BaCl2 Research Articles

Application of Phosphate Precipitation for Removing Strontium and Barium from Alkali Chloride Based Melts

The reaction of solutions of barium and strontium chlorides in LiCl–KCl, NaCl–KCl, and NaCl–KCl–CsCl based melts with sodium orthophosphate was studied at 450 and 750oC. The initial phosphate-to-alkaline earth molar ratio varied from 0.5 to 14 and the excess of phosphate required for the complete conversion of AECl2 (AE = Sr, Ba) to phosphates as well as phase composition of the phosphates produced were determined. Normal orthophosphates alongside with lithium phosphate were formed in lithium chloride containing melts, whilst double alkali–alkaline earth phosphates and chloro-phosphates were obtained in NaCl–KCl and NaCl–KCl–CsCl based melts. Size of the particles comprising solid precipitates was determined; the values varied from 0.1 to tens microns. Increasing the initial PO4 3– : AE2+ molar ratio did not have a pronounced effect on the particle size.

Scintillating glass‐ceramic substrates for indirect flat panel detectors in digital radiography

AbstractIndirect flat panel detectors (I‐FPDs) enable digital radiography at high X‐ray energies. However, the performance of these devices is limited due to the large number of X rays that pass through them undetected. The authors hypothesize that a glass‐based scintillator may serve as a substrate for the thin film transistors and photodiodes in an I‐FPD, leading to improvements in X‐ray detection for improved performance. The authors synthesized a series of five glass‐ceramic scintillators based on an oxyhalide glass matrix. Each glass ceramic contains barium chloride crystals which serve as scattering centers to prevent “light trapping” in the material; barium chloride is also a well‐known scintillation crystal. Four of the samples contain trivalent terbium, which serves as a second luminescent center. The light output of each sample was compared against a well‐known X‐ray scintillator, gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) under RQA9 exposure conditions, in the back‐irradiation configuration. The addition of terbium oxide to the glass composition increases the detected light output, which varies by concentration. The thickness of the glass‐ceramic scintillator has a profound effect on performance, with the results influenced by such factors as self‐attenuation of emission in the thicker samples and decreased X‐ray capture in the thinner samples. The brightest sample tested achieved a light output 13% that of the GOS intensifier screen. The results indicate that the use of scintillating glass‐ceramic substrates should lead to increased performance in indirect digital radiography.

Investigation on single crystal by tartaric acid–barium chloride: growth and characterization of novel NLO materials

The progress of single crystal followed by C4H6O6 (tartaric acid) and BaCl2 (barium chloride) (TABC; third-order nonlinear optics semi-organic) was synthesized with slow evaporation method using distilled water at room temperature. TABC single crystal was introduced into various characterizations like X-ray diffraction to determine inter atomic cell parameter values. The samples are crystalline structure of monoclinic, which have space group of P2. The functional groups of the current material are identified using FT-IR spectrum. Optical parameters like transparency, energy bandgap and Urbach energy have been determined using UV–vis–NIR spectrum. The thermal stability of the material was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter analysis. The mechanical property was studied using Vickers microhardness test. The surface morphology of the material was determined by scanning electron microscope technique. The change in dielectric behaviour of TABC with respect to the function of frequency at various temperatures has been keenly absorbed and discussed. The third-order nonlinear optical parameters were measured using Z-scan analyses.

Barium blockade of the KcsA channel in open and closed conformation datasets.

Barium is a potent blocker of the KcsA potassium channel. A strategy using x-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been used to understand this phenomenon as described in Rohaim et al. [1]. Wild type KcsA is purified to homogeneity and crystallized in low and high K+ conditions. Crystals are grown using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. To examine barium binding in the selectivity filter of KcsA, the crystals are systemically soaked in various concentrations of barium chloride solution. X-ray crystallography datasets are collected at the Advanced Photon Source. A total of 10 datasets are collected for various barium ion concentrations. Diffraction data are processed using the crystallography pipeline software RAPID. The crystal structures are solved by molecular replacement methods. The structure models are visualized using COOT and refined using REFMAC. Anomalous map coefficients are calculated using the phenix.maps tool in the PHENIX software suite. The datasets are deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The data provides a detailed picture of barium ion interaction with potassium channels. Structural analysis of the KcsA channel reveals two distinct configurations, open- and closed- state. Further MD simulation analysis suggests an energetically favorable binding mechanism for barium ion in the selectivity filter. The data could be used to interpret functional experiments related to barium blockade for potassium channels. Also, it is valuable for comparison and cross validation with other relevant potassium channel structures.

Botulinum Toxin-Chitosan Nanoparticles Prevent Arrhythmia in Experimental Rat Models.

Several experimental studies have recently demonstrated that temporary autonomic block using botulinum toxin (BoNT/A1) might be a novel option for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. However, the assessment of antiarrhythmic properties of BoNT has so far been limited, relying exclusively on vagal stimulation and rapid atrial pacing models. The present study examined the antiarrhythmic effect of specially formulated BoNT/A1-chitosan nanoparticles (BTN) in calcium chloride-, barium chloride- and electrically induced arrhythmia rat models. BTN enhanced the effect of BoNT/A1. Subepicardial injection of BTN resulted in a significant antiarrhythmic effect in investigated rat models. BTN formulation antagonizes arrhythmia induced by the activation of Ca, K and Na channels.

Mechanism underlying the vasodilation induced by diosmetin in porcine coronary artery

Diosmetin is a flavonoid present naturally in citrus fruit. Plants containing diosmetin have been reported to have anti-hypertensive and vasorelaxant effects. Therefore, experiments were carried out to study the effects of diosmetin in segments of the porcine coronary artery (PCA).PCA rings were mounted for isometric tension recording in isolated tissue baths and pre-contracted with the thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619 or KCl. Cumulative concentration response curves to diosmetin were then carried out in the presence or absence of inhibitors or activators of different signaling pathways. The effect on calcium channels was determined by investigating the effect of a single concentration of diosmetin (30 μM) on calcium-induced contractions or contractions to BAY K8644.Diosmetin caused a concentration-dependent relaxation after pre-contraction with U46619 or KCl, which was unaffected by removal of the endothelium. Tetraethylammonium (TEA), and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), but not barium chloride, caused significant inhibition of the diosmetin-mediated vasorelaxation, indicating a role for potassium channels. Diosmetin inhibited calcium-induced contractions and contractions to the L-type calcium channel opener BAY K8644. Furthermore, diosmetin inhibited the contractions in response to caffeine, cyclopiazonic acid and ionomycin, indicating a general effect on calcium-induced contractions. Contractions in response to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were also inhibited by diosmetin, suggesting that it may inhibit a calcium-activated PKC isoform.In summary, diosmetin produced significant vasodilatory effects. The data indicate a role for potassium channels as well as an effect on calcium-induced contractile pathways, possible through inhibition of PKC.

Hydrothermal synthesis, dielectric properties of barium titanate, cobalt doped barium titanate, and their graphene nanoplatelet composites

AbstractIn this work, pure barium titanate (BT) and cobalt doped barium titanate (CBT) were synthesized by using barium chloride, tetrabutyl titanate, cobalt chloride, and titanium chloride as precursors via a two‐step hydrothermal process. These precursor mixtures were further blended with a dispersion of surfactant + graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) judiciously during the second step of hydrothermal process to obtain their respective BT‐GNP and CBT‐GNP nanocomposites. The morphological and crystal structures of BT, CBT, BT‐GNP, and CBT‐GNP samples were analyzed by the powder XRD, and FESEM revealed that the formations of 10‐ to 30‐nm‐sized cubic phase BT, CBT nanoparticles with least amount of agglomerations, and more spherically shaped particles in the CBT, whereas their nanocomposite morphologies and compositional elemental mapping showed random distributions of BT and CBT particles over the GNP. The FT‐IR analysis indicated the presence of strong chemical interactions between the nanoparticles and GNP sheets in both the BT‐GNP and CBT‐GNP nanocomposites. Furthermore, the dielectric measurements carried out on the BT, CBT, BT‐GNP, and CBT‐GNP samples showed tremendous influences of metal doping and GNP on the BT which can support to tune its dielectric properties for several storage applications.

A Two-Dimensional Barium(II) Coordination Polymer with Pyridinium-2,3-Dicarboxylate: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Decomposition to Barium(II) Chloride Nanoparticles

A two-dimensional (2D) barium(II) coordination polymer [Ba(H2O)(µ-H2O)(µ-Cl)(µ-2,3-pyHdc)]n (1) (2,3-pyHdc = pyridinium-2,3-dicarboxylate), was prepared by reaction of barium(II) chloride dihydrate and pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid in aqueous solution and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and TGA/DTA methods. The single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that barium(II) ion in 1 has a distorted bicapped square-antiprismatic coordination geometry. The barium(II) ions are alternately bridged by the carboxylate O atoms only and by both carboxylate O atoms and water molecules, forming zig-zag chains of barium(II) ions extending along the [1 0 0] direction. All the barium(II) ions in these chains are also bridged by the chloride ions, resulting in the formation of an infinite 2D coordination network parallel to the (0 0 1) plane. Thermal decomposition of 1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol led to the formation of the BaCl2 nanoparticles. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the prepared BaCl2 nanoparticles. The PXRD trace showed a formation of BaCl2 with an orthorhombic witherite structure.

Analyzing the Microwave Absorption Properties of BaFe12O19, Ba4MnZnFe36O60 and NiFe2O4 Particles

A stoichiometric ratio of the Merck chlorides of Barium, Iron, nickel and NaOH as an agent was used to obtain the nano-crystalline ferrites (BaFe12O19, Ba4MnZnFe36O60 and NiFe2O4) by a combination of co-precipitation and high-energy reactive milling (RM) methods. After milling, the as-synthesized ferrite materials were exposed to a heat treatment at 1100°C for 4 h with the heating rates of 10°/min. After cooling the powders of ferrites inside the furnace, they were sintered at 1200°C for 4 h. The microstructural, structural, magnetic, and microwave absorption features were examined by x-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) and network analysis (VNA), respectively. As can be seen in the hysteresis loops, both saturation magnetization and coercivity were changed by altering the ferrite kind. After sintering, the Ba-ferrites showed a smaller amount of saturation magnetization of 300 G (0.03 T) and a larger quantity of intrinsic coercivity 1.8 kOe (144 KA/m) compared to the Ni-ferrite and Ba4MnZnFe36O60. After sintering, the samples’ reflection loss spectra were changed and reached the maximum value of − 35 dB (at resonance frequency) for NiFe2O4, making it suitable␣for application in the microwave and resonance absorbers.

Corrección de la acidez del suelo : alteraciones químicas del suelo

La alternativa más común para corregir la acidez del suelo consiste en el empleo de enmiendas calcáreas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto del encalamiento en la fertilidad de algunos suelos representativos de la zona cafetera de Colombia. Se evaluaron las propiedades químicas de cinco suelos luego de un mes de incubación con cinco dosis de cal (0; 1,25; 2,50; 5,00 y 10,00 g dm-3). Los tratamientos afectaron diferencialmente a los suelos en su pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CIC, Al3+, Fe2+, Mn2+, NO3-, saturación de bases y relación de bases intercambiables. El pH del suelo logró explicar con mayor ajuste las variaciones de Al3+ que el porcentaje de saturación de Al3+. La CIC, determinada mediante el acetato de amonio 1 M y con pH=7,0, no fue un método adecuado para determinar el efecto del encalamiento; caso contrario ocurrió con la solución no-tamponada de cloruro de bario. Se presentó una alta correlación entre el porcentaje de saturación de bases y el pH para cada suelo; sin embargo, no se encontró una tendencia que pudiera explicar las variaciones de todos los suelos de manera conjunta. Los cambios de la CIC, generados por el incremento del pH que ocasionó el encalamiento, estuvieron en función de los contenidos de la materia orgánica. Una parte de los contenidos de Ca y Mg determinados en el análisis del suelo correspondió a la fracción no intercambiable, resultado que se relacionó con la baja solubilidad de la cal y soporta su efecto residual.

Effect of artemether on the mechanical activities of isolated smooth muscles of non-pregnant uterus and ileum in mice and wistar rats

This study investigated the effect of artemether on smooth muscle contractility to drugs in non-pregnant female wistar rats. The effect of artemether (2.1x10-6 to 2.1x10-2) on isolated uterine and ileum muscle strips was studied using sixteen (16) mature female Wister rats (160 -190g) mounted on organ baths. The study further investigated the effect of artemether on sub-acute histopathological examination of the ileum using standard in vivo procedures in mice models. Data obtained from the study were represented on table, graph and photomicrographs. The results of this study revealed that artemether (2.1x10-6 to 2.1x10-2 ) alone did not produce contractile responses, but caused significant inhibition on contractile responses induced by acetylcholine ( 4x10-5 to 4x10- 1M) on isolated ileal smooth muscle tissue in rats in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05); also artemether significantly inhibited the contractions induced by oxytocin 8x10-10 to 1x10-6 I.U.) and barium chloride ( 8x10-6 to 8x10-2 mg/ml ) on uterine smooth muscle strips in rats in a dose dependent manner; with Emax of 13.5 ± 0.2 and 12.6 ±. 0.4 mm respectively, all the observed results were independent of tissue species variation. (p<0.05- 0.01). This study revealed that artemether exhibited no adverse effect on the non-pregnant uterus and the rat ileum, hence its safety in the treatment of malaria, as recommended by the World Health Organization.

IMPACT OF BEETROOT (BETA VULGARIS RUBRA) AND/OR SWISS CHARD (BETA VULGARIS CICLA) JUICES ORAL ADMINISTRATION AGAINST BARIUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED HYPOKALEMIA, ATPASE DISTURBANCE, AND HEART AND LUNG TOXICITY IN RATS

Objective: The research designed to explore, for the 1st time, the probable antioxidant activity and protective effect of oral administration of beetroot (Beta vulgaris Rubra) and Swiss chard (B. vulgaris Cicla) juices against barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced toxicity in rats through investigating the changes on complete blood picture, heart and lung oxidative biomarkers, cardiac function tests, inflammatory markers as well as adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, hypokalemia, and electrolyte disturbances.&#x0D; Methods: Seventy-five adult male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strains (150±5 g) were divided into five groups (15/each) except healthy control group which contains 10 rats, and BaCl2 control group that contains 20 rats as follows: Group I: Healthy control; Group II: BaCl2 control, and Groups III, IV, and V: BaCl2 intoxicated groups supplemented with 1 ml of beetroot, Swiss chard, and combination of both juices, respectively/kg body weight 3 times per week orally.&#x0D; Results: Results explored that beetroot and Swiss chard juices contain significant amount of polyphenols and flavonoids as well as macro- and micronutrients that improved the complete blood picture, heart and lung oxidative stress parameters, cardiac function tests, inflammatory markers, ATPase activity, hypokalemia, and also electrolyte balance in supplemented groups compared to BaCl2 control group.&#x0D; Conclusion: This search illustrated that fresh beetroot and Swiss chard juices can improve various biochemical abnormalities resulted from BaCl2 toxicity. BaCl2 intoxicated rats that were supplemented with combination of juices showed the most significant improvements.

Visual Colorimetric Determination of Sulfate Ion in Water Using Coprecipitation Phenomenon of Potassium Permanganate and Barium Sulfate

An on-site analytical technique for the colorimetric determination of sulfate ion in a water sample was developed based on the formation of purple precipitates as mixed crystals composed of barium sulfate with permanganate. Potassium permanganate solution and acidic barium chloride solution with hydrochloric acid were added in sequence into 1.5 mL of the sample, then the mixed crystals precipitated and suspended. The residual excess of permanganate ion remaining in the mother solution was reduced with ascorbic acid to turn it colorless. At that time, colors of the suspended precipitates became observable. The intensity of purple color tone of the suspension varied depending on the concentration of sulfate ion. The concentration was determined semi-quantitatively by visual comparison of the intensity with standard color charts. The proposed colorimetry permitted us to determine sulfate ion at the range of 50 to 2000 mg L−1. The time required for the on-site analysis was less than one minute. We applied the colorimetry to the real drainage samples taken from biological desulfurization systems and obtained good results useful for maintenance of them.

The wasting-associated metabolite succinate disrupts myogenesis and impairs skeletal muscle regeneration.

Muscle wasting is a debilitating co-morbidity affecting most advanced cancer patients. Alongside enhanced muscle catabolism, defects in muscle repair/regeneration contribute to cancer-associated wasting. Among the factors implicated in suppression of muscle regeneration are cytokines that interfere with myogenic signal transduction pathways. Less understood is how other cancer/wasting-associated cues, such as metabolites, contribute to muscle dysfunction. This study investigates how the metabolite succinate affects myogenesis and muscle regeneration. We leveraged an established ectopic metabolite treatment (cell permeable dimethyl-succinate) strategy to evaluate the ability of intracellular succinate elevation to 1) affect myoblast homeostasis (proliferation, apoptosis), 2) disrupt protein dynamics and induce wasting-associated atrophy, and 3) modulate in vitro myogenesis. In vivo succinate supplementation experiments (2% succinate, 1% sucrose vehicle) were used to corroborate and extend in vitro observations. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic studies were then performed to investigate the impact of succinate elevation on mitochondria function. We found that in vitro succinate supplementation elevated intracellular succinate about 2-fold, and did not have an impact on proliferation or apoptosis of C2C12 myoblasts. Elevated succinate had minor effects on protein homeostasis (~25% decrease in protein synthesis assessed by OPP staining), and no significant effect on myotube atrophy. Succinate elevation interfered with in vitro myoblast differentiation, characterized by significant decreases in late markers of myogenesis and fewer nuclei per myosin heavy chain positive structure (assessed by immunofluorescence staining). While mice orally administered succinate did not exhibit changes in overall body composition or whole muscle weights, these mice displayed smaller muscle myofiber diameters (~6% decrease in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distribution), which was exacerbated when muscle regeneration was induced with barium chloride injury. Significant decreases in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distributions were observed 7 days and 28 days post injury. Elevated numbers of myogenin positive cells (3-fold increase) supportive of the differentiation defects observed in vitro were observed 28 days post injury. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic assessment of myoblasts revealed that succinate elevation caused both widespread metabolic changes and significantly lowered maximal cellular respiration (~35% decrease). This study broadens the repertoire of wasting-associated factors that can directly modulate muscle progenitor cell function and strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic derangements are significant contributors to impaired muscle regeneration, an important aspect of cancer-associated muscle wasting.

Effect of acupuncture at different layers of local "Neiguan" (PC6) tissue on arrhythmia and expression of myocardial Cx43 in rabbits

To compare the therapeutic effect of shallow and deep needling at "Neiguan"(PC6) in the treatment of arrhythmia in rabbits. Male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into saline (n＝15), model (n＝12), shallow needling (n＝13) and deep needling (n＝12) groups. The arrhythmia model was established by ear intravenous injection of Barium chloride (0.4%, 1 mL/kg). Acupuncture needle was inserted into the superficial fascia (about 3 mm beneath the skin) or deep layer (5 to 8 mm, near the median nerve) of local PC6 tissue (fore limb), manipulated for a while and then retained for 10 min. Histopathological changes of myocardium was observed after H．E. stain, and the immunoactivity of connexin 43 (Cx43) detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC). Various degrees of arrhythmia and down-regulated expression of myocardial Cx43 were observed in all rabbits after modeling. After EA intervention and compared with the model group, the initial time of arrhythmia and Cx43 expression were obviously increased (P<0.01), and the duration of arrhythmia was significantly shortened in both deep and shallow needling groups (P<0.01). Compared with the shallow needling group, the Cx43 expression was increased in the deep needling group (P<0.01). H．E. staining showed disordered and wavy arrangement of myocardial fibers, with exudation of serous and erythrocytes in the myocardial interstitium in the model group, which was relatively mild in both needling groups. IHC showed disordered distribution of Cx43 in the ventricular myocytes and almost no obvious band-like distribution at the discs in rabbits of the model group, and abundant distribution of Cx43 in the sacral disc in the deep needling group, and strip-shaped, cluster-like, point-like, visible at both end-to-end connections and side-to-side connections in the shallow needling group. Both shallow and deep needling can significantly reduce the duration of arrhythmia in arrhythmia rabbits, which may be associated with its effect in up-regulating expression of myocardial Cx43 protein.

Apparent molar volume and coefficients of Jones-Dole equation for the evaluation of ion- solvent interactions of barium chloride in aqueous 1, 4-dioxane and ethylene glycol solutions at T= (298.15 K to 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure

The viscosity and density of barium chloride have been measured at T= (298.15-313.15) K in aqueous solutions of 1, 4-Dioxane (1,4-DO) and Ethylene glycol (EG). Jones–Dole equation was used to analyze the viscosity data. The apparent molar volume, V_ϕ limiting apparent molar volume, V_ϕ^0 are calculated from the density data. Limiting apparent molar expansibilities, E_ϕ^0 have been used to describe the temperture dependency of V_ϕ^0. The standard volume of transfer, ΔtV_ϕ^0 and viscosity B-coefficient of transfer, ΔtB of barium chloride from water to aqueous 1, 4-DO and EG solutions were systematizing the different types of interactions in the given solutions. The structure making and breaking capacity of solute in solutions was interpreted with the help of Helper equation. The positive value of (∂2V_ϕ^0/∂T2)p suggests the structure making nature for BaCl2 in given solution. It is observed that Friedman-Krishnan co-sphere model explains the increase in the transfer volume of BaCl2 with an increase in 1,4-DO and EG concentrations. The activation parameters of the viscous flow of the given solutions were calculated and interpreted using transition state theory.

Higher Susceptibility to Skeletal Muscle TA (Tibialis Anterior) Injury with Increased Inflammation in Aged Mice.

BackgroundSkeletal muscle contributes to a major portion of normal human body weight and plays a key role for physiological functions including growth, development and a host of metabolic regulating roles. Therefore, skeletal muscle injury is a major concern, particularly in pediatric and older populations.ObjectiveTo evaluate the differences in skeletal muscle injury, we utilized male Wild type C57BL6 young (5‐month old; n=4), and mature‐aged (12‐month old; n=4) aging mouse models.MethodsWe utilized Barium Chloride injection to induce inflammatory damage to the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), and monitored early skeletal muscle changes during 72 hours. Immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis was conducted to identify changes between saline treated vs. barium chloride treated TA muscle.ResultsH&amp;E staining from injured TA muscle identified an area of damage of ~52% in the young compared to a significantly larger area of damage of ~78% in mature mice. We also performed histomorphometric analyses to identify additional morphological changes. We found changes consistent with an increased cross sectional area post injury along with increased inflammation in the injured TA muscle.ConclusionsThe barium chloride TA muscle injury model allows for evaluation of TA muscle injury as early as 72‐hour post injection. Barium chloride injured muscles show significantly increased inflammation compared with saline injected muscle. The mature‐aged 12‐month old mice demonstrated greater injured area and enhanced inflammatory response, suggesting that even in mature mice, there is an increased susceptibility to muscle damage. These findings might have previously unforeseen consequences for older adults reaching middle age.Support or Funding InformationNIH R01 DK119066 and William N. Saunders Endowment in geriatric pharmacotherapy to (SMT). MB was partially supported by NIH‐National Institutes of Aging PO1 AG039355 (M.B.), and R01AG056504 and R01 AG060341 (M.B.), and the George W. and Hazel M. Jay and Evanston Research Endowments (MB).

The Contribution of Environment to Impair Re‐Innervation in Age‐Related Failure of Muscle Regeneration Following Injury

An age‐related decline in the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has been hypothesised to play an important role in the loss of muscle mass and force generating capacity that occurs during ageing and to contribute to the incomplete regeneration of skeletal muscle following damage.The aim of this study was to determine the relative levels of innervation of muscle fibres from adult and old wild type (WT) mice and in mice lacking superoxide dismutase (SOD1) SodKO mice prior to and during regeneration following extensive muscle damage induced by barium chloride (BaCl2). Based on the known role of environment as a contributor to the success of muscle regeneration, an additional aim was to test whether the deficits in innervation, muscle mass, and force generation seen in muscles of old mice was evident in muscles transplanted from old donors into adult hosts and vice versa.Male B6.Cg‐Tg (Thy1‐YFP) mice aged 8–10 months (adult) or 24 months (old), male adult (8–10 months) mice lacking SOD1 (C57Bl/6 Sod1KO mice) and male adult SOD1KO mice crossed with Thy1‐CFP (SOD1KO‐CFP) were used for the BaCl2 study. Mice were anaesthestised and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was injected with 50ul BaCl2, (1.2% wt/vol in sterile saline). Adult and old WT mice were allowed to recover for up to 60 days. SOD1KO mice were studied prior to‐ and at 28 days post damage, the time point where failure in recovery of contractile force was seen in old WT mice.Male WT adult (6–8 months) and old (22 – 24 months) mice were used for the muscle transplant studies. EDL muscles were transferred to the new host, where the tendons were hen repaired and the nerve from the host implanted into the transplanted muscle. At 28 and 60 days following transplantation, mice were culled and EDL muscles were removed, contractile function measured and NMJ structure examined.For analysis of NMJ structure the post‐synaptic regions of fixed EDL muscles were stained with alpha‐bungarotoxin and Dapi. Multiple images were collected from each muscle and the innervation status of each NMJ was assessed.Data demonstrated that although the 30% full denervation of NMJ structure in association with some reduction in fibre diameter may be responsible for the 35% muscle force deficit that occurred in mice that lack SOD1, the level of denervation could not solely explain the substantial force deficit in muscle from old WT mice following extensive damage and regeneration. In contrast, data support the conclusion that the deficit in force seen in muscles from old WT mice following regeneration from damage is caused by the environment in which the muscle regenerated since transplantation of EDL muscles from either adult or old mice into old mice leads to defective regeneration of those muscles; however, experiments aimed at determining whether the environment impacted the effectiveness of re‐innervation remained inconclusive with substantial disruption evident in all instances.Support or Funding InformationWith thanks to National Institute of Ageing (AG051442) and University of Liverpool for their support.

MP30-13 USE OF UNIFORMLY SIZED MUSCLE FIBER FRAGMENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy I (MP30)1 Apr 2020MP30-13 USE OF UNIFORMLY SIZED MUSCLE FIBER FRAGMENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE In Kap Ko, Eun Sang Yoo, Sang Mi Park, Bu-Kyu Lee, John Jackson*, Ji Hyun Kim, James Yoo, and Anthony Atala In Kap KoIn Kap Ko More articles by this author , Eun Sang YooEun Sang Yoo More articles by this author , Sang Mi ParkSang Mi Park More articles by this author , Bu-Kyu LeeBu-Kyu Lee More articles by this author , John Jackson*John Jackson* More articles by this author , Ji Hyun KimJi Hyun Kim More articles by this author , James YooJames Yoo More articles by this author , and Anthony AtalaAnthony Atala More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000000869.013AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Treatment of muscle function loss due to traumatic injury, congenital defects, or tumor ablations is clinically challenging. The current treatment standard is grafting of autologous muscle flaps, however significant donor site morbidity and graft tissue availability remain a problem. Alternatively, muscle fiber therapy has been attempted to treat muscle injury by transplanting single fibers into the defect site. However, irregularly organized long fibers resulted in low survivability due to delay in vascular and neural integration, thus limiting the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, no effective method is available to permanently restore extensive muscle injuries. To address the current limitations, we developed a novel method that produces uniformly sized native muscle fiber fragments (MFFs) for muscle transplantation. We hypothesized that fragmentation of muscle fibers into small and uniformly sized fragments would allow for rapid reassembly and efficient engraftment within the defect site, resulting in accelerated recovery of muscle function. In this study, we applied autologous MFFs to restore sphincteric muscle anatomy and function for the treatment of urinary incontinence. METHODS: We developed an MFF processing method that produces uniformly sized fragments (approximately 100 μm in width and length) with intact muscle cells on the fiber surface. To test the therapeutic effects of the MFF technology, we created several rodent muscle injury models, including 1) a muscle atrophy model using toxin treatment such as barium chloride (BaCl2), 2) a volumetric muscle defect model by surgical ablation, and 3) urinary incontinence (UI) model by damaging the external sphincter of urethra. The effectiveness of the MFF therapy was determined by structural and functional recovery of muscle tissues in these models. RESULTS: The processed MFFs have a dimension of approximately 100 μm and contain living muscle cells on extracellular matrices (ECM). In preclinical animal studies using muscle atrophy, volumetric defect, and urinary incontinence models, histological and functional analyses confirmed that the transplanted MFFs into the injury sites were able to effectively integrate with host muscle tissue, vascular, and neural systems, which resulted in significant improvement of muscle function and mass. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the MFF technology platform is a promising therapeutic option for the restoration of muscle function in several muscle defect models, including the urinary incontinence. The ease of preparation and short processing time makes this technology readily usable as a point of care procedure in the operating room. Source of Funding: Departmental funding © 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 203Issue Supplement 4April 2020Page: e443-e443 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information In Kap Ko More articles by this author Eun Sang Yoo More articles by this author Sang Mi Park More articles by this author Bu-Kyu Lee More articles by this author John Jackson* More articles by this author Ji Hyun Kim More articles by this author James Yoo More articles by this author Anthony Atala More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Study of Barium Sulfate Scale Dissolution into Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Barium sulfate (barite) scale deposition may cause the problem in surface and subsurface production equipment resulting in reduced production, decrease in pressure, and premature failure of down holes equipment. One of the barite scale management is by using dissolver. There are many chelating agents that can be used to dissolve this scale including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In this work, EDTA is used to dissolve the laboratory-reproduced barium sulfate scale. Barite scale was reproduced in the laboratory by mixing barium chloride (BaCl2) solution and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solution at 25°C. The sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the optimum parameters/conditions in which EDTA dissolution is optimum through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-EOS) analysis and characterization study using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). This includes the effect of agitation, temperature, pH, catalyst used, and the presence of oxalate ion. These laboratory tests showed that the solubility of barite increased as it was agitated; at high pH of 11 to 13; and at elevated temperature of 95°C. Potassium chloride (KCl) at high elevated temperature was used as synergy/activator to improve the dissolution of barium sulfate with EDTA. As a conclusion, this project sets a framework to identify the best EDTA formulation and estimate its dissolution profile to ensure a more informed treatment design for barite scale removal.