CHNS Analysis Research Articles

Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4@g-C3N4–SO3H composite and its application for the synthesis of α-amido alkyl-β-naphthols

Magnetically separable g-C3N4 composite functionalized with SO3H groups (Fe3O4@g-C3N4–SO3H) was synthesized by polymerizing melamine on commercial nano Fe3O4 to prepare magnetic g-C3N4 followed by sulfonation. Catalytic activity of this composite was checked for the synthesis of fifteen α-amido alkyl-β-naphthols under solvent free conditions. The prepared catalyst exhibited excellent activity with an appreciable yield (60–93 %) in a short duration of time (15–240 min). The catalyst was active towards wide range of aromatic, heterocyclic as well as aliphatic aldehydes. The catalyst was recovered using an external magnetic field and reused for four consecutive cycles without any appreciable loss in its catalytic activity. Physical structure of the composite was studied by SEM and TEM analysis and the crystal structure by powder XRD. Surface area and porosity were determined using nitrogen adsorption-desorption via BET analysis. Elemental composition was determined by SEM-EDS and CHNS analysis. Acidity was measured using an ammonia temperature programme desorption technique and pH determination by back titration. Functional groups were studied by FTIR and thermal stability by TGA-DTA.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils from Madhuca Longifolia flowers and its characterization

Madhuca longifolia (mahua), a deciduous tree growing throughout the subtropical region of the India is a potential source of differentiated essential oils (EOs) with distinct bioactives. The study aimed to assess the effect of extraction methods on the quantitative and qualitative divergence in the chemical composition of flavor compounds of mahua flower EO. The advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SCFE) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was compared to the conventional extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation (HD), enzyme-assisted hydrodistillation (HDE) and soxhlet (SOX) for their high-quality essential oil (EO) extraction efficiency. The maximum EO yield of 2.074% was obtained by SCFE followed by HD (1.64%). The presence of significant amount of terpenoids, including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, γ-terpinene, myrcene, α-terpineol, limonene, and L-linalool in EO was noticed with chemical profiling using GC-MS and E-Nose. SCFE method yielded EOs with best terpenoids as compared to other extraction methods. Furthermore, EO extracted using SCFE had higher total phenol and flavonoid content of 92.56mg GAE/g, 62.18mg QE/g respectively, and DPPH (100.06µg/mL), FRAP (91.52µM Fe(II)/g) antioxidant activity as compared to other extraction methods. A significantly (p<0.05) higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition of 37.16% and 43%, respectively, was shown by SCFE EOs. Total carotenoid content of EOs produced using all the extraction techniques ranged from 9.94 (HDE) to 29.673 (SCFE) mg/100g β-carotene. The “van krevelen” plots of CHNS analysis revealed ‘core metabolites’. This study illustrates that SCFE is a more effective method for EO extraction of high quality from low fat plant materials such as mahua flowers as compared to HD, HDE, SOX, and UAE.

Kinetic investigation of dry reforming of methane reaction over Ni–Rh/ZrO2–Al2O3 catalyst using Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm

The study involved conducting kinetic measurements for the dry reforming of methane (DRM) over a Ni–Rh/Al2O3 (85%)-ZrO2(15%) catalyst under a wide range of operating conditions (temperature: 500–900 °C, total flow rate of the inlet feed: 50–100 mL/min). The support material was prepared using the sol-gel method, followed by impregnation of Ni–Rh catalyst on the incipient wetness of the Al2O3–ZrO2 support. The calcined, reduced and spent samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), N2 adsorption/desorption and CHNS analyzer, and tested for activity, yield and stability in DRM reaction. Furthermore, kinetic behavior of Ni–Rh/Al2O3–ZrO2 catalyst in DRM process was investigated by assuming DRM and reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reactions take place on two kinds of different active sites. Experimental data were fitted using rate expressions based on the Langmuir-Freundlich (LF) isotherm for DRM and RWGS reactions. The activation energy for the DRM reaction was optimized at 43.62 kJ/mol, falling within the reported literature range of 24.73–108.9 kJ/mol. Statistical indices indicated that the kinetic model accurately predicted CO2 conversion compared to other responses, with an error of 12.054%. The computed and experimental trends for CH4 and CO2 conversions, H2 and Co yield in terms of temperature were similar with each other and the difference between the calculated and experimental trends was lower for conversions compared to yields.

Untapping the coal reserves: Green desulfurization using phosphonium based ionic liquids

Thar coalfields of Pakistan are the 16th largest lignite coal reserves in the world. This untapped fuel source has high density for energy production. However, sulfur content limits its cleaner use the present research is a green practice for desulfurization of bituminous and lignite coal. For this purpose tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide with anions precursor perchloric acid, dimethyl sulfate, and trifloromethanesulfonic acid was refluxed separately at room temperature to produce tetrabutylphosphonium trifloromethanesulfonate [P4444+][CF3SO3−], tetrabutylphosphonium perchlorate [P4444+][ClO4−], and tetrabutylphosphonium methyl sulfate [P4444+][MeSO4−]. The synthesized acidic nature phosphonium based room temperature ionic liquids (PRTILs) were characterized using standardized analytical techniques of FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HPLC and TGA/DSC. TD50 order of PRTILs was 47 ºC< 253 ºC < 292 ºC for [P4444+][CF3SO3−], [P4444+][ClO4−], [P4444+][MeSO4−] respectively. The proximate and ultimate analysis of coal samples from Balochistan coal field indicated low moisture and high carbon content along with gross calorific value of 6938–7589 Kcal/Kg. The coal samples from Shahrig and Sor-range coal mines with highest sulfur content (6.9–11.8 %) were selected for desulfurization procedures by using PRTILs and assessed through FTIR, HPLC and CHNS analyzer. The solvents were found more effective in removal of thiophene, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene in an oxidative environment along with an increase of GCV of coal samples to 7204–7792 Kcal/Kg. The regeneration of spent PRTILs for three cycles in 25 % ethanol reveal them as sustainable solvents for the coal desulfurization process.

Experimental Spectroscopic and Computational Studies on A New Synthesized Sulfisoxazole Derivative; Molecular Docking, Drug-likeness, ADME, Toxicity Predictions and Carbonic Anhydrase II Activity Investigations

In this paper, 5-Dimethylamino-2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde sulfisoxazole (5DHMS) and Cu(5DHMS)2 compounds have been synthesized. The molecular structure characterizations were performed using experimental and computational methods. In the experimental part of the study, CHNS, FT-IR, NMR, TGA, and LC-MS analysis techniques were used. In the theoretical part, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was selected for the calculation level. Firstly, optimized structures were obtained from the predicted 3D structures. Vibrational modes were calculated using the optimized structures of the compounds. The vibrational modes of each compound were analyzed in detail using potential energy distribution (PED). Molecular electrostatic potential and HOMO-LUMO maps were drawn. Global chemical reactivity descriptors of compounds were determined. Moreover, the solvent media effects on chemical reactivity descriptors were revealed in detail. Protein-ligand interactions with the target receptor carbonic anhydrase II enzyme were performed. In addition, some important biological activity parameters such as drug-likeness, toxicity, and ADME predictions were examined in silico.

Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of Azolla filiculoides into hydrocarbon rich bio-oil over a nickel catalyst in supercritical ethanol

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is one of the most promising thermochemical techniques for converting wet biomass into crude oil-like products (bio-oil). In this study, Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of Azolla filiculoides (AZ) was performed over a various loading of nickel (Ni) on magnesium oxide (MgO) catalyst for the higher and quality bio-oil production. The key operating parameters such as temperature, reaction holding time, amount of Ni on MgO supports catalyst, and reaction solvents were investigated in the presence of a hydrogen environment. There was a 12.8 wt% increase in bio-oil yield and a 6.3 wt% decrease in biochar yield with addition of 15 wt% Ni catalysts compared to the non-catalytic reaction bio-oil yield (44.0 wt%). Results confirmed the highest total bio-oil yield of 56.8 wt% was attained at 280 °C with the catalyst amount of 15 wt% at a residence time of 45 min. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), FT-IR, CHNS, TGA, and NMR analyses were performed on the bio-oil, identifying 32.8 % long-chain hydrocarbons (C12-C16) along with small amounts of alcohols, alkanes, and esters. The boiling point distribution revealed that bio-oil produced using the Ni/MgO catalyst contained a significantly higher proportion of diesel-range hydrocarbons (42.4 %). Furthermore, the bio-oil yield under ethanol solvent and Ni catalysts showed higher heating value (HHV) 42.2 MJ/kg. Overall in the presence of Ni hydrogenation efficient catalysts on MgO in the liquefaction reaction promoted the deoxygenation and hydrogenation reaction.

Evaluation of Adsorption Ability of Lewatit® VP OC 1065 and Diaion™ CR20 Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals with Particular Consideration of Palladium(II) and Copper(II).

The adsorption capacities of ion exchangers with the primary amine (Lewatit® VP OC 1065) and polyamine (Diaion™ CR20) functional groups relative to Pd(II) and Cu(II) ions were tested in a batch system, taking into account the influence of the acid concentration (HCl: 0.1-6 mol/L; HCl-HNO3: 0.9-0.1 mol/L HCl-0.1-0.9 mol/L HNO3), phase contact time (1-240 min), initial concentration (10-1000 mg/L), agitation speed (120-180 rpm), bead size (0.385-1.2 mm), and temperature (293-333 K), as well as in a column system where the variable operating parameters were HCl and HNO3 concentrations. There were used the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion models to describe the kinetic studies and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to describe the equilibrium data to obtain better knowledge about the adsorption mechanism. The physicochemical properties of the ion exchangers were characterized by the nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyses, CHNS analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the sieve analysis, and points of zero charge measurements. As it was found, Lewatit® VP OC 1065 exhibited a better ability to remove Pd(II) than Diaion™ CR20, and the adsorption ability series for heavy metals was as follows: Pd(II) >> Zn(II) ≈ Ni(II) >> Cu(II). The optimal experimental conditions for Pd(II) sorption were 0.1 mol/L HCl, agitation speed 180 rpm, temperature 293 K, and bead size fraction 0.43 mm ≤ f3 < 0.6 mm for Diaion™ CR20 and 0.315-1.25 mm for Lewatit® VP OC 1065. The maximum adsorption capacities were 289.68 mg/g for Lewatit® VP OC 1065 and 208.20 mg/g for Diaion™ CR20. The greatest adsorption ability of Lewatit® VP OC 1065 for Pd(II) was also demonstrated in the column studies. The working ion exchange in the 0.1 mol/L HCl system was 0.1050 g/mL, much higher compared to Diaion™ CR20 (0.0545 g/mL). The best desorption yields of %D1 = 23.77% for Diaion™ CR20 and 33.57% for Lewatit® VP OC 1065 were obtained using the 2 mol/L NH3·H2O solution.

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2@APIDSO3H as a Novel and Efficient Magnetic Nanocatalyst in Pechmann Condensation

ABSTRACTFe3O4@APIDSO3H as a novel and magical magnetic nanocatalyst was designed, synthesized, and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive x‐ray (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The loading percentage of sulfonic acid on the magnetic nano catalyst was calculated using CHNS analysis. Then, the potential use of it was investigated for the synthesis of various coumarins by Pechmann condensation. The corresponding products were synthesized and isolated in 60%–99% yields. The catalyst was recycled and reused for four times without loss in catalytic activity.

Diorganotin(IV) derivatives of ONO tridentate Schiff bases: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, DFT studies, CT-DNA binding, and plasmid-DNA cleavage studies

Two Schiff bases 2-amino-N'-(5‑bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanehydrazide (H2L1) and 2-amino-N'-(5‑chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanehydrazide (H2L2) and their six diorganotin(IV) complexes (R = C4H9 (1, 4), CH3 (2, 5), and C8H17 (3, 6)) have been synthesized. Schiff bases (H2L1–2) and their R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6) have been characterized by CHNS analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR, and ES-MS. Schiff bases (H2L1–2) act as a dianionic tridentate ligand coordinated to Sn through phenolic and enolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen in R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6). A density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum chemical calculation validated the structures of R2SnL1 (1–3) and R2SnL2 (4–6) at the B3LYP/6‐311G(df,pd)/Def2‐SVP(Sn) and B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p)/Def2‐SVP(Sn) levels of theory, respectively. At these levels of theories, comprehensive electronic structure calculations determined atomic charges at selected atoms. Additionally, a molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map identified electrostatic potential-varying sites on the molecule's surface, and MEP maps used to identify regions where other molecules might interact or react with the molecules on them. Furthermore, a conceptual-DFT-based global reactivity descriptor determined the stability and reactivity behaviour of R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6). H2L1–2 and R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6) have binding constants in the range ∼105 M-1 with CT-DNA, as revealed by UV–visible and fluorescence spectral titrations. UV-visible, fluorescence spectroscopy, and CD studies suggested that H2L1–2 and their R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6) interact with CT-DNA electrostatically or groove-bound. DNA cleavage studies reveal that H2L1–2 and their R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6) have ability to cleave the plasmid-DNA from its supercoiled form (SC, I) to nicked form (NC, II). However, n-Bu2SnL2 (4) and n-Oct2SnL2 complex (6) have higher cleavage activity than Schiff bases and other R2SnL1–2 complexes (1–6).

Synthesis and characterization of amine functionalized silylated clay for heavy metal adsorption: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on Fe(III) ion

Amine functionalized bentonites were used as adsorbents for the bioremoval of Fe(III) ions, which led to the inclusion of functional groups such as -OH, -NH2, -OCH3, etc. FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, TG, BET, XRF, and CHNS analyzer were used to analyze the surface and textural characteristics. The influence of adsorption factors, such as pH, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration, have been investigated and tailored in batch adsorption experiments of Fe (III) metal ions. The maximum adsorption efficiency and capacity of modified BNT-APTMS is 100.90 % and 103.91 mg/g respectively. The adsorption process is best fit with Freundlich model (R2=0.998) than Langmuir model (R2=0.788) and the Temkin model D-R isotherm parameters indicating a physisorption process. A mechanism of spontaneous complexation was accomplished, because of the heterogeneity of the surface, electrostatic forces, pore filling, and π-π stacking. Follows PSO kinetics and favours Freundlich isotherm. The adsorbent substance showed a remarkable capacity for regeneration, assuring the substance's stability and reusability.

Graphene oxide with different oxygen content produced from natural and synthetic graphite sources for methylene blue sorption

Graphene oxide (GO) is of great interest due to its unique structure and properties and potential applications, including water purification. In this work, we report the synthesis of GO samples with different oxidation degree from two different sources of graphite using Hummers method. Natural flake graphite with a high degree of crystallinity, and synthetic fine powder graphite were used. All produced materials were characterized by CHNS analysis, X-Ray Diffractive analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was shown that the oxidation process for natural and synthetic graphite sources proceeds in different ways. The factors, affecting for the structure and properties of GO are the degree of crystallinity and the lateral size of the graphite flakes. The sorption activity of underoxidized, normally oxidized and overoxidized GO was compared toward the methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solution. The most efficient sorption was registered for GO produced from synthetic graphite with the use of 2.0 and 4.5 wt. eq. KMnO4. The sorbents removed 94 % and 100 % of MB from the solution, respectively, in approximately 10 min. Our results reveal that the structure and sorption properties of GO can be tuned by varying the oxidation degree as well as the graphite source, which may open the way to new developments in the GO-based materials applications.

Investigating the impact of blanching and salt treatment on the drying kinetics of oyster mushrooms

This study aims to evaluate the effect of drying temperature and drying kinetics of the blanched and salt-treated oyster mushrooms. The drying temperatures were from 40 to 80 °C. Evaluations were done on the moisture content, rehydration ratio, and physical changes. The CHNS and FTIR analyses were conducted under optimized drying conditions. The drying kinetics were evaluated and the result discovered that the best drying condition with a good rehydration ratio (6.3) and good quality was the salt treatment sample dried at 60 °C in 6 h. The drying kinetic was explored in five different kinetics models, and the parabolic model proved to be the best model with the highest R2 (1.000), lowest RMSE (7.0899E-05), and MBE (5.02666E-09). The effective moisture diffusivities obtained were 0.4–1.8 × 10−9 m2/s and the activations energy was 36–45 kJ/mol. The drying and treatment processes significantly impact the intensity of functional groups, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents. This study provides useful insights into the drying process of oyster mushrooms using oven drying.

Physicochemical, thermal, and functional properties of edible red algae (Gracilaria corticata).

In the present research, physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant properties of Gracilaria corticata (GC) powder were evaluated. The seaweed was found rich in protein (21%) carbohydrate (53.03%) and fat (7.8%). The inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry showed among the mineral's calcium (13.987mg/g) and magnesium (7.48mg/g) were found to be in higher percent. Three transition peaks were observed as the samples were subjected to DSC (-5.27°C for fat, 82.25°C for carbohydrates, and 98.79°C for proteins). The CHNS analysis demonstrated sulfur content (2.23%) depicts presence of sulfate polysaccharide confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra band at 1235cm-1. A significant increase in the swelling capacity (14.26-21mL/g) and water holding capacity (8.21-9.09g/g) was observed as the temperature was increased from 25 to 80°C. On the contrary, oil holding capacity decreased significantly from 3.98 to 2.11g/g with an increase in temperature. Nowadays, the sedentary lifestyle leads to chronic disease; however, the antioxidants derived from plants provide the biochemical defense from free radical formation. The marine-derived algal are good sources of nutrition and antioxidants, being natural sources of GC, the antioxidant activity exhibited by total phenolic content and α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl were found to be (11mg GAE/g and 18%) inhibition, respectively. The principal phytochemicals profile was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as catechin, coumaric acid, phloroglucinol, and luteolin.

Bromo substituted aroylhydrazones: Synthesis, crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analysis, 3D energy frameworks, DNA/BSA binding, and antimicrobial activity

Two bromo substituted aroylhydrazones such as 2-benzoylpyridine-4-bromobenzhydrazone (HBpB) and di-2-pyridyl ketone-4-bromobenzhydrazone (HDpB) were synthesized. The synthesized compounds have been characterized physicochemically using CHNS analysis, FT-IR, UV-vis absorption, 1H NMR and high resolution-mass spectra and the structures have been confirmed with single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. HBpB got crystallized in the monoclinic P21/c space group and the HDpB in the triclinic P1¯ space group. The supramolecular interactions present in the crystal system were studied with Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis. The energy frameworks have been built by using different intermolecular interaction energies in order to study the stability of the molecule and determine the dominant energy type. The average interaction energy values for compounds HBpB and HDpB are found to be -280.4 and -327.2 kJ mol−1, respectively. Further, the nature of frontier orbitals and the stability of the compounds in the gas phase were theoretically analyzed, and the electrostatic potential surface diagram were plotted on optimized geometries. The binding potentials of HBpB and HDpB with DNA and BSA protein were investigated using spectroscopic, electrochemical, and in silico molecular docking methods. The results showed that HBpB has a higher binding affinity with both DNA and BSA compared to HDpB. Both HBpB and HDpB interact with DNA through a minor groove mode, while their binding to BSA involves mainly hydrophobic type. The ADMET analysis of compounds yielded favorable results for their potential use in pharmacological applications. When assessing the antibacterial capabilities of the tested samples, both the compounds showed good antimicrobial activities towards Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus Subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli.

Hydrogen sulphide removal from raw biogas using novel coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse composite biochar adsorbent

Abstract The presence of water, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, and siloxanes in biogas is not desirable for thermal and electrical applications through the engine route. H2S adversely affects engines and fuel cells by causing corrosion on metal components, poisoning catalytic converters, and accelerating wear and tear, compromising performance and longevity. To meet specific quality requirements for diverse applications such as heating, combined heat and power generation, vehicle fuel, and fuel cells, biogas must undergo cleaning and upgrading processes. Using biochar to remove H2S in biogas is a comparatively new technique and can be a promising option for small-scale, decentralized units. Current research primarily investigates the potential of biochar derived from coconut husk (CH) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) for effectively removing H2S from raw biogas within an experimental framework. The selection of a composite material consisting of equal parts CH and SB was based on available literature and material accessibility. The integrated methodology provided comprehensive insights into the performance of biochars in biogas purification. Morphological analysis elucidated the role of pore structure in facilitating H2S removal, while CHNS analysis highlighted the influence of elemental composition on biochar reactivity. Additionally, pH studies underscored the potential for biochar application to mitigate biogas acidity. According to the findings, the biochar from the combination of CH and SB exhibited a removal efficiency of 77.60% for H2S in raw biogas.

Simultaneous TG―FTIR studies show high thermal resilience in core organic matrix of molluscan gastropod shell of N. josephinia

Nacre—a biological composite of alternating layers of aragonite platelets and organic matrices, derived from biomaterials like molluscan shells has recently attracted a lot of interest as a potential substitute for ceramic material in orthopedic tissue engineering. It is formed as a result of interesting biomineralization processes. Molluscs use a striking variety of structural motifs to build their shells composed of calcium carbonate and a small percentage of proteins. These integral proteins determine the structural organization and properties of the mineralized composite. However, the composition and thermal stability of these proteinous matrices remains a mystery. Until now it was presumed that the organic matrix in a shell degrades completely up to 500 °C (stage―I). Stage―II comprises degradation of CaCO3 to CaO spanning about 600 °C to 850 °C. However, in case of a gastropod mollusc shell of Neverita josephinia, stage―III was also observed, in which majority weight loss of core organic proteinous matrix (OPM) exceeding 6 wt%, starts after about 1000 °C of thermal heating. It is observed that the core organic matrix (OM) has varied composition throughout the shell, stronger bonding, complex topology and has very high thermal resilience even up to 1400 °C. Simultaneous analysis of evolved gases by FTIR spectrometer coupled with thermogravimetric analyzer shows the composition of non-mineral species is more than 8 wt%. The results are supported by room temperature as well as gas phase by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, CHNS analyses. The XRD spectra of the pristine shell powder and that calcined at 550 °C reveal aragonite to calcite phase transformation in calcium carbonate. The SEM shows the cross-lamellar morphology of the gastropod mollusk shell. There are two different sets of organic matrices: one with complex topology and a very tight binding to the mineral components (intra-crystalline), and the other with a loose binding to the mineral (inter-platelet area). Elemental analysis (CHNS) data, also supports this. This study identifies that the organic matrix, comprising proteins, peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates, exhibits complex topology and strong mineral bonding, contributing to the shell's notable mechanical strength and resistance to thermal degradation. The implications of this high thermal resilience for the shell's mechanical properties and potential biomineralization processes are discussed, suggesting a reevaluation of the organic matrix's role in molluscan shells.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Control Release of Zinc Layered Nitrate Intercalated with Beta-Napthoxyacetic Acid (BNOA) Nanocomposite

In this research, the synthesis of the host using zinc nitrate-hexahydrate as a precursor to form zinc layered nitrate (ZLN) and the guest anion which is beta-napthoxyacetic acid (BNOA) will be intercalated with the ZLN to produce nanocomposites called ZLN/beta-napthoxyacetic acid (ZLNB). The method used for the synthesis of the host was self-assembly and ion exchange. The nanocomposites were confirmed with the basal spacing increases from 9.8 to 28.2 Å by using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Therefore, proved the bigger basal spacing compared to the layered double hydroxide of MgAl and ZnAl. The appearance of the FTIR shift band at 1603 cm−1 of C=C aromatic ring indicates that the anions have been successfully incorporated into the interlayers of ZLNB. Moreover, the loading percentage estimated by the carbon content from the ZLNB determined by CHNS analyzer was 41.8% (w/w). The morphology analysis confirmed the plate-like structure for ZLN into flaky-like with irregular, porous and unambiguous structure for ZLNB by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The controlled release property showed that the release of BNOA in the various aqueous solutions is in the order of Na3PO4 &gt; Na2SO4 &gt; NaCl and fitted into pseudo-second-order kinetic models.

A hydrometallurgical process flowsheet for recovering MoO3 from Molybdenite

In this study, a comprehensive hydrometallurgical processing of molybdenite (MoS2) concentrate was investigated. This investigation involved a novel approach combining mechanical activation, leaching, and polyelectrolyte extraction methods. The integrated method effectively addressed the challenge of low leaching rate of molybdenite, resulting in the successful production of high-purity molybdenum trioxide. Milled molybdenite samples were analyzed by different methods of X-ray diffraction, atomic force and electron microscopy, and BET. The increasing trend of the specific surface area during milling was determined by a model fitting which was useful for optimization of milling time. Several leaching reagents were studied to achieve high molybdenum dissolution. The most promising results were achieved through a two-hour process, yielding an impressive leaching efficiency of 80% and a resulting Mo concentration of 6700 mg/L. Molybdenum recovery was efficiently carried out through polyelectrolyte extraction, as confirmed by ICP and CHNS analyses, demonstrating selective precipitation of molybdenum from the solution. The subsequent calcination of the precipitated molybdenum(VI) compound resulted in the production of high-purity molybdenum trioxide. Furthermore, a conceptual hydrometallurgical treatment process for molybdenite concentrate was proposed, aiming to recover molybdenum, sulfuric acid, and copper. This proposed process presents a promising avenue for further exploration in pilot plant studies within the molybdenum industry.

Synthesis of 3, 3′- bis (indolyl) methanes using Bio-Waste metal free super acid as efficient with recyclable catalysts

A bio-waste metal free sulfonated carbonaceous super acid catalyst (BWC) is generated from sodium lignosulphonate, which is obtained from bio-waste sulphite pulping process of paper making industries. Here, we report a highly efficient catalytic a sulphonated carbon material catalyzed electrophilic substitution reactions of indoles with aromatic aldehydes to afford 3,3′-bisindolylmethane (BIM) derivatives. The synthesized BIM compounds were characterized by modern analytical techniques like NMR, MS, FT-IR, CHNS analysis. The BWC green catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal electronic microscopy (TEM) with elemental analysis. The significant features of this catalysis are easy catalyst preparation, high product yields, environmental benignity, short reaction time, broad substrate scope, with use of non-toxic solvents. The catalysts could be recycled with reused three times without decrease in the catalytic activity significantly.

Sustainable carbon dots from Borreria hispida: enhanced colorimetric sensing of Fe3+ ions and biological applications in live cell imaging.

This study presents the synthesis of advanced nanomaterials derived from the hedge-grown herbal plant, Borreria hispida, and explores their environmental and biological applications. Using a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method, carbon dots derived from Borreria hispida (BHCD) were fabricated and thoroughly characterized through XRD, TEM, FTIR, CHNS, UV-visible, and PL spectroscopy analyses. Under UV illumination, these plant-based carbon dots demonstrated exceptional water solubility, notable photo stability, and a high quantum yield of 40.8%. The average particle size of BHCD was absorbed around 0.5 to 3.5 nm, contributing to superior selectivity and sensitivity in detecting Fe3+ ions, with a limit of detection of 1.2 × 10-6 M. Investigation into the sensing mechanism revealed a binding model wherein two carbon atom molecules bind to one Fe3+ atom in a 2 : 1 ratio for BHCDs and Fe3+ interactions. Additionally, the effectiveness of the developed fluorescent probe for Fe3+ detection was validated using real water samples from ponds and lakes, highlighting its potential for environmental monitoring applications. Furthermore, the biological effects of BHCD were evaluated through cytotoxic assays, demonstrating significant inhibitory effects on MCF7 breast cancer cell lines, with a maximum cell viability of 60%. This research underscores the multifaceted potential of BHCD in environmental monitoring and biomedical applications.