Chloride Film Research Articles

High rubber elasticity and thermal conductivity in plasticized polyvinyl chloride film with flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties

AbstractFor hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) modified polyvinyl chloride (PVC), magnesium hydroxide and antimony trioxide are frequently employed as flame retardants. Fume silica is thought to be useful reinforced agent for rubber as well as efficient flame retardant for polymer‐based composites. The plasticized PVC and HNBR blend in this work were combined with three fillers mentioned above to create rubber‐plastic composites that performed well overall, with a notable improvement in combustion. The limiting oxygen index of the composites increased from 23.7% to 33.8% with no droplets falling during combustion, the smoke density rating decreased from 23.8% to 7.9%, and the maximum smoke density dropped from 95.5% to 15.5%. The cone calorimetry test findings revealed that the three fillers simultaneously prevented the emission of smoke and heat from combustion. High thermal conductivity is typically linked to excellent flame retardancy. The thermal conductivity of composites rose from 0.193 to 0.583 W m−1 K−1 with the addition of fillers. Furthermore, the low glass transition temperature and permanent set of improved composites reflect its softness and rubber elasticity. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to examine the thermal stability of the composites in nitrogen and air, and the results indicated the addition of fillers improved the thermal stability.

Production of Bio-plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Films Synthesized from Microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris)

Abstract Bio-based plasticizers for PVC films are being explored to replace conventional phthalate-based plasticizers due to the threats they pose to human health and the environment. In the present study, fatty acids from Chlorella vulgaris were extracted via Microwave-assisted Extraction and were epoxidized using esterification and transesterification reactions in a magnetically stirred reactor to produce EFAME plasticizer. FTIR Analysis determined the presence of an epoxy group as the peak C=O stretch (1739.79 cm−1) was detected. PVC films were synthesized at different concentrations of EFAME (30%, 40%, and 60%). At 40% of EFAME, the PVC exhibited high displacement in the tensile strength and elongation at break test, which was used as a basis to produce PVC-A, PVC-B, and PVC-C, and was compared to phthalate-plasticized PVC film, PVC-D. SEM-EDX Analysis verified the presence of PVC and EFAME in the plasticized PVC films as Carbon, Oxygen, and Chlorine elements were detected. PVC A had the lowest weight loss percentage at 40.96% indicating it has developed high migration resistance among the extraction mediums used. DSC analysis confirmed the plasticizing effect of EFAME as the glass transition temperature of bioplasticized PVC films decreased. Using One-way ANOVA, the physicochemical tests of PVC films plasticized with EFAME showed significantly better results than PVC films plasticized by DOP. Thus, the present study indicates that the bio-based plasticizer derived from C. vulgaris is a better and a potential alternative for phthalates in plasticizing PVC films.

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL PRODUCTION

Currently, in the rapid development era of new technologies and in order to increase the economic efficiency of production, more and more attention is paid to the current automation, control, and optimization problems of technological processes in the oil refining, petrochemical, and chemical industries [1-11]. It is known that the production of commercial propylene glycol is one of the most important industries in modern chemical technology. Propylene glycol can act as one of the components in the obtaining drug's process. In addition, it is used for lubrication and preservation of food packaging machines, is used as a plasticizer in the production of cellophane and polyvinyl chloride films, as a solvent for natural and synthetic substances in the preparation of ointments, pastes, creams, shampoos, etc., in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, in the food industry as a solvent for food additives and a tobacco humectant, etc. Based on the relevance of the above, this article, based on a comprehensive study of the features of the chemical-technological process for obtaining propylene glycol, in particular, the chemical reaction of obtaining commercial propylene glycol in one of the main apparatuses for the studied block - the hydrator, a physically substantiated mathematical statement of the optimal control problem of this apparatus is formulated. The optimal control problem of the studied technological apparatus is reduced to obtaining the maximum amount of the target product, considering the restrictions imposed on the control parameters. It is established that by its nature and specificity, it is a nonlinear programming problem, for the solution of which in the presented article an algorithm for optimizing the modes of the technological process is proposed, based on the use of the Lagrange multiplier method. An analysis of the results for solving the optimal control problem of the obtaining propylene glycol process showed that when maintaining the optimal values of the control parameters obtained by us, the amount of propylene glycol obtained increases by 3.5% compared to the actual amount. Keywords: technological process, commercial propylene glycol, optimal control problem, control parameters, Lagrange multiplier method, technological apparatus.

Application of interlayer perforation and installation of transparent elements in the technology of duplicated decorative polymer films

Objectives. To develop technologies for producing multilayer films of transparent thermoplastic polymers; to study methods of modifying their supramolecular structure; and to determine their optical properties by means of optical-polarization methods for the use of modified films as decorative and design materials in modern architecture.Methods. Industrial samples of polystyrene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride films from various manufacturers (Don Polimer, Vektor, and Sibur) were the objects of the study. The optical properties of the films were studied by means polarized-light spectrophotometry. In order to modify the supramolecular structure of the polymers, the surfaces of the films were treated under isometric conditions with volatile solvents or their aqueous solutions. Parts of the layers of multilayer films were removed by cutting with a punching knife using a press or with a manual device for perforating printing materials.Results. The spectral characteristics of multilayer films of several transparent thermoplastic polymers in polarized light were determined. The study showed that a wide palette of colors and contrasting images can be obtained by mechanically removing part of the layers of multilayer films. The phenomenon of pseudo-disappearance of the outermost layer was discovered after treatment of a stack of films under isometric conditions with volatile solvents or their aqueous solutions.Conclusions. Based on the example of large-scale production thermoplastics, it was shown that a combination of technological methods of stacking, perforation, and local plasticization of films of transparent thermoplastic polymers can produce pleochroic multicolor materials for a range of human activities. The possibility of hidden coding of information on multilayer packaging materials, and its visualization and instrumental reading in polarized light was confirmed by color differential and contrast of 150 and 60 units, respectively. It was also shown that several monochrome tones of different lightness and brightness can be obtained by varying the number of layers or perforating the films in multilayer materials.

Application of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles to Enhance Ultraviolet Light Resistance of Polyvinyl Chloride Films

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films were chemically modified by including organic groups, amino group of ethylenediamine (en), and furtherly treated with aromatic aldehyde. The modification process included synthesizing the films by casting utilizing tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent. The films were enriched with five metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), specifically: TiO2, Co2O3, Cr2O3, NiO and CuO, in order to enhance their resistance to photodegradation. The films were subjected to UV light. The resulting damage was assessed both analytically and morphologically. The methods used for examination of the chemical structure comprised FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. SEM and AFM were utilized to test the morphology of polymeric films. The efficiency of the modified PVC films to resist UV light was assessed by measuring the roughness factor (Rq) of the irradiated PVC films. The incorporation of NPs into the modified PVC resulted in films with high resistance to UV light, as confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and weight loss measurement. The film made from modified PVC/Schiff base CuO NPs showed superior resistance to photo-degradation, as evidenced by the findings obtained from FT-IR spectra, surface morphological analysis, and weight loss.

Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Incorporated with Antioxidant ZnO-Flavonoid Nanoparticles: A Strategy for Food Preservation.

Antioxidant films were prepared using poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) incorporated with 0.5% or 1.0% zinc oxide (ZnO)-flavonoid (quercetin or morin) nanoparticles (NPZnO-Q% or NPZnO-M%) via the casting method. NP incorporation within the polymer matrix influenced the structural, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of the PVC-based films, as well as their antioxidant activity as assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Our results indicated that increasing ZnO-flavonoid NP concentration increased films thickness, while reducing ultraviolet light (UV) transmittance but conserving transparency. The presence of NPZnO-Q% or NPZnO-M% improved the surface uniformity and thermal stability of the active films. In terms of antioxidant activity, there was an enhancement in the DPPH radical scavenging capacity (PVC/ZnO-Q1.0% > PVC/ZnO-Q0.5% > PVC/ZnO-M0.5% > PVC/ZnO-M1.0% > PVC), suggesting that the packaging can help protect food from oxidative processes. Therefore, these antioxidant films represent an innovative strategy for using as active food packaging material, especially intended for aiding in quality preservation and extending the shelf life of fatty foods.

Synthesis, Structural, and Optical Properties of Modified Poly(vinyl Chloride) Thin Films by Ethylenediamine Loaded with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

AbstractPoly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) films modified with ethylenediamine (en) and doped by nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, NiO, and MgO). A mixture of 0.5 g PVC/en dissolved in THF and 0.01 wt % of nanoparticles were used in doping PVC to produce the nanocomposite films. All modified PVC films were characterized by different analysis techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR), diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DRS was used to analyse the scattered IR energy of the samples at wavelengths between (250–1350 nm). The optical properties and oscillator strength were also studied, the transmittance and reflectance values declined for the PVC films, and the absorption coefficient was observed between (79–89 %). The direct energy gap decreased from 4.6 to 1.9, and the indirect energy gap reduced from 4.3 to 1.9. The XRD exhibited a semi‐crystalline structure and the SEM test exhibited a porous structure of all samples. The Urbach energy was increased from 0.8772 eV to 14.712 eV, single oscillator energy ( ) was also increased from 6.38 eV to 13.69 eV and the dispersion energy increased from 23.40 eV to 70.63 eV. Moreover, the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rq of the PVC films in modified and doping were increased from 3.86 nm to 8.14 nm, and 5.08 nm to 10.10 nm respectively. So, PVC results show increased optical properties after modification with en and doping by NPs are used in the light conversion and aerospace industries.

Enhanced photostability of polyvinyl chloride films through antipyrine derivatives: a comprehensive study on UV resistance and degradation inhibition

Enhanced photostability of polyvinyl chloride films through antipyrine derivatives: a comprehensive study on UV resistance and degradation inhibition

Porphyrin films as discrete elements for nucleoside identification: Experimental and DFT study

In this work, the interaction of metal-free octaethylporphyrin (P) and a Mn(III) octaethylporphyrin chloride (MnP) films with various RNA nucleoside molecules (adenosine [A], cytidine [C], guanosine [G] and uridine [U]) was investigated to elucidate a possible molecular recognition. The porphyrin film-nucleoside interaction took place in solution, which was analyzed to quantify the nucleoside adsorption. The films were investigated by using microscopy and spectroscopic techniques (SEM, AFM, UV-Vis and IR), in addition to the in-plane film conductivity. Experimental results were correlated with DFT calculations to investigate binding energies, separation distances, and adsorption sites, among others. From these results, it was observed that purine bases were preferably adsorbed by the metal-free porphyrin film, while pyrimidine bases were adsorbed on the manganese porphyrin surface. Conductivity results exhibited the highest resistance for the bare metal-free film, but its conductivity increases after nucleoside adsorption, being the purine molecules the most resistive and the pyrimidine molecules the most conductive. In contrast, the Mn porphyrin film showed the highest conductivity, but after nucleoside adsorption, the resistivity increased for purine and pyrimidine bases, being pyrimidines the less conductive. DFT calculations showed binding energies PG>PA>PC>PU and MnPC>MnPG>MnPA>MnPU, which were consistent with experimental findings. In general, the main interactions took place between the porphyrin core and the pentose of the nucleoside, while MnP formed Mn porphyrin-nucleoside arrangements with octahedral geometry. The calculated UV-Vis spectra were in agreement with the experimental plots. From these results, changes in nucleoside adsorption can lead to a selective recognition of nucleoside molecules.

Use of talc and pyrogenic silicon dioxides as dispersants in production of rigid polyvinyl chloride films filled with calcium carbonate

The influence of dispersing agents (talc and hydrophilic silicon dioxides) on the physical and mechanical properties of rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films filled with calcium carbonate is considered. Test results for tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength were analyzed for film samples containing different ratios of dispersant and filler.

A comparative study of comprehensive performances for transparent plasticized polyvinyl chloride films with different plasticizers

AbstractFor flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films with excellent mechanical performances and high transparency, the demand for antistatic properties is becoming increasingly urgent in textile and electronic fields. This study compares the effects of 60 phr bis (2‐(2‐butoxyethoxy) ethyl) adipate (DBEEA) with other five equal amounts of plasticizers on the conductivity, electrical stability, transparency, and mechanical properties of plasticized PVC. The infrared spectra of plasticizers indicate that there are unique ether groups exist in DBEEA. Then the calculated solubility parameters suggest the good compatibility between DBEEA and PVC. For conductivity, the volume resistivity and surface resistivity of the PVC sample with DBEEA (PVC/DBEEA) are 107 Ω· m and 1010 Ω, respectively, which are both lower by 3–4 orders of magnitude than that of other plasticized PVC. For electrical stability, the results indicate that PVC/DBEEA placed in air still maintains lowest resistivities. Under 10, 23, and 30°C, PVC/DBEEA keeps high and stable electrical properties. The similar refractive indices of DBEEA and PVC resin prepared by suspension method indicate good transparency for PVC/DBEEA. Moreover, PVC/DBEEA still has good mechanical property.

PREVENTING OF MIGRATION IN FOOD CONTACT POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-BASED STRETCH FILMS WITH POLYLACTIC ACID LAYER

In this study, the effectiveness of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) coatings for the prevention of residues migrating through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films was investigated. PLA films prepared in chloroform at concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% were heat sealed to PVC film surfaces in a hot press (130 °C, 5 min, 5 tons). Physical, mechanical, FTIR and migration analyses were performed on these two-layer films. With PLA coating, the thickness of the films increased, mechanical properties decreased and some changes in color values occurred. It was determined by FTIR that there was no structural change on both surfaces of the films as a result of hot pressing. From the overall migration analysis, no migration was observed in the tests with aqueous food simulants, while migration was detected in fatty food simulants. In the specific migration analysis by GC-MS, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) migration decreased by 50% with PLA coating. It is concluded that PLA coating of PVC stretch films may be a promising application to reduce migration.

Application of Ultrafine Bubble Technology for Reducing Sodium Metabisulfite Concentration in Preserving Trimmed Coconuts

The export of trimmed coconuts necessitates controlling microbial growth and browning, often achieved through the use of sodium metabisulfite (SMS). However, SMS can elicit allergic reactions in operators. To address this concern, ultrafine bubble (UFBs) technology was applied to reduce the SMS concentration. Trimmed coconuts were dipped in either a 1.5% SMS solution or a combination of 1.5% SMS with UFBs (1.5% SMS-UFBs) and compared to coconuts dipped or not dipped in a 3% SMS solution. All treated coconuts were then wrapped with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film and stored at 2–4 °C for 2 months, followed by transfer to storage at 8–10 °C for an additional 14 days. The results indicated that halving the SMS concentration, with or without UFB application, effectively controlled microbial growth and browning, comparable to using 3% SMS. No contamination of E. coli or Salmonella spp. was detected. The mesocarp whiteness, browning index, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and total phenolic content of coconuts treated with 1.5% SMS or 1.5% SMS-UFBs did not differ significantly from those dipped in 3% SMS solution (p > 0.05). Similarly, the quality of coconut water and coconut meat in SMS or SMS-UFB treatments did not show significant differences. In dry seasons, using 1.5% SMS with or without UFBs yielded comparable results to those obtained using 3% SMS. However, in wet seasons, the synergistic effects of UFBs on reducing microbial growth incidence were observed, similar to the impact achieved with 3% SMS, whereas 1.5% SMS alone did not inhibit microbial growth. Overall, UFB technology shows promise in reducing SMS concentration by 50% for trimmed young coconuts throughout the year.

Investigation of gamma radiation effects on the urine and drainage bags manufactured from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films

Investigation of gamma radiation effects on the urine and drainage bags manufactured from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films

The Enhancement of Photodegradation Stability of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Film by Surface Modification with Organic Functional Groups Doped with Different Type of Nano-Metal Oxides

The Enhancement of Photodegradation Stability of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Film by Surface Modification with Organic Functional Groups Doped with Different Type of Nano-Metal Oxides

Observation of SOMO-HOMO Inversion in a Neutral Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbon.

We report the generation of a nonbenzenoid polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbon, which consists of a biphenyl moiety substituted by indenyl units at the 4,4' positions, on ultrathin sodium chloride films by tip-induced chemistry. Single-molecule characterization by scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy reveals an open-shell biradical ground state with a peculiar electronic configuration wherein the singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) are lower in energy than the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO).

Effect of magnesium hydroxide fly ash compounded flame retardant on the properties of polyvinyl chloride

Abstract This study investigated the effects of compound flame retardants on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. Four F-M/PVC composite film materials (F0.1M0.1/PVC, F0.1M0.2/PVC, F0.1M0.3/PVC, and F0.1M0.4/PVC) were obtained by blending different ratios of fly ash (FA) and magnesium hydroxide (MH(OH)2, MH) compounded flame retardants (F-M) with PVC. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and smoke density of the composite film materials were examined. The results showed that the loss of mechanical properties of F0.1M0.2/PVC composites was small. TGA analysis showed that the thermal stability of the four F-M/PVC composites was improved. The degradation temperature of pure PVC at T50 was 286.5°C, and that of F0.1M0.2/PVC composites was 335.38°C. Smoke density analysis showed that the maximum smoke density of pure PVC was 6.310, and the maximum smoke density of the composite material (F0.1M0.4/PVC) was reduced to 5.960, which had a better smoke suppression effect. For the comprehensive utilization of Salt Lake magnesium resources, the development of PVC composite film materials to provide the experimental basis has a strong practical value.

Assessment of biodegradation and toxicity of alternative plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate: Impacts on microbial biofilms, metabolism, and reactive oxygen species-mediated stress response

Although di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DOTP) is being widely adopted as a non-phthalate plasticizer, existing research primarily focuses on human and rat toxicity. This leaves a significant gap in our understanding of their impact on microbial communities. This study assessed the biodegradation and toxicity of DOTP on microbes, focusing on its impact on biofilms and microbial metabolism using Rhodococcus ruber as a representative bacterial strain. DOTP is commonly found in mass fractions between 0.6 and 20% v/v in various soft plastic products. This study used polyvinyl chloride films (PVC) with varying DOTP concentrations (range 1–10% v/v) as a surface for analysis of biofilm growth. Cell viability and bacterial stress responses were tested using LIVE/DEAD™ BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Kit and by the detection of reactive oxygen species using CellROX™ Green Reagent, respectively. An increase in the volume of dead cells (in the plastisphere biofilm) was observed with increasing DOTP concentrations in experiments using PVC films, indicating the potential negative impact of DOTP on microbial communities. Even at a relatively low concentration of DOTP (1%), signs of stress in the microbes were noticed, while concentrations above 5% compromised their ability to survive. This research provides a new understanding of the environmental impacts of alternative plasticizers, prompting the need for additional research into their wider effects on both the environment and human health.

Utilizing pulverized waste polyvinyl chloride film as an alternative reducing agent for iron ore reduction

The research into using waste plastics as a substitute for coal powder and coke as a reducing agent has garnered significant attention, driven by various factors such as increased environmental concerns and growing interest in sustainable materials. This study investigates the process of carbothermal reduction using a mixture of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and iron concentrate. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the heat-treated polyvinyl chloride products (PVC370) exhibited superior reaction properties compared to anthracite. Reduction tests indicated that PVC370-bearing pellets were less sensitive to temperature changes than anthracite-bearing pellets, highlighting a potential advantage of PVC370 in industrial applications. Moreover, the metallization ratio of PVC370-bearing pellets exceeded that of anthracite-bearing pellets before reaching 1150 °C. At a temperature of 1100 °C and a C/O of 0.8, the metallization ratio of PVC370-bearing pellets peaked at 83.17 %. During the reduction process of PVC370-bearing pellets, hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) were efficiently released at relatively low temperatures. The efficiency of gas release in the reduction process could be attributed to certain factors, such as the composition or structure of the PVC370-bearing pellets. Notably, the quality of gasses generated during the reduction process of PVC370-bearing pellets is superior to that of anthracite-bearing pellets, even when considering chlorine content.

Preparation of Silane-Treated Eggshells Polyvinyl Chloride Films by Co-Precipitation: Effect of Vinyltrimethoxysilane Surface Treatment on the Tensile Properties

Waste eggshell powders with a particle size of less than 0.315 μm were surface treated with vinyltrimethoxysilane. XRD, FT-IR, BET and SEM analyses were used to determine the surface characteristics of eggshells before and after silane treatment. The preparation of films of unplasticized suspension polyvinyl chloride with untreated and silane-treated eggshells was done by co-precipitation of solutions from cyclohexanone. The tensile properties of obtained films containing vinyltrimethoxysilane-treated eggshell powders were investigated and analyzed relative to the compositions with untreated powders.