Participation Choice Research Articles

Electoral Participation and Political Choice Among Muslims

Muslims are the largest minority group in India. As a minority group, their electoral participation and expression has drawn wide religious attention of scholars. However, much of the discussion around Muslims’ electoral participation and political preference is either based on speculations or on sketchy field studies. This article, drawing upon large scale representative surveys, analyses Muslims’ electoral participation and choices since 1990s. It argues that inferences about the community’s electoral behaviour at the national level are misleading. Its electoral behaviour can better be understood by locating them in politically differentiated contexts.

Emicizumab Prophylaxis in People with Moderate or Mild Hemophilia A Aged ≥40 Years, with and without Comorbidities - Findings from the Phase III HAVEN 6 Study

Background: Emicizumab is a bispecific antibody licensed by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for prophylaxis in people of all ages with hemophilia A (HA) of any severity, with or without factor (F)VIII inhibitors (label varies by country). Few data exist specifically on older people with HA (PwHA), particularly those with comorbidities, such as cardiovascular (CV) conditions, hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and in people with moderate or mild HA. Therefore, we present a post hoc analysis of PwHA aged ≥40 years from the HAVEN 6 study (NCT04158648), which was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of emicizumab in people with non-severe HA without FVIII inhibitors. Methods: HAVEN 6 is a global, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, Phase III trial conducted in individuals of all ages with a diagnosis of moderate (FVIII activity ≥1%-≤5%) or mild (FVIII >5%-<40%) HA without FVIII inhibitors, warranting prophylaxis as assessed by the investigator (Negrier et al. Lancet Haematol 2023). As a loading dose, emicizumab was administered subcutaneously once weekly at 3mg/kg for 4 weeks. This was then followed by the participant's choice of maintenance dose, which included the options of 1.5mg/kg weekly, 3mg/kg every 2 weeks, or 6mg/kg every 4 weeks. The primary study objective was safety, including thromboembolic events (TEs) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). The primary efficacy endpoint was the annualized bleed rate (ABR) for treated bleeds. An age cut-off of ≥40 years was selected for this exploratory analysis in order to obtain a population with a high proportion of PwHA with comorbidities. In this analysis, comorbidities included CV risk factors (past medical history of CV disease; hypertension; hyperlipidemia; diabetes; body mass index ≥30kg/m 2), HIV, and current or previous history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Results: At data cut-off (Oct 30, 2021), 72 participants were enrolled in HAVEN 6. Of these, 16 individuals were aged ≥40 years and were included in this analysis; among the 16 participants aged ≥40 years, 8 (50%) were aged ≥50 years. The median (range) age was 50.5 (41-71) years and all were male. Ten (62.5%) participants had moderate HA and 6 (37.5%) had mild HA. Prior to study entry, 6 (37.5%) participants had been receiving prophylactic FVIII, while the other 10 (62.5%) had been receiving episodic FVIII infusions. In the 24 weeks prior to study entry, the median (range) number of bleeds reported by these 16 participants was 3.5 (0-60) and the mean (SD) was 7.4 (14.5), with two individuals experiencing ≥9 bleeds. Nine (56.3%) of the 16 participants had at least one CV risk factor, with 5 (31.3%) having two or more. Three (18.8%) individuals had HCV only, 1 (6.3%) had HIV only, and 2 (12.5%) had HCV and HIV co-infection. Five (31.3%) of the 16 participants did not have any of the comorbidities defined in this analysis. At the data cut-off, the median (range) duration of emicizumab exposure for the 16 participants aged ≥40 years was 1.09 (0.61-1.72) years. Fifteen (93.8%) of the 16 participants experienced ≥1 adverse event (AE) during the study. Three (18.8%) individuals experienced a serious AE and 1 (6.3%) a Grade 3/4 AE; all were deemed unrelated to emicizumab ( Table 1). There were no fatal AEs, AEs leading to withdrawal from treatment or dose modification/interruption, or TMAs. One individual, who had no CV risk factors or HIV/HCV infection, experienced a TE (Grade 1 thrombosed hemorrhoids); this was deemed unrelated to emicizumab. Three participants experienced a total of six treatment-related AEs; three of these were local injection-site reactions, with the other three being fatigue, head discomfort, and accidental overdose. During the study, the mean (95% confidence interval) ABR for treated bleeds for the 16 participants aged ≥40 years was 1.03 (0.03, 5.62), which is similar to that recorded for the overall population of HAVEN 6 (0.94 [0.02, 5.48]; Table 2). A total of 11 (68.8%) participants had zero bleeds during the study, which is comparable with the 66.7% reported for the total population. Conclusions: The small number of individuals aged ≥40 years included in the current analysis is a limitation that precludes drawing firm conclusions from the data. However, the safety and efficacy of emicizumab in these participants did not differ notably from those observed in the overall population of people with moderate or mild HA in HAVEN 6.

A Three-Party Decision Evolution Game Analysis of Coal Companies and Miners under China’s Government Safety Special Rectification Action

Research on the behavior of coal companies and miners under the government’s safety special rectification action is significant for maintaining social stability. In this paper, we constructed a dynamic evolutionary game model involving the government, coal companies, and miners. We analyzed the asymptotic stability conditions of the behavioral strategies of the participants in the game through phase diagrams and conducted a simulation analysis using Matlab R2021b to explore the impact of the key parameters in the model on the strategic choices of the game participants. The research findings indicated: (1) intricate interactive dynamics exist among the three stakeholders in safety rectification endeavors, with diverse intervention strategies manifesting varying impacts on participants’ conduct and outcomes; (2) setting reasonable reward and punishment mechanisms for safety behaviors by the government toward coal companies and miners helps to increase the probability of both choosing proactive safety behaviors. Coal companies that set reasonable reward and punishment mechanisms for the safety behaviors of miners can promote miners’ willingness to cooperate. Additionally, reducing safety rectification costs and enhancing the social reputation benefits of safety rectification can facilitate the optimal strategic choices of the three parties; and (3) the simulation analysis results corroborate the conclusions on the stability of strategies across all stakeholders, affirming the validity of the research outcomes and furnishing pertinent recommendations for enhancing the safety rectification framework.

Dissociable contributions of the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex to representing task space in a social context.

The hippocampus (HC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) jointly encode a map-like representation of a task space to guide behavior. It remains unclear how the OFC and HC interact in encoding this map-like representation, though previous studies indicated that both regions have different functions. We acquired the functional magnetic resonance imaging data under a social navigation task in which participants interacted with characters in a two-dimensional "social space." We calculate the social relationships between the participants and characters and used a drift-diffusion model to capture the inner process of social interaction. Then we used multivoxel pattern analysis to explore the brain-behavior relationship. We found that (i) both the HC and the OFC showed higher activations during the selective trial than the narrative trial; (ii) the neural pattern of the right HC was associated with evidence accumulation during social interaction, and the pattern of the right lateral OFC was associated with the social relationship; (iii) the neural pattern of the HC can decode the participants choices, while the neural pattern of the OFC can decode the task information about trials. The study provided evidence for distinct roles of the HC and the OFC in encoding different information when representing social space.

Feelings of responsibility and temporal binding: A comparison of two measures of the sense of agency

Temporal binding refers to a subjective shortening of the interval between an action and its perceptual consequences. Temporal binding has often been used by researchers to indirectly measure participants’ sense of agency (SoA), or the subjective sense of causing something to happen. Other studies have proposed links between temporal binding and feelings of moral responsibility. The present study compared subjective interval estimates to feelings of responsibility in a between-subjects design (Exp 1) and a within-subjects design (Exp 2). Participants either estimated the interval between two events (two tones in the passive condition, or a keypress followed by a tone in active conditions) or rated their feeling of responsibility for the tone(s). Manipulations of participant involvement and choice impacted feelings of responsibility more than temporal estimates. Overall, the two dependent variables followed different patterns, suggesting subjective interval estimates may not be a reliable proxy for feelings of responsibility.

Parental report of early features of developmental coordination disorder: A qualitative study

BackgroundDevelopmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition usually diagnosed after five years of age. AimsTo evaluate parent-reported early markers of DCD between birth and six years of age. Methods and proceduresIn-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of twelve children diagnosed with DCD. Up to three interviews were performed per family. The interviews were then transcribed ad-verbatim and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Outcomes and resultsThe first theme ‘Child-specific features’ discusses the children’s challenges in diverse developmental domains (motor milestones, activities of daily living, play and exploration, fatigue and sleep, participation, sensory processing, coping skills and friendships, and verbal skills), varying in severity for each child and each domain. The second theme ‘Features in the context’ discusses subtle markers in the direct environment of the children such as quests for explanations and therapy, specific participation choices, concerns by other caregivers, and the emergence of secondary consequences. Conclusions and implicationsThis study reports the presence of early features of DCD from the first year of life and suggests important topics to discuss with parents in the diagnostic process of DCD.

Promoting the Low-Carbon Transition of Power Construction Projects under MRV: An Evolutionary Game Analysis

The actual situation of carbon-emission reduction in China’s power sector has not yet achieved the expected benefits. The rent-seeking behavior of participants in power construction projects (PCPs) hinders the realization of low-carbon benefits. It is necessary to explore the behavioral strategies of the various participants in the low-carbon transition of PCPs. This paper creatively constructs an evolutionary game model of PCPs’ participants from the perspective of MRV (monitoring, reporting, and verification) and introduces the influence of the public to provide a comprehensive analysis of strategic equilibrium points. Through numerical simulations with MATLAB R2021a software, this paper explores the strategic choices of participants in different situations and gives relevant inferences and proofs. The results show that the grid company dominates at the initial stage and promotes participants to regulate behaviors. Under the premise of satisfying the system-stability requirements, setting the growth rate of the grid company’s punishments to 100% can enhance the willingness for strict supervision, while the growth rate of the supervision costs to 200% significantly decreases the probability of strict supervision. With the integration of MRV and PCPs, participants spontaneously fulfill the carbon-emission-reduction tasks. Reasonable control of input costs can effectively avoid the occurrence of rent-seeking behavior. In addition, this paper sets the public-influence growth rate at 200% and finds that the public plays a greater role in driving participants to fulfill responsibilities. Based on the results, a low-carbon transition mechanism for PCPs under the MRV system is proposed by considering several dimensions, which provides suggestions for participants to fulfill carbon-reduction responsibilities.

A (mis)guidance of disabled youth: Post-secondary schooling transition experiences in South Africa.

Globally, there is a disparity that exists between equal employment opportunities for people with disabilities post-schooling. While South Africa has aimed at the inclusion of people with disabilities, there has not been sufficient evidence of a successful transition from school to work environments. This study documents the experiences and barriers that influence the preparation of high school students with disabilities for post-secondary education and work opportunities. A qualitative research methodology employing multiple case study design was used where semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with youth between the ages of 18 years and 36 years who were currently employed. The participants were identified through purposeful sampling. Data were analysed by thematic analysis. The findings indicate two overarching themes indicating that the career choices of participants, firstly, were significantly influenced by teacher and guidance counsellor expectations and, secondly, experiences of discouragement where personal agency and autonomy were limited. This study illuminates the need to enhance the decisions around careers for people with disabilities which should debunk the expectations of society. This study will make teachers, mentors and counsellors more aware of their contribution, influence and support to youth with disabilities as they transition into the workplace.

Complexity aversion in risky choices and valuations: Moderators and possible causes

In the age of digitalization and globalization, an abundance of information is available, and our decision environments have become increasingly complex. However, it remains unclear under what circumstances complexity affects risk taking. In two experiments with monetary lotteries (one with a stratified national sample), we investigate behavioral effects and provide a cognitive explanation for the impact of complexity on risk taking. Results show that complexity, defined as the number of possible outcomes of a risky lottery, decreased the choice probability of an option but had a smaller and less consistent effect when evaluating lotteries independently. Importantly, choices of participants who spent more time looking at the complex option were less affected by complexity. A tendency to avoid cognitive effort can explain these effects, as the effort associated with evaluating the complex option can be sidestepped in choice tasks, but less so in valuation tasks. Further, the effect of complexity on valuations was influenced by individual differences in cognitive ability, such that people with higher cognitive ability showed less complexity aversion. Together, the results show that the impact of complexity on risk taking depends on both, decision format and individual differences and we discuss cognitive processes that could give rise to these effects.

Take the Streets or Take the Parliament? Political Participation Choices of Radical Left Individuals

Voters across Europe have become increasingly polarised on both ends of the political spectrum in the last decade. While radical right parties were able to mobilise voters on their salient topics, radical left parties were only sporadically successful. In this article, we analyse why radical left parties fail to benefit from increasing polarisation by examining their potential voter base. Radical left individuals should have a lower incentive to participate in elections to change the status quo because of their suspicion towards authorities in general and the government more specifically. Instead, they should engage in status quo -busting grassroots activities to enforce revolutionary, rather than evolutionary, change. Our hypotheses are put to an empirical test by relying on data from the European Social Survey. We include respondents from 17 Western European countries from five rounds of the European Social Survey. The results have important implications for our understanding of the demand side of the political extremism wave.

Evaluation of Selected Physical Fitness Profiles of Academic and Non-Academic Staff of Oyo State College of Education Lanlate, Oyo State, Nigeria

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate selected physical fitness profiles of Academic and Non-Academic Staff of Oyo State College of Education, Lanlate, Nigeria.
 Methodology: The study made use of ex-post facto research design. The population for the study comprised of one hundred and ninety (190) staff that conveniently participated in the study within a span of sixteen weeks. 83 academic staff and 107 non-academic staff constituted the sample for the study which was purposively selected. The components of health fitness (flexibility, muscular endurance and muscular strength), physiological fitness (heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) and motor fitness (agility, speed and leg power) were assessed using appropriate field tests and instruments.
 Findings: The study revealed that heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with motor fitness of academic and non-academic staff in Oyo State College of Education, Lanlate. The result also showed that flexibility, muscular endurance and muscular strength play a significant role with motor fitness of academic and non-academic staff of Oyo State College of Education, Lanlate. The findings also revealed that academic and non-academic staffs of Oyo State College of Education possess low level of physical fitness.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that adequate attention should be given to the development and training of motor fitness variables because they contribute significantly to health and physiological variables of the participants in this study. This unique contribution of the findings of this study support the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) that individuals believe they can successfully engage in fitness activities because they have observed others within their social or work environment engaging in fitness-related behaviour and which has influenced their choice of participation.

Exploration of appropriate media to influence sustainable on-site sanitation choices in Sri Lanka– visualization with still images or a video

Pit latrines are the most common form of improved sanitation in many rapidly developing countries. However, they cause the highest amount of groundwater pollution among on-site sanitation (OSS) facilities. Many households in developing countries use groundwater as their main or sub-source, and pit latrines are not a sustainable solution. Thus, the conversion from pit latrines to septic tanks is required.We created two types of media, still images and a video, to illustrate the differences in functions and hygiene risks between pit latrines and septic tanks. Moreover, a survey was conducted in Sri Lanka to determine the media choice that would increase the people's preference for septic tanks as their next OSS, even weeks after the information is presented. The choice of the next OSS participants selected before they were presented with the images was the same as that currently in use, reflecting the belief that the problem of pit latrines was not currently apparent and need not be changed. However, a video presentation of the information made it possible for a larger group of people to choose the usage of septic tanks in the future, especially in suburban areas where the problems were likely to occur.

Impact of Internal Remittances on Labour Participation and Employment Choice in Pakistan

This study examines internal remittances’ effects on Pakistan’s labour market outcomes. The study utilises data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement – Household Integrated Economic Survey (PSLM – HIES 2018-2019). The study uses Logit and Multinomial Logit models to estimate the effect of internal remittances on labour participation and employment choices. The study’s findings suggest that individuals from households receiving internal remittances are less likely to participate in the labour market than those from households that do not receive remittances. Moreover, internal remittances lower the likelihood to participate in the labour market. Amongst the labour participating, the individuals of remittance-receiving households are more inclined to participate in farming vis-à-vis non-receiving individuals. It is also observed that a rise in remittances results in a greater likelihood of farming activities. The study’s findings have important implications pertaining to understanding the entrepreneurial level and economic activities in remittance-receiving households.

Parent-reported child's close contact with non-household family members and their well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey.

In England (UK), at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic the public were required to reduce their physical contacts to slow the spread of COVID-19. We investigated the factors associated with children having: 1) close contact with family members from outside their household ('non-adherent behaviour'); and 2) low well-being (Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale). We conducted an online cross-sectional survey, completed at any location of the participant's choice between 8 and 11 June 2020 in parents (n = 2,010) who were aged eighteen years or over and had a school-aged child (4-18 years old). Parents reported that 15% (n = 309) of children had non-adherent contact and that 26% (n = 519) had low well-being. We used a series of binary logistic regressions to investigate associations between outcomes and child and parent characteristics. Children had higher odds of having non-household contact when they had special educational needs [adjusted odds ratio, 2.19 (95% CI, 1.47 to 3.27)], lower well-being [2.65 (95% CI, 2.03 to 3.46)], were vulnerable to COVID-19 [2.17 (95% CI, 1.45 to 3.25)], lived with someone who was over 70 years old [2.56 (95% CI, 1.55 to 4.24)] and their parent had low well-being [1.94 (95% CI, 1.45 to 2.58)]. Children had higher odds of lower well-being when they had special educational needs [4.13 (95% CI, 2.90 to 5.87)], were vulnerable to COVID-19 [3.06 (95% CI, 2.15 to 4.36)], lived with someone else who was vulnerable to COVID-19 [2.08 (95% CI, 1.64 to 2.64)], or lived with someone who was over 70 years old [2.41 (95% CI, 1.51 to 3.83)]. Many children came into contact with non-household family members, mainly for childcare. Factors relating to COVID-19, children's well-being and education were also important. If school closures are needed in future, addressing these issues may help reduce contact.

Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Evaluation Study(THESEUS): a prospective cohort study.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, painful disease affecting flexures and other skin regions, producing nodules, abscesses and skin tunnels. Laser treatment targeting hair follicles and deroofing of skin tunnels are standard HS interventions in some countries but are rarely offered in the UK. To describe current UK HS management pathways and influencing factors to inform the design of future randomized controlled trials (RCTs). THESEUS was a nonrandomized 12-month prospective cohort study set in 10 UK hospitals offering five interventions: oral doxycycline 200 mg daily; oral clindamycin and rifampicin both 300 mg twice daily for 10 weeks, extended for longer in some cases; laser treatment targeting hair follicles; deroofing; and conventional surgery. The primary outcome was the combination of clinician-assessed eligibility and participant hypothetical willingness to receive each intervention. The secondary outcomes were the proportion of participants selecting each intervention as their final treatment option; the proportion who switch treatments; treatment fidelity; and attrition rates. THESEUS was prospectively registered on the ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN69985145. The recruitment target of 150 participants was met after 18 months, in July 2021, with two pauses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Baseline demographics reflected the HS secondary care population: average age 36 years, 81% female, 20% non-White, 64% current or ex-smokers, 86% body mass index ≥ 25, 68% with moderate disease, 19% with severe disease and 13% with mild disease. Laser was the intervention with the highest proportion (69%) of participants eligible and willing to receive treatment, then deroofing (58%), conventional surgery (54%), clindamycin and rifampicin (44%), and doxycycline (37%). Laser was ranked first choice by the greatest proportion of participants (41%). Attrition rates were 11% and 17% after 3 and 6 months, respectively. Concordance with doxycycline was 52% after 3 months due to lack of efficacy, participant choice and adverse effects. Delays with procedural interventions were common, with only 43% and 26% of participants starting laser and deroofing, respectively, after 3 months. Uptake of conventional surgery was too small to characterize the intervention. Switching treatment was uncommon and there were no serious adverse events. THESEUS has established laser treatment and deroofing for HS in the UK and demonstrated their popularity with patients and clinicians for future RCTs.

StratEst: a software package for strategy frequency estimation

AbstractstratEst is a software package for strategy frequency estimation in the freely available statistical computing environment R (R Development Core Team in R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2022). The package aims at minimizing the start-up costs of running the modern strategy frequency estimation techniques used in experimental economics. Strategy frequency estimation (Stahl and Wilson in J Econ Behav Organ 25: 309–327, 1994; Stahl and Wilson in Games Econ Behav, 10: 218–254, 1995) models the choices of participants in an economic experiment as a finite-mixture of individual decision strategies. The parameters of the model describe the associated behavior of each strategy and its frequency in the data. stratEst provides a convenient and flexible framework for strategy frequency estimation, allowing the user to customize, store and reuse sets of candidate strategies. The package includes useful functions for data processing and simulation, strategy programming, model estimation, parameter testing, model checking, and model selection.

The effect of time ambiguity on choice depends on delay and amount magnitude

AbstractTime ambiguity—that is, having partially/fully incomplete information about when an outcome will occur—is common in everyday life. A recent study showed that participants preferred options with time‐exact delays over options with time‐ambiguous delays, a phenomenon they called time‐ambiguity aversion. However, the empirical robustness and boundaries of this phenomenon remain unexplored. We conducted three online studies: Study 2 (n = 118) was a replication of Study 1 (n = 76) using preregistered analyses; Study 3 (n = 202; preregistered) was a follow‐up study suggested during review. In Studies 1 and 2, participants completed hypothetical choices between €5 today versus later‐but‐larger (LL) rewards that systematically varied in their amount, delay, and time‐ambiguity level (e.g., for a 180 day delay, time ambiguity varied from 179 to 181 to 0–360 days). Effects of time ambiguity on choice were best encoded in an absolute, dose‐dependent manner and depended on delays and amounts: Increasing time ambiguity led to more time‐exact LL choices at shorter delays but more time‐ambiguous LL choices at longer delays. Additionally, time‐ambiguity ranges including today were chosen more frequently than ranges excluding today, akin to the present bias in intertemporal choice. Lastly, evidence suggested that more time ambiguity was preferred for smaller LL amounts yet disliked for larger LL amounts. Study 3 demonstrated that time‐risk and time‐ambiguity preferences are differentiable by giving participants choices involving hypothetical time‐exact, time‐ambiguous, and time‐risky options. Taken together, our results extend the nascent literature on time ambiguity by showing that (i) time‐ambiguity preferences are distinguishable from both time‐risk and delay preferences and (ii) time ambiguity is not generally aversive, but its impact depends on delay and amount magnitude.

THE ROLE OF MULTILINGUALISM IN THE ACADEMIC AND CAREER GROWTH OF YOUTH IN KAZAKHSTAN

This article analyzes the role of multilingualism in the educational and professional sphere of the life of Kazakhstanis. Kazakhstan is a polylinguistic society, where, according to statistics, people who speak more than one language make up the vast majority. The purpose of the study was to identify the advantages of youth proficiency in two or more languages to achieve academic and career growth in Kazakhstan. To achieve this goal, a sociological survey (questionnaire and interview) was organized among bachelor’s and master’s students of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The choice of the survey participants was determined by the purpose of the research – bachelor’s and master’s students participate not only in the educational process, but are already starting to build their careers. This feature of the target audience allowed obtaining objective data that were analyzed. As a result of working with theoretical sources and sociological survey data, conclusions were drawn on the representation of multilingualism that was formed among the survey participants; the degree of influence of multilingualism on education and professional growth; on the employer’s preferences for candidates with knowledge of more than one language; on the specifics of mastering another culture through learning the language of this culture and on the role of this knowledge in academic and professional achievements. It should be noted that the conclusions obtained in this research represent the initial stage of a large study in this area. Key words: language, multilingualism, multiculturalism, academic achievements, professional growth.

Clinical Trainee Perspectives on the Implementation of Trauma-Focused Training.

Despite the high prevalence of trauma exposure in the United States and calls for the implementation of trauma-focused psychotherapy training, scant opportunities exist for such training in graduate clinical psychology programs. This study aimed to guide the implementation of trauma-focused psychotherapy training in graduate curricula by examining clinical trainees' perspectives on their current training and desired features for trauma-specific learning environments. The absence of research that centers trainee voices is notable; therefore, this study specifically focuses on trainee perspectives on implementation. The New Haven competencies, developed by the American Psychological Association to support efforts to improve trauma-specific training, were used as a framework to guide the development of a mixed-methods survey. Current doctoral students (N=18) in one clinical psychology program completed the survey. Trainees overwhelmingly perceived the competencies to be relevant to their psychological assessment and therapy training and to their professional goals but noted a general lack of available trauma-specific training. Nearly all trainees believed that trauma-specific training should be required and expressed varied opinions regarding how requirements should be structured. Important features of a safe and supportive learning environment were reported to include coconstructed norms, choice and flexibility for participation, and integrated wellness practices. Further, instructors' trauma awareness, cultural humility, and responsiveness to students' experiences were emphasized by trainees as important. Effective implementation of trauma-specific psychotherapy training should be guided by ongoing dialogue between trainees and training stakeholders.

Role of public schools in the education system in rural India

We attempt to determine the role of the presence of an elite public college within the village in the choice of college participation and persistence of adolescents aged 5–16 years in the context of rural India. The assessment is conducted using the nationally representative Annual Education Survey Report (ASER) dataset. The results of the pooled cross-section logistic model highlight that the presence of an elite public college substantially increases an infant's chances of attending school. The results remain consistent and large across different levels of schooling.