Choice Of Definition Research Articles

Poverty in Selected European Countries. A Spatio-temporal Analysis from 2003–2020

The problem of poverty, both in theory and practice, gained a new meaning with the beginning of the transformation of selected European economies from being centrally planned to market economies. The transition and the accompanying ownership changes resulted in significant shifts in the income distribution, which affected the increase in the stratification of society in terms of material situation and the deterioration of the living conditions of some social groups. Developing and evaluating anti‑poverty programs should be preceded by identifying who is considered poor. Defining poverty is the first and a key step in measuring its characteristics, e.g., its intensity. Hence, the choice of a specific definition of poverty is of fundamental importance for the results of this measurement. The aim of the paper is to assess the material situation of European societies in terms of poverty change in a holistic approach – considering all the information available in international statistics on the problem. To achieve the research objective at the regional data level, we used the URi measure to decompose changes in structure and estimate the direction and intensity of poverty recorded. Further, we evaluated whether the transformations coincide temporarily and spatially. Applying the Hellinger distance (HD) allowed us to identify the significance of trends in changes in the poverty structure, especially in the years of the COVID–19 pandemic, when an increase in the importance of individual structural components of poverty was observed in the analysed European NUTS–2 spatial units. For some economies, the transition was also a consequence of European economic crises or major events of international importance, e.g., sports events or countries acceding to the EU.

Gene therapy for heart failure: A novel treatment for the age old disease

Across the globe, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. According to reports, around 6.2 million people in the United states have heart failure. Current standards of care for heart failure can delay but not prevent progression of disease. Gene therapy is one of the novel treatment modalities that promises to fill this limitation in the current standard of care for Heart Failure. In this paper we performed an extensive search of the literature on various advances made in gene therapy for heart failure till date. We review the delivery methods, targets, current applications, trials, limitations and feasibility of gene therapy for heart failure. Various methods have been employed till date for administering gene therapies including but not limited to arterial and venous infusion, direct myocardial injection and pericardial injection. Various strategies such as AC6 expression, S100A1 protein upregulation, VEGF-B and SDF-1 gene therapy have shown promise in recent preclinical trials. Furthermore, few studies even show that stimulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation such as through cyclin A2 overexpression is a realistic avenue. However, a considerable number of obstacles need to be overcome for gene therapy to be part of standard treatment of care such as definitive choice of gene, gene delivery systems and a suitable method for preclinical trials and clinical trials on patients. Considering the challenges and taking into account the recent advances in gene therapy research, there are encouraging signs to indicate gene therapy for heart failure to be a promising treatment modality for the future. However, the time and feasibility of this option remains in a situation of balance.

Reversible Solid Oxide Cells for Energy Storage in the Netherlands: Thermodynamics and Fuel Selection

As a famously flat and low-lying country, the Netherlands has no sites for hydro-power at a large scale, and high-temperature geothermal energy is not easily accessible. Therefore, the Netherlands will need to depend on intermittent renewables such as wind and solar energy for decarbonizing its energy system. This results in a definite need for large scale energy storage in the future Dutch energy landscape. With the lack of potential for pumped hydro storage, but easy access to large salt caverns and gas fields, energy storage in e-fuels (i.e. power-to-X-to-power) seems to be the most likely candidate for energy storage systems in the Netherlands at such a large scale. Among the various technologies available to implement such systems, reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) are very suitable due to high efficiency and fuel flexibility, in addition to higher capacity utilization made possible by reversible operation.In this study, we investigated three fuels — hydrogen, methane and ammonia — to find the most suitable fuel for use in a standalone rSOC-based energy storage system to balance a future Dutch electrical grid powered entirely by intermittent renewables. In particular, the fuels were compared in terms of the storage capacity and the renewable power capacity that would be required if each of these fuels were used. The effect of a limited use of biomass to reduce energy storage needs was also investigated. Energy from biomass was assumed to stay around the same level as it is at present. Heat from nuclear, concentrated solar, or industrial sources was not considered.Process designs of rSOC systems using each fuel were modelled in Aspen Plus, and the operating points were optimized for round trip efficiency using exergy analysis. The power-fuel flow relationships derived from these models were then used in a model of an energy grid implemented in the programming language R. This model used actual hourly weather data and Dutch energy demand over a period of five years (2014–2018) for supply/demand calculations with a temporal resolution of one day. The required storage capacity and power generation capacity were derived from the results of this energy grid model. Supply-demand imbalances within each day-long interval were assumed to be balanced using batteries, and was outside the scope of this study.From the results of this study, it appears that for reversible SOC systems under the set of assumptions taken, a hydrogen-based system can be more efficient than systems using methane or ammonia. This implies that a grid using hydrogen as its energy storage medium can meet the same demand with a smaller power generation capacity compared to the other fuels. We also found the methane system to be slightly more efficient than the ammonia system.On the other hand, the comparison of storage capacities revealed that the methane system has significantly lower gas storage requirement than the hydrogen system for the same energy demand. The ammonia system also requires larger storage capacity for gases than the methane system, in addition to tanks for liquid ammonia. The use of biomass in winters is found to reduce both the storage and power generation requirements.The results show that the available underground gas storage capacity in the Netherlands is more than required to meet the Dutch electrical demand, with systems using any of the three fuels. However, the renewable power capacity planned for 2030 in the Netherlands will not be sufficient to meet the projected electricity demand in 2030, irrespective of the fuel used for storage. Under these conditions, the system which uses the power capacity most efficiently would be favorable for 2030, which is the hydrogen system.This study compares different fuels from a thermodynamics (exergy) and system sizing perspective. In addition to detailed exergy analysis, further comparative studies will be needed from techno-economic, safety, and social acceptance perspectives before a definitive choice can be made. This study also considers only electrical demand, while the gas storage capacity in the Netherlands might be sufficient to meet other energy demands (heat, transport, industrial feedstock) as well. A study considering other energy demands can be part of future work.With these considerations in mind and with the current design choices, based on current plans for growth of renewables, we find that hydrogen is the most suitable fuel for rSOC-based energy storage in the Netherlands.

Britain’s ‘favoured response’ to crises: a critical review of existing literature on public inquiries

AbstractPublic inquiries are a crucial part of British governance but academic reflections on them are fragmented, and existing scholarship is underappreciated within wider debates. In this review, I counteract this underappreciation and fragmentation by comprehensively organizing and critiquing this literature for the first time. I conceptualize inquiries literature as organized around the question of inquiry functionality, with inquiries considered either to provide accountability, or to serve the interests of the state. I then explore three limitations within this literature: (1) it often lacks a clear definition of the public inquiry; (2) both views of inquiry functionality are somewhat unconvincing (the first view takes inquiries at face value, while the latter adopts a problematic conception of state power); (3) the literature has methodological limitations which hamper attempts to generalize effectively about inquiries. This suggests that new research on inquiries should be clear in its definitional and sampling choices, engage with contemporary theoretical literature on the (British) state in order to conceptualize inquiry functionality more convincingly, and engage with primary data and novel methodological approaches over light single-case studies in order to establish a solid evidential basis on which to make general claims.

Daura Al-Lugatu Al-‘Arabiyyah Fī Tafsīri Al-Qur’āni Li Muḥammadin Abū Zahrah: Dirāsatun Fī Zahrati At-Tafāsīri

The significance of Arabic in the interpretation of the Qur'an is noteworthy from both classical and contemporary perspectives. Among contemporary interpreters, Abu Zahrah stands out for his exceptional focus on Arabic in his interpretation. Although Abu Zahrah's approach to language is similar to that of other commentators like al-Zamakhsyari, the results of his interpretation show significant differences. This research aims to examine the role of Arabic in Abu Zahrah's interpretation and how he addresses various linguistic challenges through qualitative descriptive research and content analysis. The findings revealed that Arabic played a highly significant role in Zahrah al-Tafāsīr's interpretation, becoming one of the main pillars. The study explored linguistic themes such as Isytiqāq, Nahw, Ṣarf, al-Ḍamāir, 'Irāb, and Balāgah. Abu Zahrah's method in dealing with linguistic problems includes referencing the Qur'an and sunnah, employing a balanced linguistic approach, making definitive choices, finding middle grounds between diverse opinions, and critiquing views deemed incorrect. Despite evident influence from al-Zamakhsyari, Abu Zahrah remains critical of his ideas. The evidence of Abu Zahrah's proficiency in Arabic is undeniable.

Definition of dose rate for FLASH pencil-beam scanning proton therapy: A comparative study.

FLASH proton therapy has the potential to reduce side effects of conventional proton therapy by delivering a high dose of radiation in a very short period of time. However, significant progress is needed in the development of FLASH proton therapy. Increasing the dose rate while maintaining dose conformality may involve the use of advanced beam-shaping technologies and specialized equipment such as 3D patient-specific range modulators, to take advantage of the higher transmission efficiency at the highest energy available. The dose rate is an important factor in FLASH proton therapy, but its definition can vary because of the uneven distribution of the dose over time in pencil-beam scanning (PBS). Highlight the distinctions, both in terms of concept and numerical values, of the various definitions that can be established for the dose rate in PBS protontherapy. In an insilico study, five definitions of the dose rate, namely the PBS dose rate, the percentile dose rate, the maximum percentile dose rate, the average dose rate, and the dose averaged dose rate (DADR) were analyzed first through theoretical comparison, and then applied to a head and neck case. To carry out this study, a treatment plan utilizing a single energy level and requiring the use of a patient-specific range modulator was employed. The dose rate values were compared both locally and by means of dose rate volume histograms (DRVHs). The PBS dose rate, the percentile dose rate, and the maximum percentile dose are definitions that are specifically designed to take into account the time structure of the delivery of a PBS treatment plan. Although they may appear similar, our study shows that they can vary locally by up to 10%. On the other hand, the DADR values were approximately twice as high as those of the PBS, percentile, and maximum percentile dose rates, since the DADR disregards the periods when a voxel does not receive any dose. Finally, the average dose rate can be defined in various ways, as discussed in this paper. The average dose rate is found to be lower by a factor of approximately 1/2 than the PBS, percentile, and maximum percentile doserates. We have shown that using different definitions for the dose rate in FLASH proton therapy can lead to variations in calculated values ranging from a few percent to a factor of two. Since the dose rate is a critical parameter in FLASH radiation therapy, it is essential to carefully consider the choice of definition. However, to make an informed decision, additional biological data and models areneeded.

Ригидность в структуре личности: история вопроса и проблема исследования

The –issues of research on rigidity in personality organization – are discussed indepth in this article as the main theoretical and applied aspects of one of the relevant areas of general psychology. In this regard, the reasons for the formulation of the stated problem in its proper psychological aspect are presented and interpreted: the absence of a single categorical and conceptual apparatus; spectral and local organization of scientific rigidity research; “bipolar” character reflecting the convergence process of rigidity and flexibility; the vagueness of the content, boundaries and place of rigidity in the system of psychological concepts, its structural and functional organization, position among other structural components of personality and the relationship with them. As a result of the difficulties associated with the formation of a unified view on the genesis of the concept, justification of the choice of basic definitions, diversification of approaches in the study of rigidity, the allocation of structural components, the concept of rigidity is used and interpreted in various contexts differently. It is shown that the current research on rigidity in the structure of personality aims to solve the important, but narrow issues despite of their high theoretical and practical significance. At the same time, relevant general issues fall out of scientists’ sight and need to be discussed. The rigidity research should be carried out as in the field of general psychology and rigidity should be studied within the section of cognitive processes taking into account its key aspects including dynamics and structural organization. Strate gically, in order to develop theoretical ideas about the psychological concept of rigidity, study its procedural side, analyze key aspects of structural organization and dynamics, it is necessary to make a reasonable choice of both a theoretical and methodological foundation and a theoretical model supplemented by the results of empirical research. Along with this, it is worth drawing attention of the scientific community to the issue of determination the causes of manifestation of personality rigidity. Summarizing the presented materials, the author concludes that rigidity in personality organization should be studied as a general psychology problem.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Definition of Failure to Rescue Should Consider Including Cardiac Arrest

BackgroundFailure to rescue (FTR) is a new quality measure in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. The STS defines FTR as death after permanent stroke, renal failure, reoperation, or prolonged ventilation. Our objective was to assess whether cardiac arrest should be included in this definition. MethodsPatients undergoing an STS index operation in a regional collaborative (2011-2021) were included. The performance of the STS definition of FTR was compared with a definition that included the STS complications plus cardiac arrest (STS+). Centers were grouped into FTR rate terciles using the STS and STS+ definitions of FTR, and changes in their relative performance rating were assessed. ResultsA total of 43,641 patients were included across 17 centers. Cardiac arrest was the most lethal complication: 55.0% of patients who experienced cardiac arrest died. FTR after any complication (13 total) occurred among 884 patients. The STS definition of FTR accounted for 83% (735 of 884) of all FTR. The addition of cardiac arrest to the STS definition significantly increased the proportion of overall FTR accounted for (92.2% [815 of 884]; P < .001). Choice of FTR definition led to substantial differences in center-level relative performance rating by FTR rate. ConclusionsMortality after cardiac arrest is not completely captured by the STS definition of FTR and represents an important source of potentially preventable death after cardiac surgery. Future quality improvement efforts using the STS definition of FTR should account for this.

Conceptualizing, Defining, and Measuring Before-School Physical Activity: A Review With Exploratory Analysis of Adolescent Data

Physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents is often reported by time segments centered around the school day, including before school. However, there is no consistent approach to defining the before-school segment, to accurately capture PA levels and facilitate synthesis of results across studies. Therefore, this study aimed to (a) examine how studies with children and adolescents have defined the before-school segment, and (b) compare adolescents’ before-school PA using various segment definitions. We conducted a systematic search and review of literature from six databases, and subsequently analyzed accelerometer data from Australia (n = 472, mean age 14.9 years, 40% male), to compare PA across five before-school definitions. Our review found 69 studies reporting before-school PA, 59 of which used device-based measures. Definitions ranged widely, but justifications were rarely reported. Our empirical comparison of definitions resulted in a range of participants meeting wear time criteria (≥3 days at &gt;50% of segment length) from the latest-starting definition (30 min prior to school; n = 443) to the earliest-starting definition (6:00 a.m.–school start; n = 155), implying that for many participants, accelerometer wear was low in the early hours due to sleep or noncompliance. Statistically significant differences in light and moderate-to-vigorous PA (mean minutes/school day, proportion of segment length, and proportion of wear time) were found between definitions, indicating that before-school PA could potentially be underestimated depending on definition choice. We recommend that future studies clearly report and justify segment definition, apply segment-specific wear time criteria, and collect wake time data to enable individualized segment start times and minimize risk of data misclassification.

The void-galaxy cross-correlation function with massive neutrinos and modified gravity

Massive neutrinos and f(R)-modified gravity have degenerate observational signatures that can impact the interpretation of results in galaxy survey experiments, such as cosmological parameter estimations and gravity model tests. Because of this, it is important to investigate astrophysical observables that can break these degeneracies. Cosmic voids are sensitive to both massive neutrinos and modifications of gravity and provide a promising ground for disentangling the above-mentioned degeneracies. In order to analyse cosmic voids in the context of non-ΛCDM cosmologies, we must first understand how well the current theoretical framework operates in these settings. We performed a suite of simulations with the RAMSES-based N-body code ANUBISIS, including massive neutrinos and f(R)-modified gravity both individually and simultaneously. The data from the simulations were compared to models of the void velocity profile and the void-halo cross-correlation function (CCF). This was done both with the real space simulation data as model input and by applying a reconstruction method to the redshift space data. In addition, we ran Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fits on the data sets to assess the capability of the models to reproduce the fiducial simulation values of fσ8(z) and the Alcock-Paczyǹski parameter, ϵ. The void modelling applied performs similarly for all simulated cosmologies, indicating that more accurate models and higher resolution simulations are needed in order to directly observe the effects of massive neutrinos and f(R)-modified gravity through studies of the void-galaxy CCF. The MCMC fits show that the choice for the void definition plays an important role in the recovery of the correct cosmological parameters, but otherwise, there is no clear distinction between the ability to reproduce fσ8 and ϵ for the various simulations.

Vocational Choice: A Narrative Identity Approach Conceived from Cultural Psychology

Vocation has been studied from perspectives such as trait-factor, differential psychology, and psychometrics. These perspectives have assumed it to be the precursor of a unique and definitive career choice, resulting from matching personal characteristics with the requirements of a job. Vocation has also been conceptualized as the product of evolutionary stages, dependent on maturational processes. However, the changing conditions of the contemporary world of work make it necessary to reconsider vocationality from a dynamic perspective that transcends the exclusively psychometric view. This article proposes an alternative approach to vocation, based on the processes of identity construction propose by cultural psychology. Thus, vocation is assumed as a process of a narrative nature, in constant formation, based on the symbolic resources with which people interact. Vocationality emerges as a historical, situated, and distributed phenomenon, marked by occupational and educational experiences, as well as by interactive experiences with significant others.

OLSC France : comment supporter à distance le Liverpool Football Club dans un monde global

Remote supportism is an avatar of globalisation. Communication techniques allow, but do not explain, the process by which an individual, by voluntary and definitive choice, inscribes in his social practices a devotion to a football club that is not located near his residence. The personal trajectories of the members and those of the Liverpool FC are hybridised. In order not to focus on anachronistic representations of hooliganism, entering the world of OLSC, the French branch of Liverpool FC supporters, is a critical invitation to travel in the company of those “who never walk alone”.

Literature review of dry socket: etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and management

Dry socket/alveolar osteitis is a detrimental and excruciatingly painful post-extraction condition of the socket caused by the breakdown of a clot leading to the denudation of the socket that exposes underlying bone that is not protected by a blood clot or healing tissue and persists within or around the alveolus for days after the surgical tooth extraction with or without halitosis and suppuration. It is inevitable that dry socket will develop during routine oral surgery or dental procedures. The common factors that cause dry socket are smoking, poor oral hygiene, traumatic extractions caused by inexperienced dentists, previous bacterial infection, inflammation, fibrinolysis, and systemic disorders, in conjunction with oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle, and rapid irrigation of the socket after extraction with normal saline. The management of dry socket is directed towards palliative care. A substantial amount of research is required to provide a definitive treatment choice for dry socket. This literature review focuses on the pathogenesis, prevention, and management of dry socket.

Piperacillin/tazobactam versus cefepime or carbapenems for cefoxitin-non-susceptible Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens and Morganella morganii bacteraemia in immunocompromised patients.

The role of piperacillin/tazobactam for treatment of serious infections due to AmpC-producing organisms remains debatable, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This was a retrospective cohort study in immunocompromised patients that investigated the effect of definitive treatment with either piperacillin/tazobactam versus cefepime or carbapenems for bacteraemia caused by cefoxitin-non-susceptible Enterobacterales. The primary endpoint was a composite of clinical and microbiological failure. A logistic regression model was constructed to assess the impact of definitive treatment choice on the primary endpoint. A total of 81 immunocompromised patients with blood cultures positive for cefoxitin-non-susceptible Enterobacterales were included for analysis. There was more microbiological failure in the piperacillin/tazobactam arm compared with the cefepime/carbapenem arm (11.4% versus 0.0%, P = 0.019). Definitive treatment with cefepime or a carbapenem was associated with a decreased odds of clinical or microbiological failure (OR 0.303, 95% CI 0.093-0.991, P = 0.048) when controlling for baseline characteristics. In immunocompromised patients with bacteraemia due to cefoxitin-non-susceptible Enterobacterales, definitive treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam was associated with an increased risk of microbiological failure and higher odds of clinical or microbiological failure compared with cefepime or carbapenems.

Defining rurality: an evaluation of rural definitions and the impact on survival estimates.

Patients with cancer living in rural areas have inferior cancer outcomes; however, studies examining this association use varying definitions of "rural," complicating comparisons and limiting the utility of the results for policy makers and future researchers. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data (2000-2016) were used to assess risk of cancer mortality and mortality from any cause across 4 definitions of rurality: Urban Influence codes (UIC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Rural-Urban continuum codes (RUCC), and Index of Relative Rurality. Binary (urban vs rural) and ternary (urban, micropolitan, rural) definitions were evaluated. Multivariable parametric survival models estimated hazards of mortality overall and among 3 cancer groupings: screening related, obesity related, and tobacco related. Definition agreement was also assessed. Overall, 3 788 273 patients with an incident cancer representing 605 counties were identified. There was little discordance between binary definitions of rural vs urban and moderate agreement at the 3 levels. Adjusted models using binary definitions revealed 15% to 17% greater hazard of cancer mortality in rural compared with urban. At the 3 levels when comparing rural with metropolitan, RUCC and NCHS saw similarly increased hazard ratios; however, Index of Relative Rurality did not. Screening-related cancers saw the highest hazards of mortality and the largest divergence between definitions. Obesity-related and tobacco-related cancers saw similarly increased hazards of mortality at the binary and ternary levels. Hazard of death is similar across binary definitions; however, this differed when categorized as ternary or continuous, especially among screening-related cancers. Results suggest that study purpose should direct choice of definitions and categorization.

Toward a Super-COP? Timing, Temporality, and Rethinking World Climate Governance

Toward a Super-COP? Timing, Temporality, and Rethinking World Climate Governance

Professionalism in Sports Administration: a Literature Review

Purpose: The professionalism in sports administration and management is one of the most important areas that relate to all aspects of the nature and life of individuals as it is considered a successful method in setting the objectives of individuals in a scientific way. Professionalization of sport has a prominent and enduring history in the field of sports management. Theoretical Framework: The study adopts the theory of professionalism in sports administration as the theoretical framework of the study. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study has systematically reviewed the notion of professionalism in the studies related to sports administration. The choice of research paradigms, methods, interests, perspective, and operational definitions have been reviewed from the past literature. Furthermore, this study has attempted to identify potential research gaps and future avenues of inquiry within the port management discipline. Findings: The findings reveal that current success is based upon effective and efficient management of the bilateral association of sport management and professionalism. Reflecting on the historical and future drivers of the incident industry. Research practical Implication: The study implicates that educator’s one may not fully control the professional position of the sport management ‘profession’, but one may perform a significant role. Originality/Value: The value of the study lies in the fact that a better understanding of professionals is fundamental to ensuring a successful and productive implementation of the concept in any field particular sports management and administration.

Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Food Choice Motives: A Systematic Review

The economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has effected the global economy, with the main changes expected to affect human life in the future, including food consumption. However, could this pandemic be assumed as a threshold for the suspension of the usual rules behind food choices? This review highlights the changes in food choice motivations before, during, and after the pandemic that have been reported in the literature to date to answer the research question on the changes in food choice motives caused by the pandemic to consumers worldwide. The review comes up with ten key food motives important for consumers, namely health, convenience, sensory appeal, nutritional quality, moral concerns, weight control, mood and anxiety, familiarity, price, and shopping frequency behavior; these motives continue to be significant in the post-pandemic era. Our findings indicate that it is too premature to give definite answers as to what food choice motives in the post-COVID-19 era will be like. Consumers’ perceptions and attitudes toward food in the new era are contradictory, depending on the country of the study, the average age, and the sex of the study group. These controversial results illustrate that, for food consumption, motives depend on the population being searched, with changes identified occurring in two directions. The definite answers will be given in three to five years when the new conditions will be clear and a number of studies will have been published. Even though it is too early to fully understand the definite food choice motive changes, defining a “new” index of consumer satisfaction is necessary since it can alter the food sale strategies of retail managers, food companies, and the other parties involved in the agri-food chain.

‘The Options were Shrinking. Choices were Being Removed’: Selected Literary Representations of the Consequence of Climate Change

This article considers the ways in which selected contemporary novels represent the limitation of options as a primary consequence of climate change. I will offer an ecocritical literary analysis of the following four novels by female authors: The New Wilderness (2020) by Diane Cook, A Children’s Bible (2020) by Lydia Millet, Weather (2020) by Jenny Offill and The Last Migration (2021) by Charlotte McConaghy. The novels present worlds where very definite choices, in already severely constrained contexts, need to be made. These choices are matters of survival and they have nothing to do with fulfilling constructed consumer dreams. The texts offer worlds in which characters navigate radically new terrains where survival is an urgent imperative. I will consider how the notions of limitation and shrinking (of their worlds and their options) recur as leitmotifs throughout the novels and I will explore how this shrinkage forces them to reconsider not only their own actions but also the consequences of the actions of people in general, with a specific focus on the causal relationship between those actions and climate change.

Trial for scheme design of machine considering inherently safe design measure

It is shown that only inherently safe design measure, which is defined in ISO 12100 as protective measure which either eliminates hazards or reduces the risks associated with hazards by changing the design or operating characteristics of the machine without the use of guards or protective devices, can eliminate hazards or reduce the severity of risks. However, mechanical designers actually apt to use safe guards and other measures because they do not have concrete design methods to apply them. In the consequence the machine does not have adequate inherently safe design measures. This paper proposes the process of scheme design for newly designed machinery to adhere adequate inherently safe design measures and other safe measures. Scheme design process consists of four stages, required specification definition, function definition, component and mechanism choice and structure design. These four stages are in order of consideration. The 14 items of inherently safe design measures those are classified according to their contents are shown in ISO12100. And each of them is suitably assigned to each stage of design process according to its content. Each stage study is narrowed down and clarified by this assignment. This process is proceeded in the matrix table to get adequate and less omission design by comparing and evaluating various ideas that can be thought of. By this proposal, front loading design process is implemented and the machinery design will obtain adequate inherently safe design measures and other safety methods.