Chloroform Extract Research Articles

Investigation of immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects of shed snake skin (Elaphe sauromates) extract.

Shed snake skin (SSS) is commonly used empirically in ethnomedicine to treat psoriasis, acne, warts, eczema, scabies, open wounds, hemorrhoids, and glaucoma. Although a few studies exist, SSS extracts' in vitro immunological effects have yet to be well described. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of SSS extract on murine lymphocytes and T cells. Hexane, methanol, and chloroform extractions were conducted in collected SSS samples. Protein concentrations in the SSS extract were measured. The cytotoxic and anticancer activities were measured using L929 Fibroblast and SK MEL 30 Cell Lines via MTT assay as described in TS EN ISO 10993-5. Immunomodulatory activities of SSS extract on total lymphocytes or enriched CD4+ T cell cultures, their cell-specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β. IL-12p40, IL-23p19, TNF-α, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGFβ1) levels were measured via FACS ARIA III analysis and related gene expression with Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Rt-qPCR). Hexane, methanol, and chloroform-extracted SSS were tested on SK-MEL-30 cells via MTT and revealed a superior anti-proliferative effect for hexane extract of SSS at low concentrations. SSS treatment of murine lymphocytes augmented Tnf-α and IFN-γ levels produced by CD3+ T cells when lymphocytes were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 or LPS stimulation. This effect required the presence of non-T cells, possibly antigen-presenting cells, and was not observed on purified CD4+ T cells. Additionally, SSS significantly blocked suppressive cytokine Tgfb gene expression (but not Il10) without altering in vitro Treg generation/or expansion. This is the first in vitro study investigating SSS's anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects. Our data provide evidence for SSS's anti-proliferative activity on SK-MEL-30 cells and its pro-inflammatory role on murine lymphocytes, which warrants further investigation of the potential use of SSS extract with in vivo disease models.

Growth inhibitory effect of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) chloroform extract on breast and liver cancer cell lines.

Research has demonstrated that Leptospermum scoparium possesses various therapeutic benefits. This study set out to determine whether or not L. scoparium extracts had any effect on the ability of HepG2 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to survive. The antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium extracts was explored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The most active fraction was selected to investigate its effects on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The constituents of this fraction were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Research demonstrated that the chloroform fraction of L. scoparium (LSCF) significantly impacted the HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Treatment with LSCF led to a notable rise in both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the mRNA levels of P53, Bax, and caspases, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA saw a decrease. The analysis of LSCF revealed the primary components to be cis-calamenene, beta-eudesmol, cyclododecane, and alpha-muurolene. The study showed the promising antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium, suggesting its potential application for cancer treatment.

Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Insecticidal Potential of Achillea millefolium L. and Chaerophyllum villosum wall. ex dc.

The methanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum were investigated for cytotoxicity, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. Cytotoxicity was investigated by brine shrimp lethality assay indicating that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and chloroformic extract of C.villosum revealed highest mortality of brine shrimps with (LD50 of 52.60 µg/ml) and (14.81 µg/ml). Phytotoxicity was evaluated using the Lemna minor bioassay which revealed that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and C.villosum extract has maximum inhibition of Lemna minor with (Fl50 6.60 µg/ml) and (0.67 µg/ml).The insecticidal activity showed that among all the insects studied it was observed that methanolic extract of A. millefoliumand C. villosum was highly toxic to Sphenoptera dadkhani with (LD50=4.17 µg/ml) and (0.34 µg/ml). From the present study it can be concluded that different extracts from A. millefolium and C. villosum showed good cytotoxic, phytotoxic and insecticidal activity in a dose dependent manner.

A validated HPTLC quantification of artemisinin from different extracts of Artemisia annua L. and its inhibitory activity against serine hydroxyl methyltransferase (SHMT)

The present study aimed to analyze the artemisinin content in various extracts of Artemisia annua L. using a validated HPTLC densitometry method and evaluate the inhibitory activity of artemisinin against serine hydroxyl methyltransferase (SHMT) of Plasmodium falciparum using in silico approach. High performance thin layer chromatography revealed that the petroleum ether extract of A. annua had the highest artemisinin content (0.71% ± 0.02 w/w), methanol extract (0.25% ± 0.02 w/w), chloroform extract (0.14% ± 0.01 w/w), and water extract (0.06% ± 0.01 w/w). Densitometry result indicated a well-defined and symmetrical peak in the petroleum ether extract, indicating excellent separation of high-purity artemisinin. In silico study of artemisinin with SHMT enzyme portrayed an excellent binding affinity (–9.1 kcal/mol) and convenient interactions compared with control. Moreover, both artemisinin and control compound showed good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties. In conclusion, the study suggested that the petroleum ether extract of A. annua is the most suitable and efficient solvent for extracting high-quantity artemisinin. The findings of the molecular docking analysis further supported the potential inhibitory activity of artemisinin against the SHTM of P. falciparum. This research contributes to the understanding of artemisinin’s antimalarial properties and optimized method of its production efficiently.

The anti-aging, anti-tuberculosis and antioxidant potential benefits of Saudi Arabia Olea-Europaea Leaves extracts.

The olive leaf extract and olive leaf indicated a high potential for application in food additives and foodstuffs. It could be these bio-products useful and important in condition therapy related with oxidative stress and can use it to develop functional foods and to improve the food's shelf life. The olive leaf chemical composition of Oleaeuropaea L. grown from eljouf in Saudi Arabia, using solvents of increasing polarity cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol was determined using by GC/MS. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), anti-aging, and anti-tuberculosis of olive leaf extracts were evaluated. The results indicated that extract of Oleaeuropaea L. has a considerable contains in polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and their derivatives) regarding its antioxidant effects, the major components were detected by GC/MS in Olea dichloromethane extract are Hexadecanoic acid (15.82%), 7(4Dimethylaminophenyl)3,3,12trimethyl3,12dihydro6 Hpyrano[2,3c]acridin 6 one (11.21%), and in Olea chloroform extract are Hexatriacontane (12.68%), nTetratr iacontane (10.95%). The results concluded that the plant extract of chloroform showed no anti-aging activities and the lower anti-aging activities for cyclohexane extract, while, the Olea dichloromethane extract was the most active extract. The obtained data confirmed that the most active extract of anti-tubercolisis was for chloroform and ethyl acetate extract, while, anti-tubercolisis activity of ethanolic extract was the lower. The extract amount as well as the solvent polarity influence the inhibitory activity. A favorable connection was demonstrated inter alia the leaf extracts antioxidant activity and the content of total phenol.

Characterization of Annatto (Bixa orellana L) using Morphological Markers and Screening of Phytochemical Activity

Phytochemical analysis of leaf, bark and seed extracts of annatto suggested that all parts of plant found to have important phytochemicals such as saponins, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, carbohydrate, terpenoids and steroids under various solvents. Methanol, chloroform and aqueous extract of annatto were examined for in vitro antibacterial activity using the agar disc diffusion methods. The extract therefore, appears to possess a narrow spectrum of antimicrobial activity, being effective against only the gram-positive bacteria used in our study. In artificial cross-pollination tests, wide variation observed in fruit set that ranges from 38–54% and yield per plant (43.4–113.12%). In addition, this study aimed at revealing the reproductive characters as well as establishing a set of breeding parameters for genetic improvement using morphological markers and this study will help to select candidate plus trees/parents.

Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Sapindus trifoliatus L.

Abstract: 
 
 Sapindus trifoliatus L. is an extremely valuable medicinal plant distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Plant extracts appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have a minimal environmental impact and danger to consume in contrast to synthetic pesticides. The seed extracts of Sapindus trifoliatus L. exhibited activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of each plant extract was tested against bacterial and fungal organisms
 I.e. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
 E.coli. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavous and Fusarium spp.
 The antimicrobial activity was done for Chloroform, Ethyl Alcohol, Petroleum Ether, Acetone and Aqueous extracts. The study revealed that the ethanolic extract of the pericarp of Sapindus trifoliatus L. showed positive prominent antibacterial activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanol extract showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus niger at 100% plant extract. The inhibitory activity of the various seed extracts like Chloroform, Acetone, Petroleum ether, Ethyl alcohol and aqueous were observed.

Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Potential of Three Leaf Extracts of Cannabis sativa L from the Al-Hoceima Region, Morocco

Within Morocco's efforts to increase the value of cannabis, we investigated the 'Beldeya' cannabis sativa L plant, which is produced in the Ketama area of northern Morocco. In this investigation, we performed phytochemical screening and quantitative analyses of ethanol, chloroform, and hexane extracts from cannabis leaves. Additionally, we explored the antioxidant potential using two extraction methods: Maceration and Soxhlet extraction. According to the results of the phytochemical screening, most metabolites were present in the extracts, except for alkaloids and anthraquinones which were not detected in any of the extracts. We employed standard methods for the quantitative measurement of total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), and the results showed that the TPC and TFC were abundantly present in the hexane extract using both maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods. Antioxidant potential was assessed through the Assay for reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH). The findings demonstrate that the ethanolic extract shown greater activity for both extraction techniques, displaying an IC50 value of 222.96 μg/ml for Soxhlet extraction and 256.21 μg/ml for the maceration method.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitory activities of organic extracts from flower buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. et Perry.

Cleistocalyx operculatus flower buds have been widely used in traditional medicine because of their rich content of bioactive constituents. In this study, we obtained seven solvent extracts from the flower buds and evaluated their total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), tannin (TTC), triterpenoid saponin (TSC), and alkaloid (TAC) contents. We assessed antioxidant activities using the DPPH assay and also looked at antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory effects. The water extract possessed the highest TPC (328.9 mg GAE/g extract), followed by ethanol, methanol, and hexane extracts (85.4-101.5 mg GAE/g extract). Chloroform, butanol, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts had high TSCs (245.4-287.2 mg OAE/g extract). The hexane extract was richest in TTC and TFC (32.7 mg CE/g extract and 81.1 mg QE/g extract, respectively). Ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities (IC50 values of 25.2 and 30.3 μg/ml, respectively), followed by the water extract (IC50 of 40.2 μg/ml). The hexane extract displayed the most growth-inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori ATCC51932 and ATCC43504 strains and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC13311 (MIC values of 0.06, 0.13, and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively). Moreover, the hexane extract revealed the strongest inhibition of H. pylori urease activity (IC50 of 4.51 μg/ml), whereas the water and methanol extracts had potent inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity (IC50 values of 9.9 and 15.1 μg/ml, respectively). These flower bud extracts could be used for health protection, especially in preventing bacterial infections and inhibiting enzymes associated with various human diseases. Further investigation into the application of C. operculatus flower buds in the food and pharmaceutical industries is necessary.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIVE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BARK EXTRACTS OF ACACIA CATECHU BY IN VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ANALYSIS

Objective: The objective of this research was to examine and compare the capacity of several bark extracts of Acacia catechu to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) free radicals. The study also examined the evaluation of variations in concentration that are reliant on both concentration levels and seasonal changes, using samples obtained throughout various seasons over a span of two consecutive years. Methods: In this study, six extracts were made utilizing solvents, including ethanol, methanol, aqueous solution, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. In the in vitro investigation, a nitric oxide (NO) assay was conducted to evaluate the free radical scavenging efficacy of the test samples. Results: Out of seven tested sample concentrations, 15.25 µg/ml was reported to be ineffective; higher than 500 µg/ml concentrations (i.e., 705 and 1000) were observed to be less effective than their lower concentrations, while 31.5–500 µg/ml drug concentrations were observed to be protective. Among these three, 125 µg/ml concentrations were found to be most effective (p<0.01 or more). In solvent-based results, methanolic, ethanolic, aqueous, and acetone extracts exhibited at least p<0.01 significant effective NO scavenging, but acetone extract was seen to have comparatively less protection (p<0.05) than the other three extracts. Chloroform and benzene extracts, respectively, showed less protection. Samples collected in the summer season showed greater protection than winter and Manson. Conclusion: This study provided a clear observation of the impact of extraction solvent, concentration of drug, and season of sample collection on in vitro free radical scavenging potential. These data could help provide possible applications for regional plants for medicinal purposes.

Discriminating the leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn. conferring to their age by gas chromatographic fingerprint analysis assisted with multivariate analysis

Ocimum species is having massive variations in their chemical composition that includes day time, terrestrial and cyclical variation according to the season etc. In this study, variation in overall essential oil constituents among matured, intermediate and young leaf samples of O. sanctum was studied. The leaf samples according to their age- matured, intermediate and young leaves were collected from three different plants at 11 a.m. each. Extract of collected leaf samples were then scrutinized using gas chromatographic technique having flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Result reveals that the noteworthy variance was observed in overall essential oil constituents of the leaf samples according to their age. The Average chromatographic fingerprint data of triplicate run for different leaf samples were then treated to multivariate methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. In this study, instead of considering one or two biomarkers, we have exasperated to obtain as many constituents in chloroform extracts of chosen leaf samples. Scree plot reveals that nine components were responsible for the whole variation. Score plot and dendogram efficiently discriminated all the three leaf types according to their age in different clusters. The outcome as an inference was, O. sanctum leaves according to their age exhibit variation in its chemical composition and developed tool can be used for routine quality control.

Biochemical characterization of actinomycete from Namibia rocky crest mountainous soil and analyzing their bioactive metabolites for antagonistic effect against human respiratory pathogens.

the present study aimed at isolating and characterizing actinomycete from unexplored Windhoek rocky crest mountainous soil and extracting bioactive metabolites as possible therapeutics against common life-threatening Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumonia) and Stachybotrys chartarum (S. chartarum). chemotaxonomy and biochemical methods were used to identify the isolates. The solvent extraction method was used to extract bioactive compounds. Agar overlay and disc diffusion methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity of isolates and extracted bioactive metabolites against S. pneumonia and S. chartarum. The antioxidant activity of the extracted bioactive metabolites was determined using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method with ascorbic acid as a positive control. Comparison between groups was done using a Two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-test. three distinct isolates from 3 soil samples were identified on starch casein agar and distinguished using biochemical tests. All three isolates showed strong inhibitory activity against S. pneumonia with average growth inhibition zones between 18.0±1.00 and 27±0.00 mm p< 0.005. All isolates showed potent inhibitory activity against S. chartarum with the average inhibition zones ranging between 42.0±1.00 and 48±0.00 mm, p< 0.005. The chloroform extracts showed potent DPPH activity of up to 73± 1.41%. growth conditions and extraction solvents can influence the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of bioactive metabolites.

Semi-synthesis, α-amylase inhibition, and kinetic and molecular docking studies of arylidene-based sesquiterpene coumarins isolated from Ferula tunetana Pomel ex Batt.

Despite all the significant progresses made to enhance the efficacy of the existing bank of drugs used to manage and cure type II diabetes mellitus, there is still a need to search and develop novel bioactive compounds with superior efficacy and minimal adverse effects. This study describes the valorization of the natural bioactive sesquiterpene coumarin via the semi-synthesis of new analogs and the study of their α-amylase inhibition activity. The sesquiterpene coumarin named coladonin (1) was quantitatively isolated from the chloroform extract of endemic Ferula tunetana roots. Subsequently, the oxidation of 1via the Jones oxidation reaction, used as a key reaction, afforded precursor 2. The condensation of oxidized coladonin (2) with various aryl aldehydes provided a series of new arylidene-based sesquiterpene coumarin derivatives (3a-m), which were characterized by NMR and ESI-HRMS experiments. All derivatives evaluated in vitro for their α-amylase inhibitory potential showed interesting α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 7.24 to 28.98 μM. Notably, compounds 3k and 3m exhibited lower IC50 values (7.24 μM and 8.38 μM, respectively) compared to the standard (acarbose: IC50 = 9.83 μM). In addition, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for all the compounds was studied. The most active compounds were found to be mixed-type inhibitors, which was revealed by kinetic studies. Furthermore, molecular in silico docking studies were established for all synthesized analogs with the binding site for the α-amylase enzyme.

In vivo Anti-hyperlipidemic Potential of Chloroform Extract of Fagonia indica in Streptozotocin-induced Rats

In vivo Anti-hyperlipidemic Potential of Chloroform Extract of Fagonia indica in Streptozotocin-induced Rats

Evaluation of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC.

Nardostachys jatamansi is an endangered medicinal plant of the Caprifoliaceae family. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolites and their biological activities. The shade dried, powdered plant materials were subjected to successive ultrasonic extraction with solvents hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol in the increasing order of polarity. Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic volatile oils, and alkaloids were discovered in the phytochemical screening. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis identified 13, 10, and 6 chemical compounds in hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Cyclic saturated hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohol, and ester were the main constituents of extracts verified by GC-MS. Chloroform extracts had a higher phenolic content (49.53 mg GAE/g) than ethyl acetate extracts (44.41 mg GAE/g). Chloroform extracts had a higher total flavonoid concentration (18.42 mg QE/g) than ethyl acetate extracts (10.57 mg QE/g). The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts revealed moderate results to antioxidant activity.

Determination of the total content of metals, polyphenols, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of methanolic and chloroformic extracts from Cichorium intybus

he study aimed to assess the metal content, total polyphenols, and flavonoids in the plant Cichorium intybus L gathered from Bihor, Romania, and to emphasize the antioxidant activity of its bioactive constituents. The materials and methods involved the extraction of two types of extracts from the Cichorium intybus L plant using the Soxhlet extraction method. The extracts were prepared using two different solvents, namely 50% methanol and chloroform. The purpose of this extraction was to assess and compare the total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as to determine the antioxidant capacity of the extracts using the DPPH and FRAP methods. The methanolic chicory extract had a higher total content of polyphenolic compounds (57.98 ± 0.60 mg GAE/g dry floss) and flavonoids (5.94 ± 0.08 mg QE/g dry floss) compared to the chloroform extract (55.28 ± 1.11 mg GAE/g dry floss) and (5.54 ± 0.13 mg QE/g dry floss). This indicates that methanol is a more effective solvent for extraction than chloroform. The results of the study indicate that the chloroform chicory extract exhibited a higher percentage of inhibition (74.10 ± 0.22%) compared to the methanolic extract (67.47 ± 0.65%) when tested for antioxidant capacity using the DPPH method. Conversely, the methanol extract from chicory demonstrated a higher antioxidant capacity (856.80 µmol TE/g dry chicory) than the chloroform extract (771 µmol TE/g dry chicory) according to the FRAP method. The Cichorium intybus L plant has the potential to yield phytopharmaceutical compounds that can help maintain or enhance human health.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Celtis Timorensis Leaf Extract

Objective: The objective of the present investigation is to study the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the leaf part of Celtis timorensis Spr. The preliminary phytochemical studies were conducted according to standard procedures. Total phenolic content was estimated using the FCA reagent method. The antioxidant efficiency of extracts was evaluated by using molybdate and DPPH methods. The antibacterial potency of leaf extracts was studied using the disc diffusion method against eight human pathogenic bacterial strains. Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, phenolic components, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts exhibited a range between 8.82 to 68.32 mg GAE/g dwt. The highest total phenolic content was observed in the methanol extract (68.32±1.03 mg GAE/g dwt.) and the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in the methanol extract of leaf part (700.0±0.71 mg ASE/g dwt.).Regarding DPPH scavenging activity the highest DPPH-reducing activity (&gt;90%) was observed by methanol, ethanol and water extracts of the leaf part. Ethanol and water extracts of leaf samples strongly inhibited the gram-negative bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica (13 mm for each species) respectively. While gram-positive species i.e. Bacillus megatherium Artherobacter protophormiae and P. aeruginosa were moderately inhibited by chloroform, ethanol and water extracts (12 mm for each) respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the selected medicinal plant C. timorensis extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity, strong antibacterial activity and rich bioactive components. It required further studies on the isolation, and characterization of active principle to evaluate its pharmacological properties.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Brugmansia suaveolens and Study of its Antimicrobial Activities

Abstract: Brugmansia suaveolens (family:solanaceae) is a medicinal semi-woody shrub which is known as angel's tears and snowy angel's trumpet. Every part of Brugmansia suaveolens is poisonous as well as exhibit curative activity against several ailments like headache, reduce inflammatory swellings of joints in rheumatic attacks etc. In the present study, the bioactive compounds present in the flower of Brugmansia suaveolens were investigated for antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and fungus(Penicillium atramentosum).dried flower samples were used to obtain various extracts viz.Chloroform, Acetone,Ethanol, and water. The phytochemical analyses showed the presence of phenol, steroids, saponins, Tannins flavonoids glycosides terpenoids alkaloids phlabatannins extracts used in this study.under the well diffusion method had a considerable antimicrobial activities increased with higher concentration. The Ethanol extract from dry flower Brugmansia suaveolens shows more effective against Escherichia coli, The Chloroform extract from dry flower Brugmansia suaveolens shows more effective against Staphylococcus aureus. In case of fungi Chloroform extract from dry flower Brugmansia suaveolens showed the highest inhibition zone against Penicillium atramentosum.

Anticholinesterase and Antityrosinase Secondary Metabolites from the Fungus Xylobolus subpileatus.

Xylobolus subpileatus is a widely distributed crust fungus reported from all continents except Antarctica, although considered a rare species in several European countries. Profound mycochemical analysis of the methanol extract of X. subpileatus resulted in the isolation of seven compounds (1-7). Among them, (3β,22E)-3-methoxy-ergosta-4,6,814,22-tetraene (1) is a new natural product, while the NMR assignment of its already known epimer (2) has been revised. In addition to a benzohydrofuran derivative fomannoxin (3), four ergostane-type triterpenes 4-7 were identified. The structure elucidation of the isolated metabolites was performed by one- and two-dimensional NMR and MS analysis. Compounds 2-7 as well as the chloroform, n-hexane, and methanol extracts of X. subpileatus were evaluated for their tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. Among the examined compounds, only fomannoxin (3) displayed the antityrosinase property with 51% of inhibition, and the fungal steroids proved to be inactive. Regarding the potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of the fungal extracts and metabolites, it was demonstrated that the chloroform extract and compounds 3-4 exerted noteworthy inhibitory activity, with 83.86 and 32.99%, respectively. The butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory assay revealed that methanol and chloroform extracts, as well as compounds 3 and 4, exerted notable activity, while the rest of the compounds proved to be only weak enzyme inhibitors. Our study represents the first report on the chemical profile of basidiome of the wild-growing X. subpileatus, offering a thorough study on the isolation and structure determination of the most characteristic biologically active constituents of this species.

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities on Skimmia laureola Leaves Extract: A Research

Background: Skimmia laureola owned by the Rutaceae family is one of the plants that might use the Indian traditional treatment system in the Indian subcontinent and act against many diseases. So, this new research was carried out to scientifically confirm the various solvent fractions and separate the active fraction from the plant against antioxidants and bacterial and microbial growth.&#x0D; Objectives: The main objective of the study involves the Phytochemical screening and research of invitro activities i.e. antioxidant and antibacterial from the extracts of the leaves part of the Skimmia laureola plant.&#x0D; Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out of various extracts by the tests that involved it. Invitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities were examined of the plant extract through various methods DPPH, Metal chelating activity, Reducing power ability, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. After completion of the research, all the activity is shown graphically.&#x0D; Results: Invitro antioxidant activity shows that methanolic extract shows more antioxidant activity than other extracts. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removal was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli at 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml individually.&#x0D; Conclusion: Auxiliary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and content) have been quantified. In antioxidant tests such as DPPH activity, the methanolic extract of the plant outperforms other extracts such as chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, and aqueous extract. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removed was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and E.coli. The current study may be useful in improving data regarding its distinguishing proof boundaries expected primarily in the method of the adequacy of homegrown medications in the current situation lacking administrative laws to control the nature of natural medications, as well as discovering antioxidants and antibacterial action.