Chlorine Dioxide Solution Research Articles

The effect of carbon black on degradation of pipe grade black polyethylene in high concentration chlorine dioxide solutions

In this research, the impact of carbon black on the accelerated degradation of pipe grade polyethylene (PE100) exposed to high levels of chlorine dioxide (150 ppm) is examined. Tensile testing reveals a faster degradation rate in black samples compared to neat samples, indicating a detrimental effect of carbon black aggregates on the polymer's aging process. Rheological analysis shows changes in molecular weight and structure due to chemical degradation and chain scission and can be a reliable method for detecting slight changes in molecular structure. Isothermal crystallization shows a slowdown in crystallization kinetics at first, explained by gel-formation due to crosslinking which hinder the crystallization, and then an increase in the kinetics as apparently the chain scission gets dominant again. Neat samples exhibit a higher density of tie molecules, indirectly revealed by much more fibrils in crack wall observed in FESEM images, suggesting better resistance to chemical degradation while the black sample shows a much less fibrillar crack wake and becomes almost completely devoid of any fibrils at later stages of aging. The fibrils, which essentially offer a load-bearing role against the widening and growth of the crack play a key role in resistance to slow crack growth (SCG). Therefore, the higher SCG resistance is expected for neat grade compared to black samples. The study proposes a dual-layer pipe design with a UV-resistant black outer layer and an oxidation-resistant neat inner layer to prolong the lifespan of PE100 pipes by protecting against UV radiation and chemical reactions. This solution offers increased durability, lower maintenance costs, and environmental sustainability benefits.

CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF AROMATIC ALDEHYDES TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS IN MILD CONDITIONS WITH NaClO2

This study aimed to improve the conditions for the oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid using chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite, across various pH ranges and different catalysts. The powerful oxidation capability of chlorine dioxide played a crucial role in enhancing the kinetic efficiency of the reactions. In our research, we examined various reaction conditions, including sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate together with sodium chlorite, sodium dihydrogen phosphate combined with sodium chlorite and potassium permanganate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate with sodium chlorite and V2O5. Additionally, different oxidation combinations were tested, such as sodium chlorite with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), and formic acid, as well. The stabilized chlorine dioxide solution was also used directly as an oxidation reagent. The role of chlorine dioxide in these combinations significantly impacted the selectivity and yield in terms of product. Furthermore, some Mn (III) complexes (Cat.1 and Cat.2) were used as catalysts in this study, and the findings revealed that chlorine dioxide is an effective oxidant in the selective oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to aromatic acids. For the catalytic application in buffer solutions, a leveling effect was observed. When Mn (III) complexes were used, it showed a similar leveling effect in buffer solutions with a pH >1, which was resulting in slow ClO₂ formation. With these findings it was found that the use of Mn (III) complexes in NaH2PO4+NaClO2 combination provided the highest yield in the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to acids. These results underscore the importance of chlorine dioxide as a powerful oxidant in chemical transformation processes.

Quantification and modeling of disinfectant inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel surfaces

The present study evaluates and models the efficacy of three different disinfectants-sodium hypochlorite (SH), peracetic acid (PAA), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) solution in inactivating biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel (SS) surfaces. The nonlinear survival curves of L. monocytogenes biofilm cells treated with different disinfectants were fitted using the Weibull model and four supervised machine learning models (Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT)). RF model exhibited superior predictive ability compared to other methods (RMSE: 0.12, MAE: 0.10, MAPE: 2.38, and R2: 0.99). Both RF and ANN showed better predictive effectiveness than the Weibull model. This research quantifies and models the efficacy of three disinfectants on L. monocytogenes biofilm on SS surfaces, providing valuable insights into the disinfection process of equipment surfaces in food processing.

Elicitation as a Process of Enhancing Bioactive Compounds Concentration in Sprouts

During growth, plants produce bioactive compounds—secondary metabolites. Their concentration can be stimulated by the presence of a stressful factor—an elicitor. Since chlorine dioxide is commonly used in water plants to disinfect drinking water, its application as a plant elicitor seems to be very attractive. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of a new elicitor, ClO2, on the quality of seeds and bioactive compounds of sprouts. Elicitation of radish and broccoli seeds using ClO2 solutions did not significantly reduce their germination percentage (GP remained over 90%). Radish sprouts sprouted from seeds elicited in chlorine dioxide solutions with concentrations up to 800 ppm did not differ statistically significantly in terms of polyphenol content. Sprouts which were grown in the presence of ClO2 contained significantly fewer polyphenolic compounds. Elicitation of broccoli seeds in 800–1000 ppm ClO2 solutions causes an increase in total phenolic content and concentration of ascorbic acid in sprouts. Elicitation in chlorine dioxide solutions not only increased concentrations of selected bioactive compounds but also improved the microbiological quality of sprouts.

Case Report: Compassionate application of chlorine dioxide-based solution in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer

Chlorine dioxide is a powerful and cost-effective oxidizing agent that has demonstrated anti-cancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. Its proposed mechanism involves the release of free radicals, which disrupt the delicate oxidative balance within cancer cells. In case report, the patient has voluntarily opted for compassionate chlorine dioxide therapy over continuing conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy due to side effects and uncertain survival outcomes. The concentration of the chlorine dioxide solution was 1/100 times lower than the LOAEL threshold, ensuring that not compromise the patients' health. This is the first follow-up in patient diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer, who shown tumor reduction at distant sites from the primary tumor with no side effects. This preliminary observation suggests that chlorine dioxide and its free radicals could be potential mediators of an anticancer response. However, it is imperative to emphasize the importance of conducting rigorous clinical trials to validate these initial findings

On-demand chlorine dioxide solution enhances odontoblast differentiation through desulfation of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan and subsequent activation of canonical Wnt signaling.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) surround the surface of odontoblasts, and their modification affects their affinity for Wnt ligands. This study proposes applying Matching Transformation System® (MA-T), a novel chlorinated oxidant, to enhance dentinogenesis. MA-T treatment in odontoblasts decreased sulfation of HSPG and upregulated the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) and Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (Dmp1) via activation of canonical Wnt signaling in vitro. Ex vivo application of MA-T also enhanced dentin matrix formation in developing tooth explants. Reanalysis of a public single-cell RNA-seq dataset revealed significant Wnt activity in the odontoblast population, with enrichment for Wnt10a and Wnt6. Silencing assays showed that Wnt10a and Wnt6 were redundant in inducing Dspp and Dmp1 mRNA expression. These Wnt ligands' expression was upregulated by MA-T treatment, and TCF/LEF binding sites are present in their promoters. Furthermore, the Wnt inhibitors Notum and Dkk1 were enriched in odontoblasts, and their expression was also upregulated by MA-T treatment, together suggesting autonomous maintenance of Wnt signaling in odontoblasts. This study provides evidence that MA-T activates dentinogenesis by modifying HSPG and through subsequent activation of Wnt signaling.

Use of citric acid-activated chlorine dioxide to control Ulva prolifera

Since 2007, green tides have occurred almost every year in the Yellow Sea, and a method to prevent them and to control levels of attached Ulva prolifera is urgently needed. In this study, we measured the effects of different concentrations of citric acid-activated chlorine dioxide solution (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L of chlorine dioxide) on the morphology (macrostructure and microstructure), chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, carotenoid content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Y (II), NPQ, and ETRmax) of U. prolifera. Micropropagules in the treatment filtrate were cultured to determine whether the solution reduced the number of micropropagules released during the treatment process. The results showed that citric acid-activated chlorine dioxide at the appropriate concentration can be applied to remove U. prolifera from Neopyropia cultivation rafts. Because U. prolifera and its micropropagules died in the 250 mg/L chlorine dioxide group, we recommend that the appropriate concentration of chlorine dioxide for removing green macroalgae is ≥250 mg/L. Our results provide a scientific basis for convenient collection of accurate data for the U. prolifera prevention trial organized by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China.

Formation of biosafety and greening of the production environment of food production with application of anolyte

Introduction: Electrochemically activated aqueous solutions are widely used in medical institutions, animal husbandry, as well as in large food processing facilities. This work presents a literature review on the use of electrochemically activated solutions in the food industry. These solutions can be used as a safe means for processing food raw materials, equipment, food containers, and surfaces of foodservice facilities. The question of using activated aqueous solutions in relation to foodservice establishments is not fully explored in the scientific literature.Purpose: The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using electrochemically activated aqueous solutions as safe and environmentally friendly means for treating objects in the production environment to eliminate the risk of contamination by microorganisms.Materials and Methods: Surfaces of the production environment were selected as the objects of study, including a table, scales, a knife, a slicer, and a gastronorm container. Sweet pepper fruits of the "Avangard" variety were chosen as non-heat-treated food products. An electrochemically activated aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide compounds with a concentration of active substances of 0.5 ± 0.05 g/L (Anolyte ANK-SUPER) was chosen as the treatment agent. Microbiological studies were conducted using XLD Agar medium and petrifilms. To assess the effectiveness of treatment, microbiological studies were conducted with the determination of Coliform Bacteria (BGKP) and Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (KMAFAnM). To achieve acceptable microorganism counts for counting purposes, the tenfold dilution method was used. The residual active chlorine concentration was determined using the iodometric method to determine the actual concentrations of working solutions.Results: The use of undiluted disinfectant with a concentration of 0.5 ± 0.05 g/L confirmed the effectiveness of electrochemically activated solutions against Coliform Bacteria (BGKP), with a significant reduction in the content of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (KMAFAnM) compared to control samples. However, the results of the experiments suggest that parameter selection is required, specifically the concentration of the disinfectant and the duration of treatment depending on the object. The data obtained from preliminary experiments characterize the potential use of reduced concentrations of the working solution (no less than 0.05 ± 0.005 g/L of active chlorine), but do not confirm the possibility of full-scale application of the used concentrations due to the lack of quantitative data on the degree of contamination of the initial surfaces. The possibility of using the solutions as a single agent for treating both working surfaces and fruit and vegetable products has been demonstrated.Conclusion: As a result of the conducted research, the effectiveness of disinfectants based on electrochemically activated solutions against Escherichia coli bacteria (BGKP) and the reduction of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (KMAFAnM) has been confirmed. In addition, among the possible prospects for research, determining the minimum concentrations and contact times for achieving stable disinfecting effects can be mentioned. The results obtained showed that the use of electrochemically activated solutions ensured the biological safety of treated production objects and surfaces of thermally untreated food products. An alternative method of using electrochemically activated solutions as a universal environmentally friendly agent has been proposed. Thus, in foodservice establishments, an effective "green" technology based on electrochemically activated solutions can be implemented.

Morphological, Spectroscopic and Thermal Analysis of Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted from Waste Jute Fiber by Acid Hydrolysis

Natural cellulose, a sustainable bioresource, is highly abundant in nature. Cellulosic materials, particularly those that explore and employ such materials for industrial use, have recently attracted significant global attention in the field of material science because of the unique properties of cellulose. The hydroxyl groups enable the formation of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding and the arrangement of cellulose chains in a highly ordered crystalline zone, with the remaining disordered structure referred to as an amorphous region. The crystalline areas of cellulose are well-known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In the present study, we extracted CNCs from pure cellulose isolated from waste jute fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis, followed by characterization. Pure cellulose was isolated from jute fibers by treating with sodium hydroxide (20% w/w) and anthraquinone (0.5%) solution at 170 °C for 2 h, followed by bleaching with chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide solution. CNCs were isolated from pure cellulose by treating with different concentrations (58% to 62%) of sulfuric acid at different time intervals (20 min to 45 min). The FTIR study of the CNCs reveals no peak at 1738 cm-1, which confirms the absence of hemicellulose in the samples. The CNCs obtained after 45 min of acid hydrolysis are rod-shaped, having an average length of 800 ± 100 nm and width of 55 ± 10 nm, with a high crystallinity index (90%). Zeta potential significantly increased due to the attachment of SO42- ions on the surface of CNC from -1.0 mV to about -30 mV, with the increment of the reaction time from 20 min to 45 min, which proved the higher stability of CNC suspension. Crystallinity increased from 80% to 90% when the reaction time was increased from 20 to 45 min, respectively, while a crystallite size from 2.705 to 4.56 nm was obtained with an increment of the acid concentration. Acid hydrolysis enhanced crystallinity but attenuated the temperature corresponding to major decomposition (Tmax) at 260 °C and the beginning of degradation (Ti) at 200 °C due to the attachment of SO42- ions on the surface, which decreased the thermal stability of CNC. The second degradation at 360 °C indicated the stable crystal structure of CNC. The endothermic peak at 255 °C in the DTA study provided evidence of sulfated nanocrystal decomposition and the recrystallization of cellulose I to cellulose II, the most stable structure among the other four celluloses. The proposed easy-to-reproduce method can successfully and efficiently produce CNCs from waste jute fibers in a straightforward way.

Evaluation of oral care using MA-T gel for high-risk patients: a pilot study

BackgroundOral care with gel is a common method for preventing aspiration in high-risk patients. An oral care gel is used to clean and moisturize the oral cavity. However, the effects of gel care on the oral bacteria remain unclear. In this pilot study, we described a matching transformation system (MA-T) for elderly high-risk patients. MA-T is an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution that provides excellent safety and has various antimicrobial activities, even in the presence of abundant organic compounds. This study investigated the effects of MA-T gel in patients requiring nursing care.Materials and methodsPatients who were hospitalized for nursing care were included in this study. No drugs and foods were administered orally. Oral bacteria and intraoral humidity were examined by daily care using MA-T gel. Moreover, oral membranous substances were analyzed and material from the oral cavity was cultured on selective media for identifying opportunistic organisms.ResultsMembranous substances were present in the oral cavities of all patients. The number of bacteria decreased, and oral moisture improved, after treatment with MA-T gel. Moreover, oral humidity was also controlled with the continued use of MA-T gel. MA-T gels should be used not only for professional care but also on a daily basis for better oral care. Furthermore, the results of bacterial cultures showed that MA-T controls the propagation of opportunistic bacterial infections.ConclusionMembranous substances may be observed in the oral cavity of individuals requiring nursing care for tube feeding. The results of this pilot study suggest that MA-T, a novel disinfectant, can be used for oral care in the elderly to reduce the risk of aspiration-pneumonia.

Significance of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinses in preventing SARS-CoV-2 cell entry.

ObjectiveThis work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) transmission during high‐risk dental procedures.MethodsThe antiviral activity of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre‐incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pseudovirus in a dosage‐dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T‐ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE‐2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell‐to‐cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO‐K1) cells co‐expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS‐CoV‐2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre‐incubated with the ORs before co‐culturing with the target CHO‐K1 cells co‐expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein and ACE‐2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell‐ELISA. Finally, dosage‐dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points.ResultsA dosage‐dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell‐to‐cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity.ConclusionsChlorine‐dioxide‐based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and spread.

The Bactericidal Effect of MA-T for Factitiously Contaminated and Used Masks.

Matching transformation system (MA-T), an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution, is an excellent safety disinfectant, because chlorine dioxide is not detected during storage or before use. The production of chlorine dioxide in MA-T is induced by a catalytic reaction in the presence of target microorganisms. In this study, we investigated MA-T disinfection of masks as a reuse method to eliminate mask shortages. After spraying Escherichia coli on sterilized surgical mask, samples (factitiously contaminated masks) were treated with MA-T spraying or immersion, and the bactericidal efficacy was assessed by culturing. Used surgical masks were also sprayed with MA-T or were immersed in MA-T, and then were cultured to verify the bactericidal effect. The performance of N95 masks was assessed before and after application of MA-T. After spraying with MA-T, the numbers of bacteria of factitiously contaminated masks and used masks were drastically reduced compared with control samples (not applicable and p = 0.002, respectively). After MA-T immersion, the bacterial counts of both masks (factitiously contaminated masks and used masks) were significantly reduced (both p = 0.002). Taken together, the disinfection test on factitiously contaminated with E. coli and used surgical masks showed that masks can be disinfected by MA-T spray and sterilized by immersion, respectively. The N95 mask performance test after 30 min of immersion in MA-T showed that MA-T disinfected the mask without degrading the performance of the mask. In conclusion, MA-T is useful for the reuse of masks because of its decontamination effect and safety while maintaining the function of the mask.

Warning against consumption of Miracle Mineral Solution

Warning against consumption of Miracle Mineral Solution

Shelf-life prediction model of fresh-cut potato at different storage temperatures

The fresh-cut potato is popular in many foods, but its shelf-time is difficult to predict. Through orthogonal test, the fresh-cut potato was dipped in chlorine dioxide solution (100 mg/L), citric acid solution (1.5%) and potassium sorbate solution (0.1%) in order, and then packaged with polyvinylidene chloride plastic film for the best preservation effect. Then, the processed potatoes were stored in 0 °C, 4 °C, 7 °C and 10 °C. The quality-change relationship between samples over time and temperature are mainly studied by weight loss, PPO activity and total number of colonies. The results show that the weight loss, the PPO activity and the total number of colonies increased with the increase of the time and the temperature, and the temperature of 0 °C is optimum for the storage of fresh-cut potato. The kinetic models of the weight loss, the PPO activity and the total number of colonies are established based on experimental data. By comparing the predicted values with the experimental values, it is shown that the shelf-life prediction model of PPO activity can offer a more accurate prediction of the shelf life of fresh-cut potato at different temperatures. We anticipate that our results might be used to forecast and evaluate the quality of vegetables in the process of logistics. • Three different shelf-life prediction models of fresh-cut potato are provided. • The PPO activity prediction model can predict the shelf life of fresh-cut potato at different temperatures. • Effect of temperature is a key factor in the storage and transportation processes of fresh-cut potato.

The bactericidal effect of oral care using matching transformation system: A prospective clinical study

AbstractAimMatching transformation system (MA‐T) is an on‐demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution that realizes excellent safety with various antimicrobial activities even under abundant organic compound. By using MA‐T in human oral care, we examined its effectiveness against bacteria causing oral infections such as periodontal disease and dental caries.Materials and MethodsThe participants of the 75th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Stomatological Society held on May 13 and 14, 2021, were enrolled in this study. Saliva samples were collected on the first day after normal oral care and on the second day after oral care with MA‐T. The total number of bacteria and the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were compared for the two samples on Days 1 and 2.ResultsTwenty‐two subjects met the study criteria. The total bacterial count and the number of T. forsythia on Day 2 were significantly lower than those on Day 1 (p = 0.000177 and p = 0.0186, respectively). The numbers of T. denticola and S. mutans tended to decrease, although not significantly (p = 0.100 and p = 0.251, respectively). Statistical analysis was not performed for P. gingivalis and C. albicans because of sample size.ConclusionMA‐T is putatively effective for oral hygiene. MA‐T oral care reduces bacteria that cause periodontal disease and dental caries compared with regular oral care. The results of this study suggest that MA‐T, a new disinfectant, can be applied to oral care and may reduce periodontal disease, dental caries, and other oral infections.

Utilization of Chlorine Dioxide Solution to Prevent Halitosis Due to Coated Tongue

Utilization of Chlorine Dioxide Solution to Prevent Halitosis Due to Coated Tongue

Effect of chlorine dioxide with NaH2PO4 and DMSO on bleaching of kraft pine pulp

In this paper, the effect of D0 temperature, Kappa factor and the final pH value on bleaching sulfate bleached pine wood pulp was studied. The results showed that the bleaching efficiency was better when the pH value was 4, and the amount of absorbable organic halogen (AOX) in the bleaching wastewater was decreased. The Kappa factor is linear with the whiteness in the range of 0–0.15. With the increase of the Kappa factor, the amount of AOX in bleaching wastewater of D0 and Ep gradually increases. High temperature bleaching can reduce AOX production, but some fibers are hydrolyzed, leading to a decrease in pulp viscosity. The effects of chlorine dioxide solution adding sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on pulp bleaching were investigated. The results showed that both solutions could reduce the amount of AOX in bleaching wastewater. Among them, the addition of NaH2PO4 in chlorine dioxide increased pulp whiteness, while the addition of DMSO was the opposite. Scanning electron microscope showed that a small amount of hollow cracks and more voids appeared on the surface of pulp fibers after the addition of NaH2PO4. Pulp fibers bleached by the chlorine dioxide adding DMSO have more folds and less voids on the surface. The surface wrinkles of pulp fibers increased with the addition of DMSO and the voids were less. FT-IR showed that the number of chromophore groups in the pulp bleached by chlorine dioxide adding NaH2PO4 were decreased. However, the lignin characteristic absorption peak in the pulp bleached by chlorine dioxide adding DMSO increased at the intensity of 1062 and 1160 cm−1, which indicated that there were more residual chromophore groups.

COVID19 Long Term Effects in Patients Treated with Chlorine Dioxide

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) has generated widespread healthcare concerns and has overburdened healthcare institutions. As the number of COVID19 patients recovers, so does the frequency of reports of COVID19-like symptoms following discharge. A telephone survey with standardized questions was undertaken in which participants were asked if they had had any of 25 possible sequelae after being diagnosed with COVID19 and treated with a Chlorine Dioxide Solution (CDS). One hundred sixty-one people completed the survey. We discovered that rising age is a risk factor (OR = 1.035, p = 0.028, 95% CI = 1.004-1.069), and the odds of having any symptoms in moderate patients is 0.077 compared to mild patients (P = 0.003). It was predicted that 64.6 percent of patients treated with CDS for SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced an average of 3.41 long-term effects. There were no variations in the number of sequelae reported by sex, age, COVID19 severity, or therapy method. The five most prevalent manifestations of the 25 distinct long-term symptoms observed in this study were fatigue, hair loss, dyspnea, concentration problem, and sleep difficulties. In addition, individuals treated with multiple drugs (COVID19 conventional treatment plus a CDS) had 2.7 fewer cases of sequelae, and patients treated exclusively with CDS had 6.14 fewer incidences of long-term effects. People who get a CDS are 19% less likely to experience long-term health effects than patients who receive standard COVID19 therapy. According to the findings of this study, patients who receive a CDS have a reduced probability of developing sequelae. Furthermore, the incidence of long-term effects is lower in individuals treated exclusively with a CDS. The recent findings involving Chlorine Dioxide support the development of clinical studies to evaluate its efficacy in preventing the development of COVID19 long-term effects.

A Retrospective Observational Study of Chlorine Dioxide Effectiveness to Covid19-like Symptoms Prophylaxis in Relatives Living with COVID19 Patients

To date, there is no effective prophylactic agent to prevent COVID-19. However, the development of symptoms similar to covid19 could be prevented with an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide (ClO2). This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness of an aqueous solution of ClO2 (CDS) as a prophylactic agent in 1,163 family members living with positive/suspected COVID19 patients. Prophylactic treatment consisted of 0.0003% chlorine dioxide solution (CDS) orally for at least fourteen days. Family members in whom no reports of the development of covid19-like symptoms were found in the medical history were considered successful cases. The efficacy of CDS in preventing covid19-like symptoms was 90.4% (1,051 of 1,163 relatives did not report any symptoms). The comorbidities, sex and severity of the illness of the sick patient did not contribute to the development of symptoms similar to covid19 (P = 0.092, P = 0.351 and P = 0.574, respectively). However, older relatives were more likely to develop covid19-like symptoms (ORa = 4.22, P = 0.002). There was no evidence of alterations in blood parameters or in the QTc interval in relatives who consumed CDS. The recent findings regarding Chlorine Dioxide justify designing clinical trials to assess its efficacy for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Experimental Study of the Impact of Chlorine Dioxide on the Permeability of High-Rank Contaminated Coal Reservoirs.

The permeability of high-rank coal reservoirs is generally low, and high-viscosity working fluid can also contaminate the reservoirs and reduce permeability during drilling and fracturing engineering. These two reasons lead to a lot of low-yield CBM wells in the southern Qinshui Basin, China. The impact of chlorine dioxide on the permeability of high-rank coal has been studied in detail. The coal samples with changed characteristics before and after treatment were compared using coal–ash, displacement, immersion, and plug removal experiments. The ash experiment results show that the ash content of the coal samples decreased by 16.35%. The displacement and immersion experiments using chlorine dioxide solution showed that displacement with chlorine dioxide could increase permeability. The permeability of coal samples increased by 3005.77% after 80 h of immersion. The plug removal experiment results show that the permeability of contaminated coal samples was recovered by 11.10–38.90%, with an average recovery of 27.90%. The experimental results show that chlorine dioxide is effective in improving the permeability of high-rank contaminated coal reservoirs. This research result can be applied to low-yield CBM wells polluted by high-viscous working fluid to increase gas production.