrinkage in Rust Belt cities, few have explored the theoretical challenges that this poses. First, if racial prejudice is the key ingredient for this relationship, why would this result in overall population loss and not simply a reduction of White residents? Second, why if stigmatisation generates the pre‐conditions for in‐migration and investment – as the gentrification and urban ecologies literatures suggest – why would Black neighbourhoods not be the epicentre of population growth? This paper explores these questions through a theoretical synthesis of the residential choice, shrinking cities, and racial prejudice literatures. I rely on an intra‐city examination of neighbourhood change in Cleveland, Detroit and Pittsburgh. I argue that three factors in shrinking Rust Belt cities limit the application of more general neighbourhood change paradigms: (i) the persistence of racial prejudice; (ii) abundant housing supply; and (iii) housing stock characteristics.

Work in London, love in Paris: middle class mobility over the Channel Tunnel

ABSTRACT Our paper contributes to the analysis of the transformation of middle classes in Europe by linking the issue of spatialization of class at the transnational and urban levels with the question of mobility and skilled migration. We therefore analyse the migration motives and urban practices (lifestyle and residential choice) of about ninety mobile middle class French nationals in London and middle class British nationals in Paris. The respondents belong to various fragments of an emerging European transnational middle class, whose diversity is reflected in their reasons for moving and their experience in the new city. Drawing on the concept of elective belonging, we argue that both the transnational and urban levels are important for class making mechanisms. Our results illustrate the relevance of the transnational level, i.e. cross-border mobility, for the making and reproduction of middle-class status. At the same time, the urban level – both the city and neighbourhood – is a crucial element that facilitates or obstructs middle-class practices, e.g. related to lifestyle or residential choice. For our respondents, multicultural London presents the economic capital of Europe with abundant professional opportunities, while Paris is viewed as a provincial city, liked for its beauty and lifestyle, but economically far behind London.