Choice Of Politeness Strategies Research Articles

Politeness Strategies Used by Teenage Characters in Stranger Things Movie Series: A Pragmatics Study

This study aims to identify any kinds of politeness strategies used by teenagers in Stranger Things movie and also to describe the factors influencing the teenage characters’ choice of politeness strategies in Stranger Things movie. The writer uses a descriptive qualitative method to explain the data and follows the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) to answer the statement of the problem. This study found 38 data in total consisting of 6 bald on record, 25 positive politeness, 4 negative politeness, and 3 off-record. Other than that, there are also 22 data that are influenced by social distance, 4 data that are influenced by relative power, and 12 data that are influenced by rank of imposition. The result of this study shows that teenage characters tend to use positive politeness strategies when they communicate with other people. Moreover, social distance is the most the factor that influences teenage characters to use politeness strategies. It can be concluded that the typical teenagers in Stranger Things movie are easy to get along with because they try to make themselves close with the interlocutor when they have a conversation, and they know how to socialize well by understanding and appreciating people’s opinions.

Gender-Based Choice of Politeness Strategies in Interviews by Desi Anwar with Queen of Denmark Margrethe II and President Erdogan

Politeness strategies are a crucial element in conversations. Choosing the appropriate politeness strategies would lead to a smooth talk between the Speaker (S) and the Hearer (H). Preferred politeness strategies are different among different racial groups and also genders. In the case of an interview, the interviewer needs to suit his/her choice of politeness strategies to the interviewee’s preference so that the interviewee would feel comfortable in answering the interview questions. Thus, this current study aims to (1) examine the politeness strategies used by Desi Anwar in the interviews with Queen of Denmark Margrethe II and President Erdogan; (2) examine whether or not the choices of politeness strategies follow the preferred politeness strategies for men and women. The research questions are 1) What politeness strategies are used by Desi Anwar in the interviews with Queen of Denmark Margrethe II and President Erdogan? (2) Do the choices of politeness strategies follow the preferred strategies for men and women? The findings show that in interviewing Queen Margrethe II, Desi Anwar used to notice H, including both S and H, seeking agreement, being optimistic, and giving compliments as the politeness sub-strategies; one of them, i.e., compliment, is in line with females’ preferred politeness sub-strategies. However, in interviewing President Erdogan, Desi Anwar does not give any politeness sub-strategies preferred by males. It shows that it is easier for Desi Anwar to choose the appropriate politeness sub-strategies when she has an interviewee of the same gender.

Rhetorical Structure and Politeness Strategies in Complaint Letters Used by International Students in a Thai ELF Context

Making a complaint in any language is not an easy task. The complainer might run the risk of impairing the relationship between him/her and the hearer. In Thailand, international students use English as a medium of communication among one another and with local people. This English as a lingua franca (ELF) context was considered appropriate to investigate the rhetorical structure and politeness strategies used in complaint letters written by the international students in order to see their use of polite strategies and the factors influencing their choices. Forty graduate international students were asked to write two complaint letters to local addressees in the university contexts, one to a person of a higher status and the other to a person of equal status. Some of them were also interviewed. Based on Hartford & Mahboob’s framework ( 2004 ), seventeen moves were found in the r hetorical structure of the complaint letter s . As to politeness strategies, more negative strategies were used in the moves of Complaint and Request while more positive strategies were found to set a common ground in Introduction, Attention getter, and Background . The factors influencing the choice of politeness strategies included social status, social distance, pragmatic transfer, and L2 input . The interviews reveal different views between the complainers and the complainees on the effectiveness of politeness strategies adopted. Keywords: Complaint; English as a lingua franca; rhetorical structure; politeness strategies, communication

Pragmatic Approach: A Study of Politeness Strategies in Pakistani Morning Shows

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of different politeness strategies in Pakistani Morning shows and to find out the highly frequently used politeness strategies. It further explored the factors affecting the use of different politeness strategies. The data was collected from two Pakistani morning shows “The Morning Show” and “Ek Nayee Subah with Farah”. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategies were explored in the utterances of speakers. The frequency of using these strategies was counted and the factors influencing the speakers to choose these strategies were analysed. The findings revealed that the hosts and guests employed all of the fifteen sub-strategies of positive politeness frequently to maintain close relationship. However, the hosts, as the higher level power participants, also apply bald-on strategy to be authoritative with their assistants and the audience. Negative politeness and its ten sub-strategies were less frequently used by the speakers. Different power ranks also affected the choice of politeness strategies because participants having high power used bald-on record strategy but same power ranks showed the application of negative and positive politeness.

Political “Event” and Law in the Philosophy of Vladimir Bibikhin Ontic Aspect and Superhethic Dimension

This article attempts to investigate the political modus of “event” in Vladimir Bibikhin's philosophy. It is assumed that Bibikhin's political subject is always in the sphere of political decision and cannot be excluded from it. However, the subject's ontic choice of political strategy in the political event can be supplemented by the eventic listening to the fall (Verfall) into the “being in the world”, due to which a historically concrete event can acquire the character of the “running ahead” (Vorlaufen) into the possibility. It seems that in Bibikhin's philosophical approach, the political event represents the hermeneutic closure of ontic and ontological plans of time, which directly entails the reconciliation of revolutionary and conservative-legal potentials of man in faith. However, although it transcends politics, the event does not abolish the political decision as a non-genuine modus of being. Nevertheless, the presence of the suprethical dimension of faith in the political event complements and completes the subject's ontic choice of the constantly “untrue” ideological attitude. Bibikhin's event as a community event does not provide human with means for political action but in faith, asserts only the possibility of politics and predicts its downfall. The “ontological” event can affect the “ontic” of politics, but not vice versa. The article concludes that, according to Bibikhin, the duality of event and politics cannot be overcome, but the event can still influence politics and make it resonate with itself.

Firms’ Policy Reference Frames and Political Strategy Choices in Environmental Policy Transitions

Prior research has not yet sufficiently explained why firms with similar organizational characteristics – i.e. comparable incumbents – may still vary in their political strategy choices when faced with (environmental) policy transitions. Based on comparative case studies of the four leading Swiss electricity utilities’ political strategies during Switzerland’s EnergieStrategie 2050 development, we find that firms’ selected policy reference frames critically explain variations in their political strategy choices via the induced loss aversion. When the firm selected a reference frame with a narrow (broad) problem reference and a close (distant) temporal reference, it was more likely to identify certain threats (probable opportunities) and as a result to engage in political influence (compliance) and value maintenance (creation). Further, we find that threat-mitigating policies may reduce certain threats’ salience, without which opportunity-creating policies may fail to succeed. We contribute to the literatures on business-government relationships, managerial cognition, (environmental) policy transitions, and derive policy implications.

An analysis of Politeness Strategies Used by Major Characters in Social Game : A study of Seventh Singularity Story of Fate/Grand Order Social Game

Politeness strategy is used in conversations to save addressee’s face by performing an expression that is less threatening for the addressee’s face. The aims of this research are to analyze politeness strategies used by two major characters of the seventh singularity story of Fate/Grand Order social game, and also to analyze the factors that influencing their choicess of politeness strategies. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The description of the data is in the form of utterances and examined based on Brown and Levinson theories of politeness strategy. Based on the obtained result, it can be concluded that the two major characters, Mash Kyrielight and Enkidu/Kingu applied four kinds of politeness strategy (bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and off record). Both characters mainly used positive politeness strategy, while the least used strategy is bald on-record. Their choice of politeness strategies mostly influenced by social distance factor, imposition and also the power factor.

The Use of Politeness Strategies and Respect Markers by Call Center Agents

Politeness is a basic verbal strategy that is commonly used by call center agents in handling customers, specifically when they encounter frustrated and irate customers, when they can hardly fix the problems of customers, or when they make mistakes in grammar and pronunciation. The aim of this study was to examine politeness strategies and respect markers employed by call center agents when transacting business with American customers. Data were gathered from interviews with 30 call center agents, and interview data were analyzed using words, phrases, clauses, and sentences as the unit of analysis. The responses of call center agents were coded/categorized and analyzed. Results of the study have revealed that call center agents utilized polite speech act formulae, polite requests, apologies, and respect markers in the course of their transaction with the customers. Furthermore, analysis has shown that the use or choice of politeness strategies and respect markers has an impact on the interactions of call center agents with their customers and affects the customers’ impression about the company and the quality of service.

Politeness strategies and the effort to build the pragmatic competence through Cinderella

<p>This research is conducted to analyze the politeness strategy used by characters in Cinderella movie to strengthen pragmatic competence. The objective of this research is to identify, (1) types of speech act used by characters of Cinderella movie in conveying politeness strategies (2) types of politeness strategies that are depicted by characters in Cinderella movie, and (3) to describe the relation of politeness strategy and pragmatic competence. The study is designed as descriptive qualitative research. The object of the study is a movie entitled Cinderella. Documentation and observation are the techniques to collect the data. This research is analyzed by using Spreadley Theory which includes four stages of analysis namely domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis. The result of the analysis are (1) there are five types of speech acts used by the main characters of Cinderella movie in conveying politeness strategies. They are assertive, directive, commisive, expressive, and declarative. Directive speech act is becoming the most frequently used by the main characters of this movie in conveying politeness strategies. (2) There are four types of politeness strategy that are depicted by the main characters in Cinderella movie. Those types are bald on – record strategy, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, and finally off – record strategy. The result shows that bald on – record strategy becomes the most frequently used strategy compared to the others. Politeness and pragmatic competence have a very close relationship. The importance of pragmatic competence can be strengthened through the choice of politeness strategies. Film as a mirror of a society is a good medium to analyze the sociocultural background of the utterance so that the purpose of the speaker's meaning can be realized appropriately.</p>

An Analysis of Politeness Strategies Found in Pesbukers Variety Show

– This research was a pragmatic approach, which was focused on politeness strategies found in Pesbukers Variety show. The objectives of this research were to analyzed types of politeness strategies, to find out the most dominant type of politeness strategies, and to know factors influenced the choice of politeness strategies found in Pesbukers variety show. The theory of politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson (1987) was used to analyze the politeness strategies. The research method was descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, because the data were collected from document. The researcher chooses episode 10 broadcasted on 15 th May 2019 with duration 1 hour 12 minutes. There were some steps in collected the data, such as: familiarizing and organizing, coding and reducing, interpreting and representing. The result showed that there were37politeness strategies found in Pesbukers variety show, they were: bald on-record 6 (16%), positive politeness 26 (70%), negative politeness 4 (11%), and off-record 1 (3%).The most dominant type of politeness strategies found in Pesbukers variety show was positive politeness. Positive politeness was done by speaker and hearer to made enjoyable situation, build good relation, good interaction. The factor influenced choice of politeness strategies found in Pesbukers was circumstances. Circumstances deal with sociological variables include the relative power2 (5%) and social distance35 (95%). Relative power (P) used a greater degree of politeness with others who have higher power or authority. Social distance (D) saw as the composite of psychological factors such as status and age. In conclusion, with this research we must be careful when used a language to communicate with other so that the conversation become run well.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH DENTISTRY TEXTS

The paper compares two corpora of Russian and English research articles in dentistry to identify differences between texts as regards evaluative language and other language tools to pursue politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies are understood as a part of the positive evaluation process having the pragmatic function not to offence each other’s desire to be approved of. The study aims to define the politeness strategies that are most commonly used in Russian and English medical journals and to focus on the possible reasons for differences in Russian and Anglo-Saxon academic writing cultures that underlie the choice of politeness strategies. The analysis of the data shows that Russian research articles rarely employ politeness strategies if compared to their English counterpart preferring negative politeness strategies to positive ones. This study also provides some methodological advice for developing a syllabus in academic writing. Conclusions made on the basis of two compared corpora can also provide insights into both translation and contrastive studies.

Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests

Politeness strategies that speakers deploy when performing a speech act have been seen to be influenced by several factors among which gender and socioeconomic status are two prominent ones. The current study was an attempt to examine the relationship between gender and socioeconomic status (SES) on one hand, and choice of politeness strategies on the other. The focus was specifically on the realization of speech act of request in Persian (L1) and English (L2). The participants were 100 advanced-level Iranian EFL students. Based on their gender and responses to the socioeconomic status questionnaire, they were divided into four equal groups of twenty-five: 1. male-high; 2. male-low; 3. female-high; and 4. female-low. The data collection instruments were the English and Persian versions of a discourse completion test (DCT). The results revealed a significant relationship between gender and use of politeness strategies in speech act of request in L1 as well as L2. The findings, however, demonstrated no significant relationship between the participants’ socioeconomic status and their use of politeness strategy neither in L1 nor in L2. This study can be another proof for Brown and Levinson’s claim about the universality of politeness strategies.

The Realization of Politeness Strategies in EFL Teacher-Students Classroom Interaction

Politeness is one of the prominent issues in pragmatics. It becomes a major issue in education due to the implementation of curriculum 2013 which emphasized on character education. This study aimed at analyzing the realization of politeness strategies and sociological factors influencing the choice of politeness strategies in EFL Teacher-students classroom interaction at SMP Semesta Bilingual School. This study used qualitative research in the form of classroom discourse analysis. The participants were an EFL teacher and 30 EFL students in two EFL classrooms. The research instruments were made based on Brown and Levinson (1987) framework of politeness strategies. The findings showed that bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off records were realized in the classroom interaction. The teacher dominantly used positive politeness to show solidarity and to maintain a close relationship with the students, bald on records to give a clear and unambiguous instruction, negative politeness to minimize the coercion to the students, and off record to give hints. In addition, the sociological factors, namely distance, power, and degree of imposition influence the choice of politeness strategies. As the conclusion, politeness is important in maintaining relationship and creating a comfortable environment in EFL classroom.

AN ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY TEACHER AND STUDENTS OF X IBB IN SMAN 1 SUKASADA DURING ENGLISH CLASSROOM INTERACTION

This study aims to (1) analyzing the types of politeness strategies used by teachers and students of Class X in Ilmu Budaya dan Bahasa (IBB) in Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Sukasada during English classroom interaction; (2) analyzing the factors that influence the choice of politeness strategies. This study was designed as a qualitative descriptive study. The data that has been obtained was analyzed based on the theory of politeness Brown and Levinson's strategy. The results of this study indicated that (1) there were three types of Brown and Levinson politeness strategies used by teachers and students namely bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness; (2) as for the factors that influencing the choice of politeness strategies are payoffs: as a prior consideration, circumstances: social variables, and integration of the assessment of payoffs and the weight of the risk of choosing politeness strategies.

Leadership Preferences in Ethno-Territorial Disputes: An Experimental Approach

In the conflict bargaining literature, three variables have a primary explanatory role: relative power, status quo conditions, and leadership preferences. While leadership preferences loom large in case study research, they are either absent or poorly proxied in large-N statistical studies. Using a series of three experiments, we test for the effects of relative power, status quo conditions, and leadership preferences on decisions to apply various levels of nonviolent and violent pressure in ethno-territorial disputes. The experimental designs presented in this study offer the opportunity to isolate the impact of leadership preferences on political strategy choices in ethno-territorial disputes. The results demonstrate that, at least in an experimental setting, leadership preferences are, in fact, significant predictors of political strategy choices, even after controlling for relative power and status quo conditions.

Refusal and Politeness Strategies in Relation to Social Status: A Case of Face-threatening Act among Indonesian University Students

The present study aimed at investigating how Indonesian students refuse offers, invitations, and suggestions to persons having different social statuses. Refusal and politeness strategies were the focus of this study. The social variable involved in this study was the social status represented in lower to higher social-status (LHSS), higher to lower social-status (HLSS), and equal social-status (ESS) relationships. The data were obtained through discourse completion test (DCT) distributed to 161 students. The DCTs resulted in 2898 corpus data. Data analysis suggested that in general, the refusal strategy across social-status relationships and across initiating acts is consistently patterned, i.e. indirect strategy was more dominantly performed by the research participants. Criticizing, presenting other agenda, showing a preference, and stating self-limitation were the semantic formulas that were frequently used for refusing indirectly. Turning to politeness strategy, LHSS group used the highest number of redressive expressions, followed by HLSS and ESS groups. The politeness strategies occurring in the three groups were the use of redressive expressions and the use of wordy refusals. This study proved that social-status does not influence much to the choice of refusal strategy, but it contributes to the choice of politeness strategies.

Oppose, Support, or Hedge? Distributional Effects, Regulatory Pressure, and Business Strategy in Environmental Politics

What explains the choice of corporate political strategy in environmental politics? Drawing on recent models of actor strategy formation in political economy, this article argues that basic material interests of firms are translated into strategies in the context of institutional environments. I advance a typological model that posits how distributional effects—positive versus negative—and perceived regulatory pressure—low versus high—interact in leading firms to adopt one of four ideal-type strategies: opposition, hedging, support, and non-participation. This article examines the model through the case of corporate strategies in the making of the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme. The article contributes to theory-building on business strategy in environmental politics by offering a probabilistic explanatory model, and it flags hedging strategies as an increasingly prevalent form of business behavior.

Politeness Strategies in Business Letters of Iranian Managers

The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is any relationship between the cultural intelligence (hereafter CQ) and the choice of politeness strategies in the business letters. To this end, 20 Persian male managers responsible for writing English letters in import and export Iranian companies were chosen. After measuring their CQ they were classified into groups according to their scores in each of the aspect of cultural intelligence, the group with higher scores and the other with lower ones. Afterwards, they were assigned a task which was the same for each writer and they were to write a letter to an imaginary company based on an occurred condition. Then the letters of each group was analyzed on the basis of Brown and Levinson's politeness taxonomy. According to the statistical analysis of the frequency of the occurrence of politeness strategies the group with the higher level of CQ used larger numbers of politeness strategies in their letters. Also bald-on strategy and avoidance strategies were the most and least frequent strategies used in their letters respectively. Moreover almost the same numbers of positive and negative strategies were used by the writers in the letters. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n1p239

Political Strategy Choices: Cognitive Influences in the Brazilian Ethanol Industry

While a considerable body of work has been developed on the cognitive influence in strategic decision processes, there are rare attempts to do so in the corporate political action (CPA) or political strategy. We argue that cognition has an important role on corporate political action decisions due to the complex and uncertain nature of the business-government relations. We also argue that cognition is especially important on situations of repetitive interaction of actors. In this article, we use the comparative case study method to examine cognitive influences on CPA choices for different groups within the Brazilian ethanol industry. Our study describes that different cognitive communities share different frames in interpreting cues from the political actors and that those frames influence their political decisions, enforcing the importance of cognitive influences in political strategy.

A Study of Language and Power in Persian Workplace Discourse with a Focus on Forms of Address and Politeness Strategies

Terms of address are an important part of “face” (Brown and Levinson, 1987) for colleagues in workplace discourse. This study investigates the ways power relations influence politeness strategies in choosing address terms. In order to determine whether and to what extent the realization of forms of address and the choice of appropriate politeness strategies by Iranian Persian speaking male and female colleagues differ in relation to people with different power status, interactions between English teachers during the fifteen-minute breaks after each class were recorded. Three English teaching institutes were selected to study the effect of gender on applying politeness strategies in addressing the colleagues; male’s, female’s, and mixed gender workplace. Ten conversations from each institute were transcribed. Using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness model, politeness strategies residing in different forms of address employed by colleagues were identified and analyzed based on the power differences between interlocutors. Also address terms were counted according to the situation in which they were used. The findings of this study provide some evidence for the relation between gender and type of address terms and choice of politeness strategies associated with colleagues with different power status. A person with less power would prefer to use negative politeness strategies whereas a person with more power would tend to use positive ones in addressing colleagues at work. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n6p763