LiCl Research Articles

High-Conductivity, Self-Healing, and Adhesive Ionic Hydrogels for Health Monitoring and Human-Machine Interactions Under Extreme Cold Conditions.

Ionic conductive hydrogels (ICHs) are emerging as key materials for advanced human-machine interactions and health monitoring systems due to their unique combination of flexibility, biocompatibility, and electrical conductivity. However, a major challenge remains in developing ICHs that simultaneously exhibit high ionic conductivity, self-healing, and strong adhesion, particularly under extreme low-temperature conditions. In this study, a novel ICH composed of sulfobetaine methacrylate, methacrylic acid, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers, sodium alginate, and lithium chloride is presented. The hydrogel is designed with a hydrogen-bonded and chemically crosslinked network, achieving excellent conductivity (0.49 ±0.05 S m-1), adhesion (36.73 ±2.28kPa), and self-healing capacity even at -80°C. Furthermore, the ICHs maintain functionality for over 45 days, showcasing outstanding anti-freezing properties. This material demonstrates significant potential for non-invasive, continuous health monitoring, adhering conformally to the skin without signal crosstalk, and enabling real-time, high-fidelity signal transmission in human-machine interactions under cryogenic conditions. These ICHs offer transformative potential for the next generation of multimodal sensors, broadening application possibilities in harsh environments, including extreme weather and outer space.

High Capacity and Ultralong Lifespan Aqueous Lithium-Bromine Batteries Realized by Low-Cost Concentrated Electrolyte Coupled with Dependable Lithium Titanium Phosphate.

Aqueous halogen batteries are gaining recognition for large-scale energy storage due to their high energy density, safety, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the limited electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes and the absence of desirable carbonaceous hosts that facilitate halogen redox reactions have hindered the advancement of halogen batteries. Here, a low-cost, high-concentration 26 m Li-B5-C15-O6 aqueous solution incorporating lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium chloride (LiCl), and lithium acetate (LiOAc) was developed for aqueous batteries, which demonstrated an expanded electrochemical stability window of ca. 2.5 V. In addition, the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte in various carbonaceous hosts (graphene, activated carbon, and nitrogen-doped activated carbon (NAc)) was systematically investigated. In-depth analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the NAc host promoted the redox kinetics of active bromine species and improved the delivery capacity of the battery. Results revealed that the electrolyte in the NAc host achieved a discharge specific capacity exceeding 376 mA h g-1 while maintaining a capacity retention rate of up to 97% after 7800 cycles. When paired with hierarchically porous LTP@C/CNTs anode material, a LTP@C/CNTs-NAc full cell was constructed, which delivered a discharge specific capacity of 238.4 mA h g-1 and an average output voltage of 1.24 V. Moreover, it demonstrated a reversible specific capacity of 158.2 mA h g-1 with near-complete Coulombic efficiency over more than 10,000 cycles.

Nanocellulose-toughened super-stretchable ionic conductive gel fibers for wearable strain sensors.

In recent years, conductive gel materials have attracted extensive attention in the field of flexible electronics because of their excellent elasticity. When constructed as gel fibers, they can adapt to greater deformation, be woven, and be assembled with fabrics to make wearable smart devices without compromising comfort. However, gel fibers reported often exhibit insufficient mechanical properties and poor adaptability to different environment. Herein, a super-stretchable ionic conductive gel fiber is reported. It is formed via a solvent-free template-assisted strategy, with a polyacrylamide (PAM) - TEMPO-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNF) double-network as main structure. The influence of each component content was analyzed. The addition of TOCNF significantly toughens the fiber (breaking strength, strain and toughness of 3.55 MPa, 1715.66 % and 4.75 MJ/m3, respectively) and provides larger channels for ion transport. The synergistic effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) and glycerin in system endows the fiber with properties of anti-dehydrating, anti-freezing, and good ionic conductivity (0.128 S/m). When used as a wearable strain sensor, the gel fiber has good linear response (sensitivity gauge factor of 0.8128) in the strain range of 0-300 %, which can accurately and stably sense human body movement, such as finger bending, wrist activities, walking and running in real time.

Retraction: Lithium chloride inhibits titanium particle-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Retraction: Lithium chloride inhibits titanium particle-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Innovative Organic Electrolytes for Enhanced Energy Density and Performance in Supercapacitors

ABSTRACTSupercapacitors, known for their high‐power energy storage capabilities, have garnered significant attention due to their rapid charge–discharge cycles and extended life span. To expand their application in fields such as electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable electronic devices, the development of advanced electrolytes that can boost energy density, power density, and overall performance is crucial. This study introduces a novel electrolyte formulation comprising lithium chloride in ethylene glycol and Magnesium Acetate in methanol. These formulations are designed to address existing challenges and enhance supercapacitor efficiency. The study reports impressive specific capacitance values (Csp = 582, 360, and 224 F/g), specific energy (SE = 323, 200, and 124 Wh/kg), and specific power (SP = 11 628, 7200, and 1322 W/kg) for lithium chloride, magnesium acetate, and zinc chloride electrolytes, respectively. These findings open new avenues for developing optimal and sustainable energy storage solutions in an increasingly electrified world. Continued research in this domain is expected to unlock the full potential of supercapacitors, contributing to a cleaner and more energy‐efficient future.

Solid-liquid Extraction of Lithium Chloride with a Simple and Flexible Heteroditopic Receptor

Abstract The global demand for lithium has surged in recent years due to its wide applications in industry and medicine. We have achieved selective solid-liquid extraction of LiCl using a heteroditopic receptor with an ether linker as a cation recognition site and two urea functionalities as cooperative anion recognition sites. The receptor exhibits high selectivity for LiCl from 1H NMR spectra by complexation in CD3CN and CDCl3. The solid-liquid extraction, followed by stripping to neutral aqueous phase using with the receptor revealed recovery of LiCl about 90% by ion chromatography and ICP-MS analyses, with a slight competition with MgCl2. LiCl was also recovered from the artificially prepared salt mixture and natural one from the Salar de Uyuni by the solid-liquid extraction with less competitive recovery of MgCl2.

Electro-driven direct lithium extraction from geothermal brines to generate battery-grade lithium hydroxide

As Li-ion batteries are increasingly being deployed in electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage, the demand for Li is growing rapidly. Extracting lithium from alternative aqueous sources such as geothermal brines plays an important role in meeting this demand. Electrochemical intercalation emerges as a promising Li extraction technology due to its ability to offer high selectivity for Li and its avoidance of harsh chemical regenerants. In this work, we design an economically feasible electrochemical process that achieves selective lithium extraction from Salton Sea geothermal brine and purification of lithium chloride using intercalation materials, and conversion to battery grade (>99.5% purity) lithium hydroxide by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. We conduct techno-economic assessments using a parametric model and estimated the levelized cost of LiOH•H2O as 4.6 USD/kg at an electrode lifespan of 0.5 years. The results demonstrate the potential of our technology for electro-driven, chemical-free lithium extraction from alternative sources.

Evaluation of lithium chloride safety and toxicokinetics for injection in minipigs

Evaluation of lithium chloride safety and toxicokinetics for injection in minipigs

Computing chemical potentials with machine-learning-accelerated simulations to accurately predict thermodynamic properties of molten salts.

The successful design and deployment of next-generation nuclear technologies heavily rely on thermodynamic data for relevant molten salt systems. However, the lack of accurate force fields and efficient methods has limited the quality of thermodynamic predictions from atomistic simulations. Here we propose an efficient free energy framework for computing chemical potentials, which is the central free energy quantity behind many thermodynamic properties. We accelerate our simulations without sacrificing accuracy by using machine learning interatomic potentials trained on density functional theory (DFT) data. Using lithium chloride as our model system, we compute chemical potentials with DFT-accuracy for solid and liquid phases by transmuting ions into noninteracting particles. Notably, in the liquid phase, we demonstrate consistency whether we transmute one ion pair or the entire system into ideal gas particles. By locating the temperature where the chemical potential of solid and liquid phases cross, we predict a melting point of 880 ± 18 K for lithium chloride, which is remarkably close to the experimental value of 883 K. With this successful demonstration, we lay the foundation for high-throughput thermodynamic predictions of many properties that can be derived from the chemical potentials of the minority and majority components in molten salts.

Highly sensitivity and wide-range flexible humidity sensor based on LiCl/cellulose nanofiber membrane by one-step electrospinning

Cellulose is considered an ideal material for flexible electronic humidity sensors due to its green renewable nature, rich surface groups and strong hydrophilicity. However, the traditional cellulose-based humidity sensor cannot simultaneously have wide detection range, high sensitivity and fast response time, which seriously hinder their development and application. Here, an ultrathin Lithium chloride (LiCl)/cellulose nanofiber membrane as moisture sensitive materials was prepared by one-step electrospinning and used to assemble a high-performance humidity sensor. N, N-Dimethylacetamide/Lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) solvent system was used to dissolve the cellulose, and DMAc volatilized into the air while LiCl remained in the cellulose nanofibers during the electrospinning process. LiCl as a highly moisture-sensitive inorganic salt has strong hydrophilicity and enhances the moisture sensing detection limit of cellulose fiber (especially under low humidity conditions), thus giving the cellulose moisture sensor excellent sensitivity (up to 4191 %) and a wide detection range (5–98 % RH). The nanometer size of cellulose fibers, the extremely low thickness and large pores of cellulose membranes accelerate the mass exchange of moisture between the air and the membrane, thus giving cellulose humidity sensor a fast response/recovery time (99/110 s) and low hysteresis (2.9 %). Moreover, the performances of humidity sensors didn’t degrade even after being subjected to long-term application (>30 days), high/low temperatures (73.6/0.1 ℃) and thousands of bending cycles. The proposed LiCl/cellulose nanofiber humidity sensor brings innovative solutions for the design of cellulose based sensor with great potential for use in non-contact humidity detection, respiratory monitoring and sleep apnea detection applications.

Diospyros mespilifoemis hochst Modulates the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rat following Lithium chloride pilocarpine-induced Epilepsy

Objectives: Epilepsy is a disease with vast complexity and diverse clinical manifestations causing neuronal misfiring. Diospyros mespiliformis (DM) possesses anti-epileptic properties. Methods: Fifty rats were used for this study. Group A received normal saline while groups B, C, D, and E received lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, i.p.) + pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce seizure. Following induction, C, D, and E received 50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg DM and 10 mg/kg sodium valproate respectively (p.o) while B was left untreated. Rats were assessed for Open field and radial arm maze tests. Levels of SOD, MDA, catalase glutamate, GABA, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were assayed using appropriate protocols. Histological and immunohistochemistry tests were done. Results: DM reduced glutamate levels in C, D and E when compared with A and B while there were no significant changes in the levels of GABA across groups. DM significantly reduced IL-6 in C, D and E but not in A and B while there were no significant changes in TNF alpha across groups. DM boosted catalase release than superoxide dismutase to the after-status epilepticus. In the open field test, DM reversed the altered activities in the epileptic rats. DM ameliorates neuronal vacuolation, disorientation and increased reactive gliosis. There was positive NeuN reactivity across groups except in D. Conclusion: We concluded that DM (probably 1,2,3-Benzenetriol content) can be employed in managing epilepsy as evident in the mitigation of histoarchitecture and the maintenance of the levels of the neurotransmitters.

Numerical exploration of performance enhancement in falling film liquid desiccant cooling system using additive materials

ABSTRACT Liquid desiccant dehumidification has garnered significant attention due to its numerous benefits. This study focuses on enhancing the efficiency of liquid desiccant dehumidification through the use of modified solutions, particularly by incorporating polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as an additive. PVP is a nonvolatile, odorless, and nontoxic surfactant that was selected to enhance the dehumidification performance of the liquid desiccant system. Computational fluid dynamics was employed to investigate the dehumidification performance of falling film liquid desiccant systems. The study aims to assess the impact of PVP, solution parameters, and moist air conditions (humidity concentration, temperature, and flow rate) on dehumidification effectiveness. The specific objectives of the numerical simulation include analyzing performance metrics such as dehumidification rate and effectiveness to evaluate the enhancement in the falling film liquid desiccant cooling system. The selection of lithium chloride (LiCl) as the base solution and PVP as an additive at 0.4 wt% is highlighted as a key aspect of the study. The findings indicate that PVP significantly improves dehumidification effectiveness by reducing the contact angle of liquid solution on the surface plate and increasing the surface wetting ratio, thereby enhancing moisture transfer capacity. Optimal dehumidification performance is achieved with the combination of LiCl and PVP at the specified concentration. The study reveals that increasing solution or air inlet temperature reduces the dehumidification rate, while raising solution or air inlet concentration, velocity, or air humidity strengthens the dehumidification process. Additionally, the efficacy of dehumidification increases with solution velocity but decreases with solution intake concentration or air velocity. Overall, the results demonstrate an average relative increase of 21.6% in dehumidification rate and 17.4% in dehumidification effectiveness, underscoring the effectiveness of PVP in enhancing vapor absorption capability and overall system efficiency in Liquid Desiccant Cooling systems (LDCs). This enhancement is attributed to the reduction in surface tension of the liquid desiccant, as evidenced by the decrease in contact angle from 58.6° to 28.9°.

Non-Neuronal Pathology of Rotenone in Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Protective Effect of Lithium Chloride

Non-Neuronal Pathology of Rotenone in Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Protective Effect of Lithium Chloride

The Dual Effect of Lithium Chloride on the Efficiency of Generating Mouse-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using certain factors. The low efficiency of the reprogramming, as well as the heterogeneity of iPSCs, limits the potential application for iPSCs in cell therapy. Here, we show that lithium chloride (LiCl), a known activator of the Wnt signaling pathway, reduces or enhances the efficiency of iPSC generation from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) depending on the timing of its addition during the reprogramming. Our results not only demonstrate a method to improve the efficiency of iPSC formation by LiCL, but also indicate its dual role in this process.

A Squaramide-Crown Ether-Based Receptor and Polymer for Enhanced Lithium Chloride Extraction.

A non-mulitmacrocyclic ion pair receptor with the ability to cooperatively bind lithium cations and halide anions is presented. These receptors feature a squaramide function for anion binding and are directly linked to a benzo-4-crown-12 unit to achieve selectivity toward lithium salts. Ion pair receptors 1 and 3 demonstrated stronger anion binding in the presence of cobound cations, while anion receptor 2 lacks this property. X-ray measurements supported the simultaneous binding capability of ion pair receptors for both cations and anions. Under solid-liquid extraction (SLE) conditions in acetonitrile, ion pair receptors 1 and 3 selectively extract lithium salts. The more lipophilic receptor 1 can extract LiCl in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and SLE, with the latter process notably more selective and effective. Improved LLE extraction of lithium chloride was achieved using copolymer 5 containing receptor units in the structure. The inability of receptor 2 or benzo-12-crown-4 ether to extract salts is attributed to the absence of a heteroditopic binding domain in their structures. This underscores the significant influence of both anion and cation binding domains in the receptor structures on the effective and selective extraction of lithium halide salts. The selectivity of these receptors and the polymeric material toward lithium salts suggests significant potential for extracting lithium from brine solutions with elevated halide content.

SUSTAINABLE LITHIUM RECOVERY FROM LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PYRO AND HYDROMETALLURGICAL TECHNIQUES

Different sort of Batteries are used in many diversified applications such as cars, radios, laptops, mobile phones, and watches. They are classified as primary and secondary batteries. The former one is known as alkaline batteries made up of zinc and manganese as primary source and mainly used for household purposes, which convert directly chemical energy into electrical energy. The later one is usually made up of nickel (Ni), cadmium, nickel metal hydride or lithium-ion and it is mainly used in mobile phones, electronic items, cameras etc. The main concern of using batteries is the threat to the environment at the end of their usages. Among all type of batteries, Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are gaining world-wide interest owing to their use in almost all modern life devices. In addition, it is of paramount importance to develop new technologies to minimize any environment impact caused while disposing of such heavy metal bearing residues, since, on the one hand, the metals they contain can affect the environment and, on the other hand, such metals are valuable at an industrial level. In this work, the recoveries of lithium and manganese from the cathodes of exhausted lithium-ion batteries will be investigated using a pyrometallurgical chlorination process, followed by a hydrometallurgical process for the proper solubilisation of the lithium, manganese and cobalt chlorides formed. The tests were carried out in isothermal conditions, in alumina reactor so that it will be possible to operate in corrosive atmospheres. The effect of temperature and reaction time on lithium, manganese and cobalt extractions were also considered. The reagents, products and solid residues of chlorination were characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results were be analysed to assess the efficiency of lithium, manganese and cobalt extractions as LiCl, MnCl2 and CoCl2, respectively. Once these metals were solubilized, lithium was precipitated in the form of carbonate, which is the raw material for the subsequent production of the batteries.

Intranasal Delivery of Lithium Salt Suppresses Inflammatory Pyroptosis in the brain and Ameliorates Memory Loss and Depression-like Behavior in 5XFAD mice.

This study compares the changes in lithium concentrations in the brain and blood following the administration of intranasal or oral lithium chloride (LiCl) dissolved in either Ryanodex Formulation Vehicle (RFV) or water, as well as the therapeutic effectiveness and side effects of intranasal versus oral lithium chloride (LiCl) in RFV, and their mechanisms for inhibiting inflammation and pyroptosis in 5xFAD Alzheimers Disease (AD) mice brains. In comparison to oral LiCl in RFV, intranasal LiCl in RFV decreased lithium blood concentrations but increased brain concentrations and duration, resulting in a significantly higher brain/blood lithium concentration ratio than intranasal LiCl in water or oral LiCl in RFV in young adult mice. Intranasal LiCl in RFV robustly protects both memory loss and depressive behavior in both young and old 5xFAD mice, with no side effects or thyroid/kidney toxicity. In fact, intranasal LiCl in RFV protects against age-dependent kidney function impairment in 5xFAD mice. This lithium mediated neuroprotection was associated with its potent effects on the inhibition of InsP3R-1 Ca2+ channel receptor increase, ameliorating pathological inflammation and activation of the pyroptosis pathway, and the associated loss of synapse proteins. Intranasal LiCl in RFV could become an effective and potent inhibitor of pathological inflammation/pyroptosis in the CNS and treat both dementia and depression with no or minimal side effects/organ toxicity, particular in AD.

Sparteine Metal Complexes as Chiral Catalyst for Asymmetric Synthesis – A Review

The commercial availability of (2)-sparteine reflects its easy isolation by extraction of papilionaceous plants such as Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in the field of asymmetric synthesis that use sparteine as chiral diamine ligand, emphasizing the use of sub-stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of this ligand. Lithium, palladium copper, cobalt, nickel, titanium and zinc chloride complexes with sparteine. It has found widespread use as a chiral ligand for asymmetric reactions. Asymmetric aldol reaction, Sonogashira-type reaction, Henry reaction, Oxidative kinetic resolutions of secondary alcohols, Michael addition reaction, asymmetric aerobic oxidative, Wacker cyclization of allylphenol, deprotonation, Mukaiyama aldol reaction are the various asymmetric reactions often lead to highly enantioselective transformations biologically active molecules and natural products.

Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to increase B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 by lithium chloride attenuates the toxicity of cisplatin in the HEI-OC1 auditory cells

Cisplatin is widely used in anti-tumor therapy, but the ototoxicity caused by high-dose cisplatin often limits its efficacy, and the specific mechanism of cisplatin-induced cochlear damage is still not perfect. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is closely related to aging, embryonic development, and apoptosis. Meanwhile, B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 (BMI1) plays a certain role in the evolution and development of the inner ear and the occurrence and development of inner ear-related diseases. Our study intends to explore the role and specific mechanism of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and BMI1 in improving cisplatin ototoxicity. The appropriate experimental concentrations for each drug were selected by CCK-8 cell proliferation assay and Western Blot to detect apoptosis. The lentivirus transfection of HEI-OC1 cochlear hair cells was used to overexpress BMI1. Western Blot, qPCR, and immunofluorescence detected the activation of each component of BMI1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in each experimental model. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and BMI1 are jointly involved in cisplatin-induced cell injury. Low lithium chloride (LiCl) concentrations activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, increased BMI1 expression, and reduced cisplatin-induced hair cell injury. In contrast, overexpression of BMI1 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and reduced hair cell injury. Meanwhile, the increased cisplatin-induced damage to hair cells by inhibiting BMI1 could not be rescued by LiCl. In conclusion, LiCl can ameliorate cisplatin ototoxicity by elevating BMI1 expression through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overexpression of BMI1 inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and reduces cisplatin-induced hair cell damage.

Unraveling the Nature of Interfacial Behavior in the LiTFSI-LiCl Aqueous Biphasic System.

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) with water-in-salt electrolytes are gaining significant attention for their role in aqueous biphasic interphase studies, particularly in energy storage devices. Aqueous salt-salt biphasic electrolytes are considered a promising alternative to replace traditional liquid electrolytes commonly used in battery technologies, for example, membrane-less redox flow batteries, owing to their low cost and high ionic conductivity. However, the stability of the interphase over time must be considered, as it can impact the long-term electrochemical performance in various applications. This study reports the unstable interfacial behavior of lithium bis(trifluoro-methanesulfonyl)imide and lithium chloride (LiTFSI-LiCl) system using an optical microscope and electrochemical properties. These observations reveal the liquid-liquid instability phenomenon at the interphase over time. Moreover, this research discovers and analyzes the unwanted solid phase formation at the LiTFSI-LiCl interphase. This study not only contributes to fundamental knowledge in interfacial science but also holds significant implications for developing novel applications reliant on ABSs stability.