Choice Of Medium Research Articles

Traditional techniques in Rajata Shodhana: A comprehensive review of classical methods

Introduction: The traditional Ayurvedic process of Rajata Shodhana (silver processing) is essential in preparing silver for therapeutic applications, transforming it from a raw metal into a safe, bio available from known as Bhasma. This review comprehensively examines classical methods of Rajata Shodhana, focusing on techniques that involve various herbal, mineral, and heating processes to detoxify and enhance the metal’s medicinal properties. By analyzing these traditional practices, the review aims to highlight their scientific underpinnings and relevance. Material and Methods: A detailed analysis of the following 14 classical Ayurvedic texts on were undertaken for this study: Anandakanda, Rasendra Chudamani, Rasarnava, Rasa Paddhati, Sharangdhara Samhita, Rasaprakash Sudhakara, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasendra Chintamani, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Rasa Manjiri, Ayurveda Prakash, Rasa Jala Nidhi, Rasa Tarangini, and Rasamrita. Results & Discussion: The primary techniques employed in the Shodhana of Rajata include Nirvapa, Dravana, Dhalana, Dhamapana, and Swedana, with Nirvapa being the most frequently used. The quenching process ranges from a minimum of 3 to a maximum of 21 repetitions. Various Shodhana media are detailed in Rasashastra classics, with Naga (lead) being the most commonly used, appearing 14 times in the reviewed texts. The processes of Dhmapana or Dravana often incorporate Naga, along with Kharpara and Tankana, as purifying media. Conclusion: These varied media illustrate a comprehensive approach to metal processing, combining chemical reactions, traditional practices, and therapeutic properties to achieve the desired processing of Rajata. The choice of media depends on the specific requirements of the processing of the traditional knowledge embedded in the practice.

Default viewing: Reconceptualising choice and habit in television audience research

When choosing what to watch, television audiences habitually default to particular channels, shows and apps as part of their everyday routines. Additionally, streaming platforms and devices also default to particular content, services or ads as determined by their software settings. In other words, television viewing is commonly shaped by both behavioural and technological defaults. How can television audience research account for these two distinct, yet related, phenomena? What does defaulting mean for our understanding of media choice in the streaming age? Drawing on the authors’ recent empirical work, this article develops a conceptual framework for understanding the role of defaults in contemporary television viewing. Our analysis synthesises ideas from fields of knowledge that are rarely considered together – television audience studies, platform studies and the sociology of habit – to revise longstanding debates about defaults, and to update them for the present context of streaming television.

Analisis Retorika Visual dan Sentimen Analisis pada Kampanye Ganjar Pranowo di dalam Video Adzan Magribh

Campaigns are a form of communication used by politicians to gain support. According to theory, campaigns are persuasive communications aimed at changing the behavior of the communicant as the message recipient. The choice of media in conducting campaigns is an important factor. The role of media will strengthen the communication concept so that the message conveyed can be interpreted according to the goal. In the 2024 presidential campaign, one of the presidential candidates, Ganjar Pranowo, used television advertisements, specifically the Maghrib call to prayer, as part of his campaign strategy. The method used in this research employs a qualitative approach. Visual Rhetoric Theory is used to interpret the message in the video. Additionally, supporting sentiment analysis theory is used to analyze the research subject, namely the public who have seen the video. Public responses were taken from social media comments. Thus, the results of the analysis from both theories are combined into one conclusion. The result is that Ganjar Pranowo made a fairly good impression, but it is not perfect. There are still some errors in the video that raise questions about Ganjar Pranowo's credibility.

Uncertainty-media fit and Psychological Capital for Trust Building in Virtual Leader-Follower Interactions

A very important challenge facing leaders and followers alike is how to navigate the virtual workplace where much of our communication and interactions occur through the use of technology. This field experiment examined whether a leader's choice of communication media given the situational uncertainty (termed uncertainty-media fit here to parallel related research) impacted the amount and type of trust (cognitive versus affective) that developed between leaders and followers. Further, we tested whether the leader's perceived level of psychological capital (PsyCap) impacted the results obtained. To test our hypotheses, 326 participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions of high (low) media richness×high (low) situational uncertainty. Results of our study indicated that communication media choice, in and of itself, did not seem to impact results. However, the situational uncertainty present in our scenarios impacted subjects’ amount and type of trust in the leaders, lending credence to the argument that perhaps technology is, in fact, more based on how it is interpreted, rather than whether the leader uses media higher in richness to communicate more complex information. Further, subjects’ perception of the leader's psychological capital (PsyCap) moderated results obtained. In addition to limitations and suggestions for future research, we conclude with practical implications for leaders that may have an impact on the amount and type of trust that develops between leaders and followers in a virtual work environment.

Evaluating the impact of media and feed combinations on CHO cell culture performance and monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab) production

The choice of media and feeds significantly influences the performance of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) mammalian cell cultures in producing desired biologics like monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Sub-optimal nutrient feed/media composition can severely impact cell proliferation and the quality of the final mAb product. For instance, proper protein glycosylation, crucial for mAb stability, safety, and efficacy, heavily relies on cell culture conditions. Currently, starter CHO culture media and daily supplemental feeds used in industrial manufacturing consist of proprietary composition of nutrients critical for mAb production. Standardized optimal media/feed combinations necessary for different cell lines are often lacking, necessitating individualized optimization for each cell line and mAb product. Here, we focused on a CHO-K1 cell line engineered to produce a Trastuzumab biosimilar and evaluated the effects of fourteen commercially relevant basal media and seven feeds on cell culture parameters such as viable cell density, viability, nutrient consumption, metabolite production, mAb titer, and mAb N-glycosylation. Our findings demonstrate clearly that the compositions of the basal medium and feed play a pivotal role in enhancing cell growth and mAb production. This work offers valuable insights into strategies for optimizing feed/media composition for glycosylated monoclonal antibody production using CHO cells.

Performance Efficiency of Selected Medium Culture and Raft Systems for Waste Removal in a Small‐Scale Aquaponics Production System

Aquaponics systems integrate aquaculture and hydroponics to create a sustainable method for food production by recycling nutrients. However, nutrient waste management in aquaponics systems remains a challenge, particularly in achieving optimal growth for both fish and plants while minimizing environmental impacts. This study compared the effectiveness of raft and selected medium culture systems in removing waste from a small‐scale aquaponics production system that included leafy vegetable crops (Brassica oleracea) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The aquaponics systems comprised of four hydroponics systems: three media based (charcoal, perlite, and pumice) and one raft system in a completely randomized design. The crops were cultivated in the hydroponic units, while O. niloticus fingerlings were reared in the fish tanks for 22 weeks. To compare the various hydroponics systems, growth metrics for the fish (weight and length) and plants growth parameters such as leaf index and biomass, as well as nutrient analysis were monitored and documented. Physicochemical parameters of the culture water were also monitored. Fish grown in the perlite medium had significantly higher mean final length and weight compared to other aquaponics setups in the study (p < 0.05). Plants grown on pumice had significantly more total biomass than other media (p < 0.05) and had the highest crude protein (CP) content, while those planted on perlite had the highest crude lipid content (p < 0.05). The charcoal medium was the most effective, lowering total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) levels by up to 67.1%. Pumice showed the highest total suspended solids (TSSs) retention capacity (p < 0.05), resulting in a 25.9% drop in TSS levels. The raft system was the least effective at reducing aquaculture nutrient waste. This study demonstrated that the choice of hydroponics media is important in optimizing aquaponics systems for both plant and fish growth.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Clostridioides difficile: a dual-site study of three different media and three therapeutic antimicrobials.

Increasing resistance to antimicrobials used for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections necessitates reproducible antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Current guidelines take a one-size-fits-all approach and/or offer limited guidance. We investigated how the choice of medium affects measured MIC values across two sites. We determined MIC values for the antimicrobials fidaxomicin, metronidazole and vancomycin for a representative collection of European C. difficile strains (n=235) using agar dilution on three different media: Brucella Blood Agar (BBA), Fastidious Anaerobe Agar supplemented with horse blood (FAA-HB) and Wilkins-Chalgren (WC) agar. The study was conducted at two sites to compare reproducibility. Useability (ease of preparation of the media as well as read-out of the assay) was assessed through a survey. We found that all media result in highly consistent aggregated MIC data for all antibiotics, with MIC50 and MIC90 within 2-fold of each other across sites. For fidaxomin, MIC values on WC were lower than on the other media (MIC90: WC = 0.125-0.25 mg/L; BBA and FAA-HB = 0.5 mg/L). Metronidazole showed the lowest MIC on BBA, and the highest on WC (MIC90: WC = 2 mg/L; BBA = 0.5-1 mg/L; FAA-HB: 1-2 mg/L). For vancomycin, MIC values were similar across media (MIC90: all media = 1-2 mg/L). Though absolute values for individual isolates differed between sites, identified resistant isolates were similar. Results obtained on FAA-HB were most consistent between sites and results obtained on WC showed the most divergence. FAA-HB was positively evaluated in the usability survey. This study shows medium-dependent differences in C. difficile MICs for at least two antimicrobials across two sites. We suggest the use of FAA-HB to align with general EUCAST recommendations for susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria and deposited reference strains for standard susceptibility testing of C. difficile to increase interlaboratory reproducibility.

The Analysis of Bank XYZ Campus Ambassador Program in Mass Media: A Branding Strategy Targeting Generation Z

The purpose of this study is to analyze how mass media exposure contributes to the branding activities of XYZ Bank targeting Generation Z (Gen Z). This study used Brand Identity Concept and Stakeholder Concept to explore how Bank XYZ engages with key stakeholders to shape its brand image. Brand Identity Concept looks at how Bank XYZ builds a cohesive brand narrative through mass media, while Stakeholder Concept emphasizes the role of partners in shaping and strengthening the bank's branding efforts. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive qualitative research, utilizing digital tracking and interviews to gather data. Interviews were conducted with policymakers at XYZ Bank to ensure data validity through triangulation, while participant observations were carried out to gather primary data effectively. Additionally, secondary data collection involved reviewing previous research and documents to support the analysis. The findings reveal that mass media coverage of XYZ Bank's campus ambassador program highlights the low level of financial literacy among Indonesian Gen Z individuals. As a result, collaboration with educational institutions becomes essential in this branding initiative. The study concludes that XYZ Bank's media choices predominantly focus on financial topics but overlook Gen Z's news consumption habits. Consequently, the study indicates that branding activities may have a restricted influence on Gen Z. Keywords: Branding, banking industry, generation Z, campus, stakeholder engagement, consumer behavior.

Exploring Media Literacy Formation at the Intersection of Family, School, and Peers

Today, media literacy and digital skills are essential for personal communication and social interaction. Children and adolescents need these skills to act autonomously in highly digitised social contexts. These skills are acquired in different social spaces, most frequently and primarily at home, followed by peer groups, school, and extracurricular activities. The present study aims to conceptually situate media literacy within a broader network of social power relations. It is therefore grounded in an academic theoretical framework that constructs media literacy as a form of digital cultural capital. As such, media literacy also contains the principles of media preferences and choices that condition the media choices of young people. This draws our attention to the social contexts in which media literacy and digital skills of children and teenagers are formed: within the family, school, and peers. With a selective thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with 67 primary and secondary school students (12–19 years), the empirical research is focused on different contextual incentives and regulations related to the formation of students’ media literacy, primarily in relation to digital media. First, we examine parenting practices that frame home access to media and media practices within families. Then, we explore the characteristics of formal media education within schools, which seems limited to teaching with/through media. Finally, we identify peer networks as important promoters of both digital capital and elements of advanced media practices and skills, compared to the media literacy encouraged within families and schools.

Who, if not science, can you trust to guide you through a crisis? The relationship between public trust in science and exposure to established and alternative online sources in times of crisis

In light of global crises such as COVID-19, we argue that people’s trust in science drives their media choices in the digital sphere. The results from a German online survey show that individuals who perceive scientists as trustworthy in terms of ability, benevolence, and integrity, confidently expect science to provide accurate knowledge and guide reasonable decision-making in times of crisis. In turn, these positive trusting expectations towards science increase the use of established journalistic and scientific online sources for accessing scientific information. In contrast, people with low or no trust in science tend to resort to the messenger Telegram and ‘alternative’ online media outlets. Interestingly, the individual need for orientation does not amplify this association between trust in science and digital media use in a crisis situation.

Impact of Different Cultural Media on Growth and Sporulation of Magnaporthe grisea Causing Blast of Finger Millet

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), a vital cereal crop, suffers significant yield losses due to blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea. Understanding the sporulation dynamics of the pathogen is crucial for elucidating its biology, infection mechanisms, and epidemiology, as well as for developing effective disease management strategies. Further, choice of medium can significantly impact the cost and efficiency of mass multiplication of fungal cultures. This study investigated the influence of different cultural media on the vegetative growth and conidial production of M. grisea. Among the tested media, oat meal agar, corn meal agar, rice bran agar and rice straw extract agar supported the growth of the pathogen. Whereas, oat meal agar demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting both mycelial proliferation and sporulation. The findings emphasize the role of optimized media in facilitating reliable and abundant spore production, essential for advancing research in understanding the multi dynamics involved in disease occurrence, pathogen management and resistance breeding. These results contribute to the development of integrative approaches to mitigate the impact of blast disease on finger millet production and ensure agricultural sustainability.

Chemical constituents from the culture of Biscogniauxia capnodes SWUF15-40 fungus and the inhibitory activity against cancer cell proliferation and nitric oxide production

The chemical diversity from Biscogniauxia capnodes SWUF15-40 fungus, cultivated in yeast-malt extract medium was studied. The choice of medium was inspired by the OSMACs strategy, which had previously been cultivated in PDB medium. This resulted in an array of bioactive compounds being discovered. The IR, NMR, MS, and XRD data, together with the calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts and ECD spectra data were thoroughly analysed, which led to the determination of two new isopimarane (1 and 2), and three guaiane (3−5) derivatives, together with four known compounds (6−9). Cyclic pentapeptide (9) showed inhibitory activity against cancer cells (HeLa, HT-29, PC-3, and A549) proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values in the ranges of 11.38 − 17.87 µM, and 58.88 µg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that manipulating growth conditions can increase the possibility of discovering many more bioactive compounds in fungi.

Voice or text? The role of physician media choice on patient experience in online medical communities

AbstractOnline medical communities (OMCs) are a type of online healthcare, in which physician‐patient interaction can be comprised of a variety of media options such as pictures, text, and voice. These media formats are often used to create a personalized patient experience in AI‐driven conversational healthcare platforms. To explore how physician media usage affects patient experience, we propose a counterfactual causal inference model using AI‐driven data mining methods on 131,083 online consultation records and 7,666,111 messages sent by physicians from one of the largest OMCs in China. Our study reveals the negative impact of physician use of voice on patient experience, compared to text. Drawing upon social support theory, we identify the mechanism by which physician media usage for voice produces a negative effect. The findings indicate that the negative effect of physicians' voice‐media usage occurs mainly in low‐risk disease conditions, by weakening the role of professional and emotional support. In contrast, in high‐risk disease conditions, voice‐media usage strengthens the role of professional and emotional support in improving the patient's experience. Our study is one of the first to focus on the social support attributes of the different media formats used in OMCs. We use advanced AI text‐analysis algorithms to extract features related to social support in physician‐patient conversations, and thus contribute to the use of AI in feature extraction for research.

Framing HIV and AIDS in competitive authoritarian democracies. Case study of the print press in Mozambique, 1986–2020

Mozambique has the sixth highest prevalence of HIV in the world and ranks fourth in new infections. The government-owned print press Notícias has played an important role in the social construction of HIV and AIDS in the country as it was entrusted with the role of disseminating HIV and AIDS information to the public since the outbreak of the pandemic in the country in 1986. Using Notícias’ articles and frame analysis perspective, the article analyses the way Notícias has framed HIV and AIDS in the country since the late 1980s. The choice of media results from the fact that the way a phenomenon is constructed influences the way it is understood, as well as the way people may behave before it. The study found that Notícias’ frames on HIV and AIDS have suffered from a threefold tension: the need to maintain the Frelimo government’s former centralised and grassroots-orientated socialist ideology of health services in the context of the liberal market; the need to balance the influence of the global multilateral and bilateral actors and the Frelimo government’s political interest of translating HIV and AIDS response to the Mozambican context; and the need to portray a nationalist and positive image of the government’s performance in HIV and AIDS response before Mozambique’s non-fully plausible societal practices for an effective HIV and AIDS response. In a top-down approach, Notícias’ frames reflect not only the African post-independence ancillary and nationalist role of government-owned print press but also the power of global actors. Less is done from the societal bottom-up perspective.

Ex Situ Electro‐Organic Synthesis – A Method for Unrestricted Reaction Control and New Options for Paired Electrolysis

AbstractClassic in situ electro‐organic synthesis with substrates in an electrolyzer must compromise process conditions to balance electro‐ and thermochemical steps at both electrodes. This often restricts efficiency and product selectivity, since requirements may deviate for electrochemical (catalyst activation) and chemical (organic synthesis) steps, as well as for paired anode‐ and cathode reactions. Breaking this barrier, we report ex situ electro‐organic synthesis as a versatile method that enables unique product selectivity and unusual product pairs. We exemplify the concept for pairing H2 evolution (HER) with anodic alcohol oxidation. The two‐step method accomplishes this by separating cathode reactions from organic substrate oxidation, and anodic electrocatalyst activation from chemical conversion of organic substrates in time and space. First, the electro‐oxidation of Ni(OH)2 anodes to NiOOH is paired with H2 production by alkaline water electrolysis. Then, “charged” NiOOH electrodes are removed from the electrolyzer and used in external vessels to oxidize model substrate benzyl alcohol under regeneration of Ni(OH)2. Free choice of reaction media outside the electrolyzer allows to selectively obtain benzoic acid (in water) or benzaldehyde (in n‐hexane), whereas classic in situ electrosynthesis only produces the acid together with H2. Perspectively, the method enables electrosynthesis of previously inaccessible products paired to H2 generation.

Validasi media virtual tour sebagai alat peningkat kemampuan metakognitif siswa: hasil dan implikasinya

The increasing trend of technological innovation in learning media, in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era makes it easier for students to access knowledge. Historical knowledge is vulnerable to becoming a pseudo-history which is usually narrated in connection with a historical heritage site. Students who do not have the ability to filter knowledge and are limited by direct access to the site will be vulnerable to being exposed to pseudo-history. This research aims to produce learning media that is suitable for use in the classroom. Media in the form of a virtual tour was chosen to facilitate access and improve metacognitive abilities as a filter for students. The research carried out was research and development (R&D) research with a 4-D approach, which was limited to the development stage due to time constraints. Data analysis based on the results of the media feasibility test assessment scores by curriculum expert validators and media expert validators. From a scale of 5, each score of 4.73 was obtained by curriculum experts. while a score of 4.82 was obtained by media experts. The research results show that virtual tour media is very suitable to be used as one of choice of learning media.

Komunikasi Persuasif dan Word of Mouth dalam Pemasaran Tabungan Haji Panin Dubai Syariah Bank

Marketing communication has the function of conveying information, persuading and reminding potential consumers of products and services for making purchasing decisions. The type of product, the target market for prospective consumers, the strength of the network owned and the company's ability in terms of promotion budget are aspects that need to be considered in determining the form and channel of marketing communication for a product. Persuasive communication plays an important role for the company's success in influencing prospective customers to respond and act according to what is expected in relation to product marketing. Word of mouth about the experiences of customers who have enjoyed the company's products and services forms word of mouth which is an effective communication medium in influencing the decision making of other prospective customers. This study uses a qualitative approach and is descriptive in nature, aims to describe and analyze the application of persuasive communication elements and word of mouth elements as a form and channel of marketing communication for Hajj Savings at Panin Dubai Syariah Bank. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from direct observation and interviews, while secondary data was obtained from the results of research that had been carried out by previous researchers and scientific reports contained in articles or journals regarding persuasive communication and word of mouth. The results of the study show that the elements of persuasive communication (claims, warrants and data) are implemented in verbal communication by the opinion leaders and non-verbally in the choice of media sentences to promote PDSB Hajj Savings products. Word of mouth elements (WoM Units, Participants, Venues, Actions and Outcomes) occur and are implemented in the interaction process both by opinion leaders to the community and Hajj Savings customers who have experienced PDSB Hajj Savings services to the surrounding community.

Review of Bio-Inspired Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Applications

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an important photocatalyst that is widely studied for environmental applications, especially for water treatment by degradation of pollutants. A range of methods have been developed to produce TiO2 in the form of nanoparticles and thin films. Solution-based synthesis methods offer the opportunity to tune the synthesis through a choice of reagents, additives and reaction media. In particular, the use of biomolecules, such as proteins and amino acids, as bio-inspired additives in TiO2 synthesis has grown over the last decade. This review provides a discussion of the key factors in the solution-based synthesis of titania, with a focus on bio-inspired additives and their interaction with Ti precursors. In particular, the role of bio-inspired molecular and biomolecular additives in promoting the low-temperature synthesis of titania and controlling the phase and morphology of the synthesised TiO2 is discussed, with a particular focus on the interaction of TiO2 with amino acids as model bio-inspired additives. Understanding these interactions will help address the key challenges of obtaining the crystalline TiO2 phase at low temperatures, with fast kinetics and under mild reaction conditions. We review examples of photocatalytic applications of TiO2 synthesised using bio-inspired methods and discuss the ways in which bio-inspired additives enhance photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanomaterials. Finally, we give a perspective of the current challenges in green synthesis of TiO2, and possible solutions based on multi-criteria discovery, design and manufacturing framework.

Screening of antimicrobial activity in venom: Exploring key parameters

The escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance significantly threatens global health, underscoring the critical need for new antimicrobial agents. Venoms, increasingly recognized as reservoirs of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological effects, have been the focus of recent research. This work evaluates the use of various screening methodologies in assessing the antimicrobial activities of 185 venoms against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including E. coli ATCC 8739, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 6538P species and explores the influence of settings on the findings. Furthermore, the research explored the possibility of purifying antimicrobial molecules from venoms through HPLC. Several fractions demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the tested strains.Our results reveal that the measured antimicrobial efficacy of venoms varies according to:i) venom concentration, ii) the detection method, including microdilution and radial diffusion assays, and iii) the choice of culture medium, specifically LB or MH.This strategy has allowed us, for the first time, to identify antimicrobial activity in: i) Bitis arietans venom against P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, ii) Naja nubiae and Bothrops lanceolatus against B. subtilis ATCC 6633, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 6538P, and iii) Hadogenes zuluanus, Mesobuthus caucasicus, Nebo hierichonticus, Opistophthalmus wahlbergii scorpions, and Mylabris quadripunctata beetles against S. aureus ATCC 6538P.These findings highlight venoms potential as effective antimicrobial resources and improve our understanding of key factors critical for an accurate detection of venoms antimicrobial properties.

Continuous wave laser ablation for tailored titanium nanoparticle synthesis: temperature and liquid medium effects

We reported for the first time the generation of titanium (Ti) nanoparticles (NPs) in different liquids (deionized (DI) water and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution) and at a range of temperatures (5 °C, 28 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C) using continuous-wave high-power laser ablation in liquid (CWLAL). The CWLAL technique is a convenient and cost-effective way to generate NPs. The key outcomes of our investigation are the effects of temperature and the liquid mediums on the average size, generation rate, shape, surface charges, and crystallographic structure of the NPs. Generated NPs show consistent spherical shape regardless of liquid medium changes and temperature variation. SDS solution notably impacts NP size and generation rate with higher surface charges than DI water. For instance, at temperatures of 28 °C and 80 °C, the generation rates in SDS solution are 316 mg/hr and 309 mg/hr, with average NP sizes of 33 nm and 34 nm, respectively. In contrast, the generation rates in DI water are 96 mg/hr and 302 mg/hr, with NP sizes of 13 nm and 20 nm, respectively. The weaker crystallographic structure observed in NPs generated in SDS solution, compared to the more robust crystallographic structure of NPs synthesized in DI water. Liquid temperature plays a significant role in determining surface charges, average particle size, and molecular structure of NPs. The choice of the liquid medium and temperature can be critical for tailoring NP characteristics to specific applications. Ongoing work is being conducted to explore the possibilities of further progress in this area to generate efficient and customized NPs.