Choice For Men Research Articles

Who Marries Whom? Changing Mate Selection Preferences in Urban India and Emerging Implications on Social Institutions

Marriages in India, since the early period, are mostly characterized by family-arranged marriages where parents and family members take a prime responsibility in overall mate-selection process. Modern education has brought greater access to economic resources as well as media exposure among men and women of the present generation. These have also been found as contributing factors to late marriages, diminishing role of parents in mate selection, increased prevalence of self-selected marriages and greater space for personal choices in mate-selection process in most parts of the developed world. Evidence that has explored whether such choices are emerging in the societies traditionally characterized by family-arranged marriages and what are the implications of ongoing changes in mate-selection process on the present marriage market and on other social institutions are limited. Drawing on data from 544 married and unmarried young men and women and their parents from a traditional Indian society, we explore the ongoing changes in mate-selection preferences and its implication on various social institutions. Findings suggest that there is a growing evidence of valuing the economic potential, trustworthiness, equal temperament, physical look, and intelligence of the prospective partner among men and women of the present generation. The emergence of specific preferences also possesses great implication on the other social institutions because of increased divorced, increase in self-selected marriages, and delayed child bearing if the choices of men and women were not considered at the time of marriage.

The will and the need for interpretation of Thomas Aquinas

Fundamental social changes in any society are impossible without the formation of a high level of social activity of the individual in particular and society as a whole. In the context of this important role plays the study of the correlation of will and need as an important precondition of social activity. Actually, it is the will as a creative impulse to action not only the basis of awareness of needs, but also the ascending position of the daily choice of man. On the basis of awareness and focus on the choice of the direction of activity in the individual and public consciousness formed a holistic image of the purpose of the practical transformation of the world of nature and the world of culture. In the act of will, the subject legitimizes and authorizes the subjective desire, which is constituted in this process as objectively directed meta activity.

Prise en charge du cancer de la prostate : analyse rétrospective de 808 hommes biopsiés en France

We explored the characteristics of a sample of men who had undergone a biopsy in clinical practice in France and evaluated initial treatment choice in men with a positive biopsy. This was a multi-centre, retrospective chart review including men who had undergone a biopsy in France. Clinical variables were collected using an electronic data capture system. Eight hundred and eight men were included; 632 men (78%) had an initial biopsy and 176 men (22%) had one or more repeat biopsy. The mean age was 64 years and 9% of men were 75 years or more. The mean (median) PSA was 11.6 (7.0) ng/mL; 25% of men had a PSA greater than 10 ng/mL. Twenty-eight percent of men had a suspicious DRE. A total of 52% of men had a positive initial and 26% a positive repeat biopsy. One hundred and eleven patients (34%) had low-risk PCa (stage T1c-2a, PSA<10 ng/mL, Gleason sum<7) and 195 (59%) were at intermediate/high risk of disease progression. The most common treatment was radical therapy (54% of patients), even in men with low-risk PCa (40% of patients). A total of 38% of low-risk patients chose active surveillance. The French biopsy sample appeared to be at a relatively high risk of having PCa at initial biopsy. Radical therapy was the most common treatment choice in men with a positive biopsy. In patients with low-risk PCa, radical therapy and active surveillance were used most often and to the same extent.

Does schooling and work empower women in Fiji? Or have gender inequalities persisted and why?

The paper explores the limitations of the theoretical presumptions underlying the relationship between empowerment, education and employment that have been emphasized in both the existing literature and the current rhetoric to ‘empower’ women in developing countries. The research uses findings from in-depth interviews and focused group discussion data to empirically examine the relationship between schooling, paid work and empowerment of women in Fiji. The paper argues that the relationship between education, work and empowerment is conditioned by gender norms surrounding women's and men's choices on key economic decisions. The findings demonstrate that cultural norms about gender roles are considered to persist, generating gender inequality despite women's and girl's education and employment. Empirical evidence makes a strong case for the need to move away from broad-based conceptualizations of women's empowerment to an analysis of the social construction of gender as both a conceptual and an empirical category of inquiry.

Modeling Gender-Based Differences in Mode Choice considering Time-Use Pattern: Analysis of Bicycle, Public Transit, and Car Use in Suzhou, China

Activity-travel behavior differs between women and men. Previous researches dealing with gender differences mainly focus on travel in itself rather than the interaction between time-use pattern and travel mode choice. Based on the activity-travel survey data of Suzhou, China, multigroup structural equation modeling is adopted to explore the reason for gender-based differences in mode choice through comparing the interactions among sociodemographics, time-use pattern, and mode choice. The results indicate that gender-based differences do exist in mode choice. Women prefer traveling by bicycle while men prefer traveling by car in Suzhou. And compared to women, men's mode choice is not so easy to be affected by other travel modes. Besides, gender-based differences exist in the magnitude or the sign of the interrelations among socio-demographics, time-use pattern, and mode choice. It is better to explain gender-based differences in mode choice by including time-use pattern endogenously than through socio-demographics alone. Furthermore, the study shows that by examining the direct, indirect, and total effects in the model system simultaneously, we are able to better capture the differences in mode choice across genders and further able to understand the reason for those differences. Finally, some dedicated suggestions are presented for planners and government to ensure a healthy transportation system.

Friends and Companions: Aspects of Romantic Love in Australian Marriage

Friends and Companions: Aspects of Romantic Love in Australian Marriage

Women's self-employment: An act of institutional (dis)integration? A multilevel, cross-country study

In this paper we investigate the extent to which gender equality disintegrates women's self-employment choice (compared to that for men) and whether this is contingent upon a country's development stage and industries. We rely on symbolic interactionism to argue that employment choices emerge from an interactive conversation between individual and social institutional processes. Using data from 61 countries, we find that overall gender equality is associated with the gender gap in men's and women's self-employment choices and that this association depends upon the country's development stage and industries. Contributions are made to women's entrepreneurship and institutional theory.

Psychological aspects of active surveillance

Active surveillance is emerging as a serious alternative to radical therapy for low-risk prostate cancer. In a situation in which the difference in effects on disease morbidity and mortality of different treatment options for these malignancies is likely to be small, the quality of life and psychological aspects may be decisive in treatment choice. The following three are the main issues being covered in the literature on psychological aspects of active surveillance. First, the process of consultation with the physician and treatment choice in men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer. Second, the effect of active surveillance on physical domains and resulting anxiety and distress, and on quality of life in general. And third, the possible supportive and educational interventions for patients on active surveillance. Observations are scarce and derived from nonrandomized studies with a limited follow-up after diagnosis. At the moment of treatment choice, fear of disease progression is the main reason to reject active surveillance. Active surveillance may spare physical domains and does not cause much anxiety or distress on short term in men who choose this strategy. Once men opt for active surveillance, only a minority of them switch to radical treatment due to psychological reasons. Supportive and educational interventions should be considered.

280 MATCHING TUMOR RISK WITH AGGRESSIVENESS OF TREATMENT IN MEN WITH SEVERE COMORBIDITY AND NON-METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Practice Patterns, Cost Effectiveness II1 Apr 2012280 MATCHING TUMOR RISK WITH AGGRESSIVENESS OF TREATMENT IN MEN WITH SEVERE COMORBIDITY AND NON-METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER Timothy J. Daskivich, Karim Chamie, Atreya Dash, Sheldon Greenfield, and Mark S. Litwin Timothy J. DaskivichTimothy J. Daskivich Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author , Karim ChamieKarim Chamie Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author , Atreya DashAtreya Dash Irvine, CA More articles by this author , Sheldon GreenfieldSheldon Greenfield Irvine, CA More articles by this author , and Mark S. LitwinMark S. Litwin Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.338AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Men with multiple comorbidities are often overtreated for low-risk prostate cancer, given high likelihood of other-cause mortality and low likelihood of prostate cancer mortality. However, it is unclear whether such men are undertreated for high-risk disease, which has an appreciable short-term risk of prostate cancer mortality. We aimed to characterize the impact of comorbidity on treatment choice in men with non-metastatic prostate cancer and differing tumor risks. METHODS We sampled 1,482 men with newly diagnosed, non-metastatic prostate cancer at two Southern California VA Hospitals between 1998 and 2004. We first stratified our population by D’Amico tumor risk. We then used a multivariate probit model to determine probabilities and relative risks of aggressive treatment (surgery or radiation therapy) among men with differing Charlson comorbidity index scores within each tumor risk stratum. We then conducted Cox proportional hazards analyses and calculated 8-year non-prostate cancer mortality rates for each tumor risk/comorbidity pair. RESULTS Our sample comprised 516 men (36%) with low-risk, 475 men (33%) with intermediate-risk, and 432 men (30%) with high-risk prostate cancer. Prostate cancer mortality was 0.4%, 3.0%, and 8.0% for men with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, respectively. Men with high-risk disease had a lower probability of aggressive treatment than other risk strata, irrespective of comorbidity score (see Table). Among men with Charlson scores 3+, probabilities of aggressive treatment did not increase with higher tumor risk (0.48, 0.61, 0.49 for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, respectively). The risk of non-prostate cancer mortality increased with stepwise increases in Charlson score in all tumor risk strata. Probabilities and Relative Risks of Aggressive Treatment by Charlson Score and D’Amico Tumor Risk, with Corresponding Risks of Non-Prostate Cancer Mortality Tumor Risk Charlson Score Multivariate Probability of Aggressive Treatment Multivariate Relative Risk of Aggressive Treatment Hazard Ratio for Non-Prostate Cancer Mortality 8-year Non-Prostate Cancer Mortality Rate Low 0 0.69(0.64-0.74) – – 9.1% Low 1 0.65(0.58-0.72) 0.95(0.84-1.06) 3.59(2.05-6.30) 29.2% Low 2 0.60(0.51-0.70) 0.88(0.74-1.02) 4.00(2.24-7.17) 32.4% Low 3+ 0.48(0.37-0.60) 0.70(0.52-0.86) 6.17(3.44-11.06) 44.7% Intermediate 0 0.69(0.64-0.77) – – 17.8% Intermediate 1 0.76(0.70-0.83) 1.11(0.99-1.25) 2.00(1.24-3.25) 30.3% Intermediate 2 0.77(0.68-0.85) 1.11(0.94-1.26) 2.52(1.46-4.36) 38.1% Intermediate 3+ 0.61(0.48-0.76) 0.89(0.67-1.10) 10.53(6.17-17.96) 85.0% High 0 0.59(0.57-0.68) – – 19.9% High 1 0.57(0.53-0.66) 0.98(0.81-1.21) 1.66(1.05-2.62) 30.8% High 2 0.54(0.48-0.67) 0.93(0.71-1.18) 4.76(2.95-7.66) 63.6% High 3+ 0.49(0.41-0.63) 0.83(0.61-1.09) 7.49(4.77-11.75) 79.9% CONCLUSIONS Aggressiveness of treatment is poorly matched with tumor risk in men with severe comorbidity. Men with multiple major comorbidities should consider conservative management for low- and intermediate-risk disease and aggressive treatment for high-risk disease. © 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 187Issue 4SApril 2012Page: e114 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Timothy J. Daskivich Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author Karim Chamie Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author Atreya Dash Irvine, CA More articles by this author Sheldon Greenfield Irvine, CA More articles by this author Mark S. Litwin Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

The Alienation of Economy from Ethics Based on a Wrong Interpretation of Adam Smith’s Theories

Adam Smith has always been considered as the founder of political economy, while his contribution as a philosopher has been rediscovered only after many decades. Consider that the integral translation of his work “Theory of moral sentiments” (TMS) was made only in 1990 in Italy. One can draw that in Smith’s theory are detected both the theory of altruism and the innovative one on individual egoism which leads to good results in free market. Smith is convinced that the ethical value is a standard of the capitalist society. The theories of the author agree with what was theorized by the neo-Aristotelians and by Ayn Rand, that is, capitalism is based on the ability of individuals in pursuing their own interest, yet he underlines how these “win win” transactions are based on ethical principles. Smith gave innovative contributions to the analysis of exchanges mutually profitable. But the restrictive way of looking at the extent of Smith’s theory created a move away of economics from ethics in modern economies Amartya Sen (1933) affirms that the predominant economic theory is the one based on individual interest aimed at the maximization of one’s own benefits, yet there aren’t proofs that this maximization is present in any choice of men. Moreover, it is not true that by only following one’s own interest it is possible to reach excellent economic trends. Adam Smith’s theory itself on self-interest, if careful interpretation is provided, do not represent a support for the defenders of human behavior which is only moved by self-interest. Obviously, there might be peculiar situations too where self-interest might lead to ethical approaches.

ON GENDER STEREOTYPING AND EMPLOYMENT ASSIMETRIES

Every day women face obstacles which do not allow them to reveal their possibilities in payable workplaces. There exists a preconception and women's discrimination that defines and activities different and most frequently narrower possibilities for their existence related to their participation in labour market. Women are most often valued not according to their personal abilities, but following the settled stereotypes that they possess poorer abilities and they are not able to perform work that requires responsibility or that women are less creative, etc. In the scientific literature, stereotypes of gender roles are defined as a cultural and social approach towards the very thing that is traditionally considered being 'masculine' and 'feminine' roles and functions. It is stated in the article that the stereotypes, formed in the society might influence women's and men's work choice as well as create the labour market that is divided under genders, and 'what is more the stability' of woman's social status iniquity necessarily fosters addressing to the culture as one of the most significant reasons, those restrict the confirmation of woman's and man's equality in the society. The purpose of the article is to review the gender stereotypes and their impact on women and men in the labour market. Women experience pressure due to the necessity of their social and economic status; women's career development is more complicated and problematic than men's. The analysis of statistic data, performed in the article revealed that the formed level of women's employment is lower than men's. There is noticed powerful segregation of labour market and undervaluation of women's work. Men and women are spread in different professional groups, and there are delegated less responsible and lower qualification works for women. Thus in order to perform the implementation of gender equality in labour market, it is needed to change traditional gender roles, despite the fact that their change or elimination is always related to the change of collective beliefs and that is a result of collective actions determining qualitative changes of the entire social life.

Vanishing Act: Non-straight Identity Narratives of Women in Relationships with Women and Men

This research examines how women who experience a change to a partner of a different gender make sense of this shift both to themselves and to others. Specifically, the study draws on 32 interviews conducted with self-identified lesbian, bisexual and queer women who have moved from relationships with female partners to relationships with male partners. None of the women interviewed sought to identify themselves as straight or heterosexual. Many, instead, tried to negotiate non-straight identities. We conclude that women, in doing their non-straight identities, mainly rely upon a strategy of narrative, including narratives of attraction, choice of men and challenging homophobia.

The impact of social networks and partnership status on treatment choice in men with localized prostate cancer

To determine whether martial status and social support impact treatment choice. The decision to pursue radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is often influenced by factors outside the realm of tumour risk, such as a man's support system at home. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 418 low-income men who were diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer and underwent definitive treatment with either radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. We performed univariate and multivariate mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, with the dependent variable being treatment type. Confidence intervals (CIs) for the predicted probabilities and relative risks were derived using bias-corrected bootstrapping with 1000 repetitions. Men with two or more members in their support system were more likely to be older, Hispanic, have less than a high school education, earn more than US $1500 monthly, have high-risk disease and be in a significant relationship. In multivariate analysis, partnered men with fewer than two social support members (relative risk, RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02-1.63) were more likely to undergo surgery, whereas men who were morbidly obese (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.09-0.88), high school graduates (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64-0.99) or had high-risk disease (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44-0.85) were less likely to undergo surgery than their respective referent groups. Partnered men with two or more social support members were no more likely to undergo surgery than unpartnered men who lacked any social support. In the present study cohort, married men with fewer than two members in their social network were more likely to have undergone surgery. Although marital status is often used as a proxy for social support, we find that the quality of support and partner may impact treatment type more than the extent of the social matrix.

GENDER MATCHING AND COMPETITIVENESS: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

This paper experimentally investigates if and how people's competitiveness depends on their own gender and on the gender of people with whom they interact. Participants are given information about the gender of the co‐participant they are matched with, they then choose between a tournament or a piece rate payment scheme, and finally perform a real task. As already observed in the literature, we find that significantly more men than women choose the tournament. The gender of the co‐participant directly influences men's choices (men compete less against other men than against women), but only when the gender information is made sufficiently salient. A higher predicted competitiveness of women induces more competition. Giving stronger tournament incentives, or allowing the participants to choose the gender of their co‐participant, increases women's willingness to compete, but does not close the gender gap in competitiveness. (JEL C70, C91, J16, J24, J31, M52)

437 OVERTREATMENT OF MEN WITH LOW-RISK PROSTATE CANCER AND SIGNIFICANT COMORBIDITY

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity are susceptible to overtreatment. We sought to compare the impact of comorbidity and age on treatment choice in men with low-risk disease. METHODS: We sampled 509 men with low-risk prostate cancer diagnosed at the Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in 1997–2004. We determined rates of aggressive treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, brachytherapy) among men with different ages and Charlson comorbidity scores. We used multivariate modeling to determine the influence of each in predicting non-aggressive treatment. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to compare risks of othercause mortality among Charlson and age groups. RESULTS: Men with Charlson scores 3 were treated aggressively in 30 of 56 cases (54%), while men 75 years at diagnosis were treated aggressively in 7 of 44 cases (16%). In multivariate analysis, age 75 was a much stronger predictor of non-aggressive treatment (RR12.0, 95%CI 5.4– 28.3) than Charlson 3 (RR2.0, 95%CI 1.3–2.9). In survival analysis, men with Charlson 3 had an eightfold increased risk (HR8.4, 95%CI 4.2–16.6) and 70% probability of other-cause mortality at 10 years, while age 75 was associated with a fivefold increased risk (HR4.9, 95%CI 1.7–13.8) and 24% probability of other-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Men with significant comorbidity were often overtreated for low-risk prostate cancer. Like advanced age, significant comorbidity should be a strong relative contraindication to aggressive treatment in men with low-risk disease.

The influence of race and treatment choice in 16,508 men treated either conservatively, with radiotherapy, or surgically for clinically localized prostate cancer.

210 Background: There are known variations in cancer survival based on race and treatment choices. We report the long-term survival probability, based on race, in 16,508 men with localized prostate cancer treated either conservatively or by radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy. Methods: We extracted survival data from tumor registries of six Cancer Research Network sites in the United States. Patients were stratified into four racial groups: Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to compare long-term survival in the three treatment groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and competing risk analysis was also performed. Results: Survival was improved for patients who underwent radical prostatectomy compared to radiotherapy or watchful waiting. This was true for all patients combined (Table) as well as for all races individually. Radiotherapy had at least equivalent survival outcomes as watchful waiting in all groups. The differences between treatments were greater for overall survival than for prostate cancer specific survival in all groups, though the extent of the differences varied by race. Conclusions: Radical prostatectomy increases survival in men with localized prostate cancer compared to both radiotherapy and watchful waiting, especially for Caucasian men. Radiotherapy was at least equivalent to watchful waiting for all races. Racial disparities in outcome may influence treatment choices for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

Male frequent attenders of general practice and their help seeking preferences

Background Low rates of health service usage by men are commonly linked to masculine values and traditional male gender roles. However, not all men conform to these stereotypical notions of masculinity, with some men choosing to attend health services on a frequent basis, for a variety of different reasons. This study draws upon the accounts of male frequent attenders of the General Practitioner's (GP) surgery, examining their help-seeking preferences and their reasons for choosing services within general practice over other sources of support. Methods The study extends thematic analysis of interview data from the Self Care in Primary Care study (SCinPC), a large scale multi-method evaluation study of a self care programme delivered to frequent attenders of general practice. Data were collected from 34 semi-structured interviews conducted with men prior to their exposure to the intervention. Results The ages of interviewed men ranged from 16 to 72 years, and 91% of the sample ( n = 31) stated that they had a current health condition. The thematic analysis exposed diverse perspectives within male help-seeking preferences and the decision-making behind men's choice of services. The study also draws attention to the large variation in men's knowledge of available health services, particularly alternatives to general practice. Furthermore, the data revealed some men's lack of confidence in existing alternatives to general practice. Conclusions The study highlights the complex nature of male help-seeking preferences, and provides evidence that there should be no ‘one size fits all’ approach to male service provision. It also provides impetus for conducting further studies into this under researched area of interest.

Acceptance and Durability of Surveillance as a Management Choice in Men with Screen-detected, Low-risk Prostate Cancer: Improved Outcomes with Stringent Enrollment Criteria

To analyze the acceptance rate and durability of surveillance among contemporary men with low-risk prostate cancer managed at a large, US academic institution. Patients with low-risk parameters on initial and repeat biopsy were offered surveillance regardless of age. Regular clinical evaluation and repeat prostate biopsy were recommended every 1-2 years, and intervention was recommended based on adverse clinical and pathologic parameters on follow-up. Acceptance rate of active surveillance, freedom from intervention, and freedom from recommended intervention were measured. Of 202 low-risk patients, 86 (43%) chose immediate treatment and 116 (57%) underwent repeat biopsy for consideration of surveillance. Intervention was recommended after initial repeat biopsy in 27 (23%) men because of higher-risk features, leaving a total of 89 men on surveillance. Over a median follow-up of 33 months, 16 men were ultimately treated and 8 were recommended to undergo treatment because of adverse clinical features on subsequent evaluations. Of the men on surveillance, the 3-year freedom from intervention and freedom from recommended intervention was 87% (95% CI, 78-93) and 93% (95% CI, 85-97), respectively. Acceptance of surveillance (57%) in low-risk patients in this series is substantially higher than previous reports, and approximately one-third of these patients are ultimately managed by surveillance using stringent criteria. The risk of reclassification to a more aggressive cancer over short-term follow-up in appropriately selected patients is low.

Overtreatment of men with low‐risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity

Men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity are susceptible to overtreatment. The authors sought to compare the impact of comorbidity and age on treatment choice in men with low-risk disease. The authors sampled 509 men with low-risk prostate cancer diagnosed at the Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Centers between 1997 and 2004. Rates of aggressive treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, brachytherapy) were determined among men of different ages and with different Charlson comorbidity scores. Multivariate modeling was used to determine the influence of both variables in predicting nonaggressive treatment, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compare the risk of other-cause mortality among groups according to Charlson score and age. Men with Charlson scores ≥ 3 were treated aggressively in 54% of cases (30 of 56 men), while men aged >75 years at diagnosis were treated aggressively in 16% of cases (7 of 44 men). In multivariate analysis, age >75 years was a much stronger predictor of nonaggressive treatment (relative risk, 12.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4-28.3) than a Charlson score ≥ 3 (relative risk, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9). In survival analysis, men with Charlson scores ≥ 3 had an 8-fold increased risk (hazard ratio, 8.4; 95% CI, 4.2-16.6) and 70% probability of other-cause mortality at 10 years, whereas age >75 years was associated with a 5-fold increased risk (hazard ratio, 4.9; 95%CI, 1.7-13.8) and a 24% probability of other-cause mortality. Men with significant comorbidity often were overtreated for low-risk prostate cancer. Like advanced age, significant comorbidity should be a strong relative contraindication to aggressive treatment in men with low-risk disease.

Men Who Experienced Violence or Trauma as Children or Adolescents and Who Used Violence in Their Intimate Relationships

Understanding the lived experience of men who have committed violent acts against their intimate partners may provide insight into nursing interventions that may prevent or cease violence against women. Nurses have opportunities to intervene with men who use violence in their intimate relationships who present with a history of maltreatment or trauma as a child or young adult or who have a history of having been exposed to cultures that promoted violence. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the lived, everyday experiences of men who have used violence in their intimate relationships, including the men's values, purposes, and choices they had in life. To answer the research question, “What is the lived experience of men who have used violence in their intimate relationships and who have used alcohol or other drugs?” a descriptive, phenomenological research design was undertaken. Unstructured individual interviews with seven men resulted in the emergence of 16 themes, three of which are described in this paper: being part of a family culture that promoted violence; being part of a non-family culture that promoted violence; and early experiences of maltreatment or trauma. The participants described how their experiences with maltreatment or trauma as children and young adults impacted their mental health as adults and their use of violence in their adult intimate relationships. The participants’ experiences provided insight into how nurses can intervene to prevent or stop violence against women and provided implications for future research.