Chlorophyll Extraction Research Articles

Identification of chlorophyll molecules with peroxyl radical scavenger capacity in microalgae Phormidium autumnale using ultrasound-assisted extraction

The identification of chlorophyll molecules with peroxyl radical scavenger capacity in microalgae Phormidium autumnale was determined. The ultrasound-assisted extraction was utilized for obtaining the chlorophyll compounds from biomass. A total of eleven molecules were separated in microalgae chlorophyll extract, with pheophytin a′ (371μg·g−1) and chlorophyll a (159.3μg·g−1) as the major ones. The chlorophyll extract was shown to be a potent scavenger of peroxyl radical, being almost 200 times more potent than α-tocopherol. These facts suggest the microalgae Phormidium autumnale as potential source of bioactive tetrapyrrole compounds.

Non-destructive Analysis Chlorophyll Content of Different Genotypes of Poplars Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance Data

Leaf Chlorophyll content (Ct) indicates plant physiological status and can be detected by hyperspectral measurements. However, it is difficult to conclude that different genotypes of same species have the same relationship with the hyperspectral data. The aim of this paper was to test that whether the different genotypes of same species have the similar relationship with hyperspectral reflectance. First of all, spectral reflectance of populus simonii (Populus simonii Carr) and I-72 poplar (Populus euramericana cv. ‘San Martino I-72/58’) were collected by spectrometric meter, and then extract chlorophyll index (CI) and other 11 types of vegetation indices from the hyperspectral reflectance data. At last, relationships between different vegetation indices and Ct of the two genotypes of poplar were compared. Results show that (1) the relationships between SPAD value and Ct are different in the low and high Ct level, we can choose proper vegetation index, REPIG, mSR705 and SDr/SDb et al to predict the Ct value. (2) Meanwhile, we can use PSSRb and PRI to distinguish fine difference between different genotypes.

Chlorophyll Measurement as a Quantitative Method for the Assessment of Cytokinin-Induced Green Foci Formation in Tissue Culture

Tissue culture systems have long been exploited to study the process of organogenesis. In response to externally applied cytokinins, pluripotent cells proliferate into green calli and subsequently regenerate shoots. Conventionally, the cytokinin-induced greening phenotype has been evaluated by counting numbers of green foci or to present photographic evidence of morphological changes. However, because the structure of calli is disorganized and the development of pigmentation takes place gradually from pale white through yellow to green, adequately defining and counting green foci remains difficult. In this study, we employed chlorophyll measurement as an alternative method to statistically assess the greening phenotype in tissue culture material. We found that N,N-dimethylformamide was the most effective solvent for the extraction of chlorophylls from callus tissue and that bead disruption of the structured tissue improved solvent penetration and the consistency of results. The sensitivity of the method facilitated the quantification of chlorophylls in single-cultured root explants and the use of a spectrophotometer increased the efficiency of measuring multiple samples. Our measurements showed that chlorophyll contents from calli of wild-type and altered cytokinin response mutants (cre1; ahk3, or cytokinin hypersensitive 2 (ckh2)/pickle (pkl) were statistically distinguishable, validating the method. Our proposed procedure represents gains in efficiency and precision and leads to more robust standardization than the conventionally used counting of green foci.

Comparative Extraction of Chlorophylls in Selected Forest and Savanna Mosses Using Dimethylsulphoxide and Acetone

The present study compared the extraction of chlorophylls from selected forest mosses (Hyophila involuta and Thuidium gratum) and derived savanna moss (Archidium ohioense) using dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 80% acetone. The mosses were collected from natural populations found in the Central Campus of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The chlorophyll extractions process followed standard methods and the absorbance of the extracts were read on spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 645 nm and 663 nm respectively. The data obtained were later subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The results showed that DMSO was a better chlorophyll extractant for mosses than 80% acetone. Although there were significant differences in the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b ratio and total chlorophyll accumulation within all three species using DMSO and 80% acetone as extractant (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference in the chlorophyll b accumulation of all the three species (P > 0.05).

Nutritional supplements modulate fluorescent protein-bound advanced glycation endproducts and digestive enzymes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BackgroundChronic hyperglycemia enhances the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to diabetic complications. Thus, controlling blood glucose levels, inhibiting the formation of AGEs and reducing ROS are key therapeutic targets in early stage type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe inhibitory effects of seven commercial liquid nutritional supplements against carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, was determined by dinitrosalicylic (DNS) reagent and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside solution, respectively. Antiglycation activity was determined using the formation of fluorescent protein-bound AGEs. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant activity (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) were determined for correlation among these components and inhibitory activities.ResultsSamoan noni juice showed the greatest inhibitory effects against α-amylase, whereas chlorophyll extracts showed the greatest inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase. Inhibition of α-glucosidase correlated with TFC (r2 = 0.766; p < 0.01) and FRAP (r2 = 0.750; p < 0.01) whereas no correlation was observed for α-amylase inhibition. All supplements inhibited fluorescent protein-bound AGEs, with the greatest effect exerted by Olive Leaf Extract, Blood Sugar Support (IC50 = 0.5 mg/ml). The IC50 values negatively correlated with TPC (r2 = −0.707; p < 0.001) and DPPH scavenging activities (r2 = 0.515; p < 0.05).ConclusionThe findings of this study highlight the potential of liquid nutritional supplements in managing and treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Dye sensitized solar cell based on TiO2 nanoparticles and chlorophyll from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves

Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a low-cost photo electrochemical solar cell, that belongs to third generation solar cells and known for its easy fabrication procedures. Its working is based on the interfacial kinetics between a photo-sensitized nanocryastalline anode and an electrolyte, with a counter electrode to complete the cell configuration. A lot of research has been conducted due to their interesting potential for low-cost, lightweight, with reasonably good photovoltaic efficiency. Present work reports the dye sensitized solar cells using TiO2 nanoparticles with Pandanus amaryllifolius chlorophyll as an absorber. P. amaryllifolius leaves are rich in chlorophyll and widely used as natural colorant to impart deep green colour to food products. Moreover, the leaves are rich in basmati aroma volatiles. In the present investigation, chlorophyll pigment was extracted from P. amaryllifolius leaves and nanocrystalline Titanium dioxide (TiO2) film was prepared by doctor blade method. The Titania films were immersed overnight in the chlorophyll extract for sensitization. An electrolyte solution consisting of Polyiodide was injected into the cell before sealing it. Pt coated FTO was used as counter electrode to assemble the cell configuration before it was characterized for its photovoltaic performance. The photoelectrochemical performance of the fabricated DSSC based on this dye showed 0.14 mA/cm2 short circuit current (JSC) and 0.125 V open circuit voltage (VOC).

Thermal behavior of the chlorophyll extract from a mixture of plants and seaweed

In this study the UV–Vis spectrophotometry and thermal analysis were used to characterize a commercialized product, as “Chlorophyll” named in our study with the acronym FARCH-phyll, this being offered as a detoxifier for the human body. The information update concerning thermal decomposition mechanism of chlorophyll represents the basic purpose of this investigation, and the secondary aim is related to the dealer prospectus confirmation. Thus, by the UV–Vis spectrophotometry, the chlorophyll “a,” was detected in FARCH-phyll extracts in both ethylic alcohol and dioxane showing two absorption bands at the wavelengths: λ = 664/428 nm and λ = 665/430 nm, respectively. The thermal decomposition of FARCH-phyll was performed in the temperature range between room temperature and 700 °C, and the thermogravimetric curve highlighting three levels of mass loss accompanied by one endothermic process at 54.8 °C and two exothermic processes at 333.6 and 492.2 °C, respectively, was marked on both curves of differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis. The first step of mass loss was accurately attributed to the releasing of physically adsorbed compounds on the powder surface. The next levels of powder thermal degradation constituted the basis for identifying the decomposition steps of chlorophyll from FARCH-phyll, in order to show its ways of transformation/decomposition in pheophytin/pyropheophytin and pyropheophorbide in competition with decomposition processes of other components from FARCH-phyll.

Extraction and degradation of chlorophyll a and b from Alternanthera sessilis

The use of Alternanthera sessilis, which is commonly known as Mukunuwenna in Sri Lanka as a source of chlorophyll was examined. The extraction of chlorophyll was carried out using buffered 80 % (v/v) aqueous acetone. The optimum operating conditions such as solvent to A. sessilis ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time were found to be 5 mL/g, 50 °C and 45 minutes, respectively. The yield of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b under these optimum operating conditions were 659 and 261 μg/g of A. sessilis, respectively. Mechanical grinding of A. sessilis gave a higher yield as compared to blanching and drying. Refrigeration at 15 °C was found to be ideal for storing of fresh A. sessilis up to 3 days without a considerable loss of chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll extraction could be modelled successfully using basic mass transfer equations up to 30 °C. It failed above this temperature due to the degradation effect. Kinetic study on the degradation of chlorophyll extracted from A. sessilis confirmed first order reaction model and the effect of temperature on the rate constant was also adequately modelled by the Arrhenius equation.

Enhancement of pigment extraction from B. braunii pretreated using CO2 rapid depressurization.

Extraction of compounds from microalgae requires cell disruption as a pretreatment to increase extraction yield. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga with a significant content of carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds, such as chlorophylls. Cell disruption of B. braunii using CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as a pretreatment for the extraction of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. We studied the effect of temperature (21–49 °C) and pressure (6–13 MPa) during static compression on pigment recovery with supercritical CO2 at 40 °C, 30 MPa and solvent flow of 4.7 L NPT/min. Within the experimental region, the extraction yield of carotenoids and chlorophylls increased by 2.4- and 2.2-fold respectively. Static compression conditions of high pressure and low temperature increased the extraction of carotenoids and especially chlorophylls. We selected 21 °C and 13 MPa as the cell disruption condition, which produced 1.91 g/kg d.s. of carotenoids and 14.03 mg/kg d.s. of chlorophylls. Pretreated microalga gave a 10-fold higher chlorophyll extraction yield compared to the untreated sample. While for carotenoids and tocopherols were 1.25 and 1.14-fold higher, respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity of pretreated microalga (33.22 mmol TE/kg oil) was significantly higher than the value for the untreated samples (29.11 mmol TE/kg oil) (p ≤ 0.05). Confocal microscopy images showed morphological differences between micro-colonies with and without disruption treatment, suggesting that partial cell disruption by rapid depressurization improved the extraction of microalga compounds.

Optimization of dye extraction from Cordyline fruticosa via response surface methodology to produce a natural sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells

In the present work, the application of response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of process parameters in the chlorophyll extraction from Cordyline fruticosa leaves was performed. The absorbance of the extract obtained from the extraction process under different conditions was estimated using the D-optimal design in RSM. Three different process parameters such as the nature of organic solvent based on their boiling point (ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile), pH (4–8) and extraction temperature (50–90°C) were optimized for chlorophyll extraction. The effects of these parameters on the absorbance or concentration of the extract were evaluated using ANOVA results of quadratic polynomial regression. The results showed a high R2 and adjusted R2 correlation coefficients of 0.9963 and 0.9921 respectively. Moreover, the analysis of the final quadric model based on the design experiments indicated an optimal extraction condition of pH of 7.99, extraction temperature of 78.33°C, and a solvent boiling point, 78°C. The predicted absorbance was 1.006, which is in good agreement with the experimentally obtained result of 1.04 at 665nm wavelength. The application of pigment obtained under the optimal condition was further evaluated as a sensitizer for the dye sensitized solar cells. Maximum solar conversion efficiency (η) of 0.5% was achieved for the C. fruticosa leaf extract obtained under the optimum extraction conditions. Furthermore, the exposure of the leaf pigment to 100mW/cm2 simulated sunlight yielded a short circuit photocurrent density (Isc) of 1.3mA, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 616mV, and a fill factor (ff) of 60.16%.

Microwave-assisted method for extracting chlorophyll-a in phytoplankton and its comparison with freezing-thawing extraction method

为缩短样品处理时间和提高测定准确度，本文设计和优化了微波处理辅助提取浮游植物叶绿素a的方法，并比较了反复冻融法和微波法对浮游植物叶绿素a的提取效率.结果表明：（1）微波法提取叶绿素a的最优处理条件为：高火（额定输出功率800 W）处理60 s左右.过滤水量为：贫营养型水体为1000 ml以上，中、富营养水体为100～500 ml.（2）反复冻融法在测定贫营养型水体时更稳定，而微波法对中、富营养水样提取率显著高于冻融法，可提高7%～12%，对具胶被及硅质外壳的藻类提取效率极显著高于冻融法，测定结果的相对偏差更小，且提取时间较冻融法缩短一半以上，适用于富营养化水体的应急监测.;In order to save time of sample processing and to improve the determining accuracy, a microwave-assisted extraction method was designed and optimized to extract chlorophyll-a in phytoplankton, and was compared to the freezing-thawing method for extraction efficiency of chlorophyll-a. The results showed that microwave-assisted extraction method was optimal in 60 s treatment with output power of 800 W, and the appropriate water volume for filtration was about 100-500 ml for samples collected in meso-eutrophic waterbodies and 1000 ml for those from oligotrophic waterbodies. The chlorophyll extraction rate of microwave-assisted extraction method was significantly higher than that of freezing-thawing method in meso-eutrophic waterbodies, which can increased by 7%-12%, while freezing-thawing method was more stable in measuring chlorophyll-a of oligotrophic waterbodies. For those algae with a glue shell or siliceous shell, microwave-assisted extraction method had a higher efficiency for chlorophyll-a extraction and a lower relative standard deviation than the freeze-thaw method. The microwave-assisted extraction method needs only one half operation time of the freezing-thawing extraction method, so that it is more suitable for emergency monitoring of eutrophic waterbodies, while the freezing-thawing extraction method is more suitable for monitoring oligotrophic waterbodies.

Extraction and Estimation of Chlorophyll from Medicinal Plants

Extraction and Estimation of Chlorophyll from Medicinal Plants

STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PROCESSING INTEGRATED PRODUCTS MUD OF TAMBUKAN

Studies of quality of products of complex processing mud of Tambukan: press, alcohol and oil extrac-tions performed. The presence of humic acid and dehydrating the alcohol extraction of carotenoids and chloro-phyll in the oil alcoholic extraction of phytosterols in oil extraction using qualitative reactions, TLC, UV spec-trophotometry

Effect of chlorophyll removal and particle size upon the nutritional and technological properties of powdered by‐products from artichoke (Cynara scolymus, L.) industrial canning

SummaryIn this study, the effect of the particle‐size fractionation (Ø &lt; 0.212 mm and 0.212 mm &lt; Ø &lt; 0.991 mm) and chlorophyll extraction on the nutritional and technological properties of the powdered artichoke ingredient was evaluated. The contents of minerals, protein, fat, carbohydrates and dietary fibre together with the content in bioactive compounds such as inulin and phenolics were determined. Other properties such as water‐ and oil‐holding capacities, water activity and antioxidant capacity were measured. The ingredient with chlorophyll and the lowest particle size presented the highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (8.4 mg of vitamin C equivalents per 100 g of dry matter) and water‐ and oil‐holding capacities. The removal of chlorophyll increased the oil‐holding capacity (from 59.7% to 94.6%), which was much higher than in the coarse ingredient (34%), but has a deleterious effect reducing the antioxidant capacity and the inulin content. The ingredients also showed high dietary fibre (22.5–33%), inulin (9–16%) and mineral (7.5–7.8%) contents. Although the ingredient with chlorophyll and smaller particle size had the higher antioxidant capacity, the removal of chlorophyll improved the technological properties to be used as food ingredient without affecting significantly to the nutritional value.

Extraction of Minor Compounds (Chlorophylls and Carotenoids) from Yarrow–Rose Hip Mixtures by Traditional versus Green Technique

AbstractNowadays, various branches from food industry generate large amount of by‐products that are often underutilized, which could have negative environmental impact and increase the price of the raw material as it is not completely utilized in the production. Mixtures of two interesting plants (yarrow and rose hip) with different ratios, obtained as by‐products from filter‐tea factory, have been extracted with organic solvents and with environmentally friendly technology, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In the obtained extracts, quantitative content of minor plant pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) was determined and technologies were compared. Moreover, the effect of SFE parameters on yields of chlorophylls and carotenoids was determined. The results showed that SFE could be used as a good alternative for extraction of plant pigments from Achillea millefolium L. and Rosa canina L. mixtures. Besides plant pigments, the obtained extracts were rich in other nonpolar compounds from plant mixtures. Utilization of herbal waste provided value‐added products, rich in various health benefit compounds.Practical ApplicationsCurrently, there is growing interest for developing economically feasible and environmentally friendly processes for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant material. Moreover, sustainable and relatively cheap raw material should be utilized in the production. Therefore, waste and by‐products from the food industry, e.g., plant material from filter‐tea factory with small mean particle size, could be used. Traditional technologies used for extraction of chlorophylls and carotenoids are no longer environmentally acceptable and alternative green technologies, such as supercritical fluid extraction, should be considered. This research provides a comparison of green and traditional processes for plant pigment extraction and studies effects of process parameters (pressure and temperature) on yields of the investigated compounds. It also utilizes by‐products of two medicinal plants (yarrow and rose hip) as raw material for extraction as herbal dust generated in filter‐tea factory could not be used for tea bags filling.

Kandungan Klorofil Daun Planlet Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl.) Hasil Seleksi dengan Asam Salisilat secara In vitro

Phalaenopsis amabilis is one of Indonesias national flowers. P.amabilis has beautifulflowers and exciting and high economic value. However, there are some constraints in its development, one of which is Fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum, for this is not maximized in handling. One of effective procedure to control the disease is to use salicylic acid as a selective agent resistance to the disease. Study of the effect of the addition of salicylic acid(concentrations 15, 30, 45 and 60 ppm) have been studied in vitro in mediumVW(Vacint and Went) on the content ofchlorophyll a, b, and total leaf plantlets P.amabilis. The research was implemented in tissue culture laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of MIPA, University of Lampung from February to March 2015. This study used a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Analysis of variance and LSD test performed at 5% significance level. Calculation and extraction of chlorophyll was conducted by Harbourne method(1987). The absorbance was measured with a (Shimadzu UV 800)spectrophotometer at wavelength of 663 and 646 nm. The results showed that the content of chlorophyll a, b, and total plantlets of P. amabilis leaves significantly increased at the concentration of salicylic acid in the medium VW 15, 30, 45 and 60 ppm compared with control(0 ppm).Key words : Phalaenopsis amabilis plantlets, chlolophyll, salicylic acid, VW medium.

Bioactive pigments from microalgae Phormidium autumnale

The profile of the three classes of pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls and phycobiliproteins) and the peroxyl radical scavenger capacity of extracts from microalgae Phormidium autumnale were determined. Twenty-four carotenoids, three phycobiliproteins and two chlorophylls were identified. The major carotenoids of biomass were all-trans-β-carotene (225.44μg·g−1), all-trans-lutein (117.56μg·g−1) and all-trans-zeaxanthin (88.46μg·g−1). Furthermore, characteristic carotenoids in cyanobacteria such as echinenone (79.07μg.g−1), myxoxanthophyll (18.83μg.g−1) and canthaxanthin (1.89μg·g−1) were found. The chlorophyll a (2.700μg·g−1) and C-phycocyanin (2.05×105μg·g−1) were predominant pigments in the other fractions of color compounds from biomass. The carotenoid and chlorophyll extracts were shown to be potent scavengers of peroxyl radical, being almost 28 and 85 times more potent α-tocopherol respectively, and for phycobiliproteins, the antioxidant capacity was 274μmoltrolox·g−1 (dry wt).

Sensitization of Xanthophylls-Chlorophyllin Mixtures on Titania Solar Cells

Co-sensitization of natural dyes on TiO 2 for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was proposed between chlorophyllin (C) and xanthophylls (X at various volume ratios of C/X. Chlorophyllin is chlorophyll derivative providing -COOH groups essential for binding to TiO 2 . The chlorophyll was extracted from dried spinach ( amaranthus viridis ) leaves in a mixture of methanol-acetone (70%:30%). Chlorophyll extract dye was obtained after partition of the crude extracts in diethyl ether solution. Then, it was hydrolyzed under alkaline condition to get chlorophyllin. Xanthophyll was extracted from fresh petal of chrysanthemum ( chrysanthemum indicum ) flowers. Blending of chlorophyllin and xanthophyll was carried out at various volume ratios of C to X (1:0, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, 0:1). Titania solar cells were constructed in sandwich system of conducting glass-titania/dyes as the photoanode and conducting glass-platinum as the photocathode. Electrolyte solution containing I - /I 3 - was inserted between the electrodes by capillary action. All dye extracts and blending solutions were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It is shown that the absorption spectra of blending dyes are complimentary in the visible region resulted in a panchromatic response of the dyes. From the cyclic voltammogram of the dyes and blended-dyes, it is found that the energy level of xanthophyll is the lowest. The I-V test at 100 mw/cm 2 irradiation confirmed that the energy conversion efficiency ( h ) of the blended dyes of xanthophyll and chlorophyllin-sensitized solar cell resulted in significant improvement than those of the single dye. Beneficially, the mixed dyes can be adsorbed from solution blend using single dipping step.

Use of liquefied cold temperature dimethyl ether for extraction of pigments from fresh vegetable tissues

Dimethyl ether (DME) is known as a useful precursor to other organic compounds and is a promising alternative fuel without issues of toxicity, production, infrastructure, and transportation as is the case with various other fuels. Recently, DME has attracted the attention of scientists and engineers since it behaves as a subcritical solvent or a low-temperature solvent applicable for the extraction of organic molecules from bio-materials. This paper presents the extraction of chlorophylls and carotenoids from green peel and yellow cortex of Japanese squash, spinach leaves and carrot roots using low-temperature liquefied DME. Spectroscopic and fluorescence analyses of the extracted pigments revealed that chlorophylls were successfully extracted by liquefied DME from green materials (squash peel and spinach leaves). HPLC analysis further confirmed that chlorophylls extracted include both chlorophylls a and b. By using liquefied DME, carotenoids were extracted from all vegetable samples examined. The performance of DME as a novel pigment extracting agent is confirmed in this work and its use as a “green” solvent, as opposed to conventional solvents, for the preparation and extraction of various plant pigments is highly encouraged from an environmental point of view.

Chlorophyll Determination in Green Pepper Using two Different Extraction Methods

The aim of this paper is the comparison of the classic Arnon method with the DMSO method regarding the determination of chlorophyll content in California Wonder peppers stored for 25 days at 5, 10 and 20°C. The results suggest that the factors affecting chlorophyll degradation are temperature and storage time, as well as their interaction. There is a linear relationship between changes in chlorophyll content and storage temperature. The statistical analysis indicates that the two chlorophyll extraction methods considerably differ, as the chlorophyll contents obtained through the Arnon method were, in all cases, lower than those obtained through DMSO. It has to be stressed that the results greatly depend on both the selected solvent and the chlorophyll extraction method.