Chloride Extraction Research Articles

Novel method of poly aluminum chloride extraction from kaolin and its application for wastewater treatment

Most water resources are consumed by agriculture, particularly in developing countries. Consequently, the volume of wastewater from agriculture accounts for the majority of non-traditional water sources. This work extensively tackled the extraction, production, characterization, and application of leached poly aluminum chloride (PAC) from kaolin as a natural material to inhibit the pollution of water resources. The hydrochloric acid concentration percentage, pH, flux rate of HCl, and contact time were evaluated as factors controlling the output of leached PAC as (Al2O3). FTIR, XRD, and SEM were utilized to characterize the produced PAC as a novel material subsequently used in the treatment of agricultural wastewater. The empirical results revealed that the water treated with PAC™ complied with international standards and had no substantial variation in the dissolved ions. While employing PAC™, the maximum removal of turbidity, TSS, TOC, Nitrogen content and COD in agricultural wastewater reached 96.25%, 96.4%, 90%, 87.5%, and 75%, Whereas, the maximum removal of turbidity, TSS, TOC, Nitrogen content and COD in agricultural wastewater reached 95%, 95%, 80%, 84.4%, and 75%, respectively when using C-PAC. In conclusion, the use of PAC™ prepared from kaolin in agricultural wastewater treatment should be expanded as a low-cost and high-quality coagulant that protects the reverse osmosis membranes and mitigates the environmental impact of their disposal.

Flammutoxin, a Degradation Product of Transepithelial Electrical Resistance-Decreasing Protein, Induces Reactive Oxygen Species and Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells.

Proteins from Flammulina filiformis were prepared by sodium chloride extraction and fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation with increasing saturation degrees to obtain the protein fractions Ffsp-30, Ffsp-50, Ffsp-70, Ffsp-90, and Ffp-90. Among these protein fractions, Ffsp-50 possessed the most significant cytotoxic effect against three human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, viz. HT-29, SGC-7901, and HepG2. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS analyses revealed that flammutoxin (FTX) was present as a dominating protein in Ffsp-50, which was further evidenced by HPLC-MS/MS determination. Furthermore, native FTX was purified from Ffsp-50 with a molecular weight of 26.78 kDa, exhibiting notable cytotoxicity against gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Both Ffsp-50 and FTX exposure could enhance intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induce significant apoptosis in HepG2 cells. FTX was identified to be relatively conserved in basidiomycetes according to phylogenetic analysis, and its expression was highly upregulated in the primordium as well as the pileus of the fruiting body from the elongation and maturation stages, as compared with that in mycelium. Taken together, FTX could remarkably inhibit cell growth and induce ROS and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, potentially participating in the growth and development of the fruiting body. These findings from our investigation provided insight into the antigastrointestinal cancer activity of FTX, which could serve as a biological source of health-promoting and biomedical applications.

Effect of ECE in removing chlorides at free and bound ones in concrete contaminated with chlorides in cast and with penetrated chlorides

The present study concerned the effect of electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) to chloride-contaminated concrete on chloride removal with incremental depths after the ECE at 1000 mA/m2 for 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The steel reinforcement was taken as an anode, while the titanium mesh as cathode. The chloride was extracted by diluting concrete dust sample in acid solution and still water for total and free chlorides, respectively. As a result, most free chlorides were removed from concrete at the increased current density, while bound chlorides were quite removed, presumably due to a reduction of the alkalinity of concrete.

UV–Vis detection of E. coli 0157:H7 using Vitis vinifera and Musa paradaisica modified Au-NPs

Herein, we demonstrate the simple one-pot novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) functionalised with a combination of banana peel (Musa paradaisica) and grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit extracts. The reaction mixture of aqueous gold chloride, banana peel and grape extracts revealed a purple colour after a reaction time of one hour, an indication of the presence and the successful synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The optical and structural properties of the green synthesized nanoparticles were analysed using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) while their surface morphology was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Microscopy (HRTEM) and Small Angle X-Ray (SAX). Furthermore, a quick and simple surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study in the form of an optical sensor for the detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strain was also achieved using UV–Vis. The obtained limit of detection (LOD) value for SPR for the GBPE|Au-NPs|GCE-based system was found to be 1 × 102 CFU/mL, a value well in the range for detection in seawater.•Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) was functionalised using banana peel (Musa paradaisica) and grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit extracts as capping and stabilizing agents.•Structural characterization of the Au-NPs was achieved using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) while their surface morphology was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Microscopy (HRTEM) and Small Angle X-Ray (SAX).•The green synthesized Au-NPs were used to detect Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (E. coli 0157:H7) strain using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) where the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was studied.

MYCELIAL GROWTH KINETICS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF A SUBMERGED CULTURE OF THE MEDICINAL FUNGI GANODERMA RESINACEUM GA1M ISOLATED FROM BULGARIA

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the basic bioprocess parameters by applying mathematical modelling of the growth kinetics of Ganoderma resinaceum GA1M isolated from Bulgaria as well as assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the obtained biomass. The models of Monod, Moser, Andrews and Verhulst in combination with the Luedeking–Piret were applied for kinetics modelling of the cultivation process. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by applying four different methods. The disk diffusion method and broth microdilution methods were employed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the mycelium biomass extracts. Mathematical modeling of the kinetics of the cultivation process was performed and basic bioprocess parameters were determined. The obtained experimental data were in agreement with the applied mathematical models. The water extract of the mycelium biomass showed the highest antioxidant potential and the highest total phenolic content. The methylene chloride, methanol and ethanol extracts of the biomass demonstrated antimicrobial activity.

Separation of cobalt and nickel from ethylene glycol and glycerol feed solution in chloride media by non-aqueous solvent extraction with Cyphos IL 101

A non-aqueous solvent extraction (NASX) process for the separation of cobalt and nickel from ethylene glycol and glycerol/water feed solutions using the ionic liquid Cyphos IL 101 has been investigated. The use of undiluted Cyphos IL 101 was critically assessed and compared with solvent extraction systems in which toluene, p-cymene, Shellsol A150, and Shellsol GS190 were used as diluents. While the extraction of cobalt(II) chloride from aqueous solution was possible only at high chloride concentrations, extraction percentages of cobalt higher than 80 % were observed from ethylene glycol and glycerol/water feeds containing 0.8 mol·L-1 NaCl. Separation factors over 40,000 for cobalt and nickel could be achieved for extraction with undiluted Cyphos IL 101 from 2.4 mol·L-1 NaCl ethylene glycol and 1.6 mol·L-1 NaCl glycerol feeds. The distribution ratio of cobalt increased with increasing temperatures in both NASX systems. Studies on the mutual solubility showed that Cyphos IL 101 is highly soluble in ethylene glycol at 21 °C (i.e. phosphorus contents up to 432 mg∙L-1), but it turned out that impurities contributed for 400 mg∙L-1 to this value. On the other hand, only 87 mg∙L-1 of Cyphos IL 101 dissolved in glycerol at 21 °C. Finally, a conceptual flowsheet for the separation of cobalt and nickel by NASX is presented, including extraction, stripping, and recovery of the solvents.

Kinetic of Potassium Release from Vermiculite Clay Soil to Calcium Chloride and Citric Acid Solutions (Emphasis on Clay Mineralogy Changes)

ABSTRACT One of the potassium (K) sources for plant growth are the soil clay minerals (such as vermiculite) that have K element in their structure. The purpose of this research was the investigation of non-exchangeable K release from vermiculite clay soil to citric acid and calcium chloride extractants. Treatments included two vermiculite clay soil samples (with carbonatic (CV) and non-carbonatic (NCV)) and two extractants (0.01 M CaCl2 and citric acid). Thirteen successive extractions of K were done during 1, 2, 4, 6, 16, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 312, 384 and 552 h. Cumulative K release was determined and data was fitted to five kinetic equations. Results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments and extractants in K release. Cumulative K release to CaCl2 for CV and NCV was 3161 and 2935 mg kg−1, respectively while this was for citric acid 2172 and 1503 mgkg−1, respectively. The best kinetic models describing K release to CaCl2 and citric acid were Elovich (r = 0.98 and 0.80, p < .01) and power function equations (r = 0.96 and 0.76, p < .01). Maximum K release was observed in carbonatic vermiculite extracted with CaCl2 (1873 mgkg−1). Results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the peak intensity of vermiculite reduced with extraction time and no complete conversion were observed but its peaks showed the presence of mixed minerals such as mica-vermiculite and chlorite-vermiculite. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that vermiculite clay soil structure was changed and more voids were observed in the mineral structure with extraction time. It’s recommended that release experiment is done in longer time for better monitoring of vermiculite structural changes. The present study showed that vermiculite clay soil taken from Jiroft mine can be used as a natural source of potash fertilizer in sustainable agriculture.

Partial substitution of NaCl with alternative salts (KCl, CaCl2, and yeast extract) in smoked green mussel product

The excessive consumption of sodium (Na) is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as high coronary heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure. The substitution of Na in processed and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods is one of the main strategies for reducing sodium intake. This study investigated the effects of substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with alternative substances, such as potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and yeast extract, on the quality characteristics of smoked green mussels (SGM) and their quality during storage at 4 ± 1°C for 16 days. The smoking yield, color, water activity, pH, and texture profile of the SGM were negligibly changed following substitution of NaCl with the alternative chloride salts. However, substitution of NaCl with KCl and CaCl2 in the SGMs worsened sensory acceptance, especially at the high concentrations used. The highest sensory acceptance and satisfactory Na levels were remarkable in the yeast extract substitution associated with the taste profile using the E-tongue. The microbial loads and quality of the SGM flavored with yeast extract (SGM-Y) complied with the Thailand community product standard. In addition, SGM-Y was nutritionally rich in both macro- and micro-nutrients including essential amino acids. Therefore, SGM-Y could be a potential formulation to develop an alternative RTE food product showing health benefits for consumers.

Enhanced Bioactive Constituents and Improved AMPK and GLUT Dependent Glucose Uptake Effect of Thunbergia laurifolia Leaves by Calcium Chloride and Yeast Extract Elicitors in Postharvest Treatment

Enhanced Bioactive Constituents and Improved AMPK and GLUT Dependent Glucose Uptake Effect of Thunbergia laurifolia Leaves by Calcium Chloride and Yeast Extract Elicitors in Postharvest Treatment

Film electrode by incorporating polypyrrole/carbon black into cross-linked binders of chitosan/cationic polyacrylamide for selective chloride extraction in wastewater

Water-based binders are usually free of volatile organic compounds and hazardous reagents, which reduces the impact on the environment, and research and development of water-based binders has been progressing in recent years. In order to increase the adhesion and mechanical properties of the composite film electrode, lower the resistance to ion transfer, and improve the adsorption capacity of Cl−, a unique cross-linked aqueous binder composite film electrode was created. The film electrode for the electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) system's Cl− adsorption and desorption was successfully prepared by incorporating polypyrrole (PPy-Cl)/carbon black (C) into chemically cross-linked chitosan (CS) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) by glutaraldehyde (GA). The film electrode of formulated PPy-Cl/C/CS-c-CPAM had advantages over the film electrode of PPy-Cl/C/PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride). The PPy-Cl/C/CS-c-CPAM film electrode had 33.56 mg g−1 adsorption capacity when operated at 0.8 V for the oxidation potential, high selectivity, short adsorption time, and excellent adhesions. CS-c-CPAM composite binders provide a new direction for realizing the superior performance of the film electrodes.

Evaluation of Chloride Extraction Rates from Copper Compounds Under Subcritical Conditions

ABSTRACT This paper presents a critical review of the reasons behind the initiation of this project to find a more sustainable, cost efficient, and safer form of chloride extraction that would result in stabilisation of archaeological copper and its alloys with tin and zinc. The imperative has become increasingly strident with cutbacks in funding for museum conservation facilities and with the reduction in staff, leaving less time for routine analyses of traditional immersive washing treatments that could take several years to effect. Owing to the faster oxidation and reduction kinetics of copper, compared with tin and zinc ions, the problems of uncontrolled corrosion of copper alloys in a chloride-rich environment have led to unacceptable levels of decay in heritage collection items. This study looked at the chloride extraction rates under subcritical conditions for both primary and secondary chloride-rich mineral species nantokite, clinoatacamite, and atacamite and determined the impact of changing the solution pH from 8 to 10, while also addressing the impact of temperature. The range of temperatures between 130 and 230°C was assessed at 50°C intervals at both levels of acidity of the leaching liquors. For the nantokite treatment, the formation of a cuprite patina which replaced the waxy-grey initial corrosion products was regarded as a bonus. The nature of the patina and changes in surface textures resulting from the treatment are critically reviewed and a series of recommendations for future work are included in the conclusion.

Comparative Study of Genomic DNA Extraction Methods for Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the significant grains used in the human diet, accounting for half of all grain legumes consumed globally. To enhance production, conventional breeding and molecular approaches have been used so far. An efficient and rapid genomic DNA extraction method is required for these molecular approaches. The aim of this study was to compare and optimize an efficient and rapid DNA extraction protocol for common bean. Modified cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and potassium chloride (KCL) extraction methods were used. The mean DNA yield per nanoliter was 209 µg from modified CTAB and 150.3 µg from the KCL method. The concentration of gDNA was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher for the KCL method, which was 5.01 µg/µl and 2.09 µg/µl for the CTAB method. The obtained DNA was also pure, with an absorbance ratio at 260 nm to an absorbance of 280 nm (A260/280) of 1.75-2.23 for the KCL method and 1.86-2.09 for the modified CTAB method. Gel electrophoresis separation was used to evaluate the quality of the total DNA extracted by the present protocols. The results showed that intense bands close to the gel wells were obtained from both extraction methods. DNA isolated with the two methods was successfully used for PCR-based downstream analysis, which includes random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, it took approximately 150 minutes for KCL and 240 minutes for the CTAB for whole process. In contrast to the CTAB method, the KCL method uses inexpensive and less hazardous reagents and requires only ordinary laboratory equipment. Therefore, it is more convenient and economical than the traditional technique.

Modelling of Chloride Transport in the Standard Migration Test including Electrode Processes.

The modelling of chloride transport in concrete under an electrical field requires taking into account the electrode processes. These processes are very rarely introduced into the literature, despite their impact on chloride migration and the electroneutrality of the pore solution of the material. This paper aims to propose a multi-ion model for chloride migration that takes into consideration the electrode processes. The model is applied to simulate the standard chloride migration test. The generation of OH- in the cathode and H+ in the anode allows for the monitoring of the electroneutrality. The model considers all of the ions in the pore solution. Ion fluxes are calculated using the Nernst-Planck equation. The Langmuir model is used to simulate the chloride isotherms. The thermodynamic equilibrium in the material is considered, which reflects the ion-solid interactions during the migration. Measurements of water porosity and the chemical composition of the pore solution are essential to provide input data and the initial and boundary conditions. The numerical results of the ion profiles in the material studied confirm the electroneutrality at any point within the material, in contrast with models that do not take the electrode processes into account. The proposed model allows for the more accurate simulation of the chloride migration test and electrochemical chloride extraction in reinforced concrete structures subjected to NaCl as part of maintenance and repair strategies.

Effect of Imperial Smelting Process Slag Addition in Self Compacting Concrete Concrete on the Efficiency of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction.

This paper presents the analysis of how ISP slag addition affects the effectiveness of chloride extraction from self-compacting concrete. Corrosion processes were initiated by chloride ions added to concrete by the method accelerated with an electric field. Corrosion of reinforcement was monitored using the method of linear polarization resistance (LPR). Polarization measurements of steel reinforcement and chloride profiles were analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of electrochemical extraction. Microstructural analysis was conducted on a specimen of concrete after migration and extraction of chlorides. The presence of chloride ions and the application of an electric field during migration were tested with respect to the changed microstructure of concrete evaluated on the basis of image analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The research contributes to a better understanding of the corrosion processes caused by the presence of chloride ions in concretes in which ISP slag was used as a substitute for sand in various amounts. Thanks to the treatments of concrete with already corroding reinforcement bars, it can be concluded that the moderate replacement of sand with ISP slag limited to 25% allows for the effective inhibition of corrosion processes taking place in these concretes. However, it is not possible to completely withdraw already started corrosion processes in steel. The observations of the microstructure of concrete in which sand was completely replaced with ISP slag indicate that after prolonged use of the chloride extraction process, we can expect a change in the microstructure and the formation of ettringite, which may cause the concrete structure to burst. The obtained information will contribute to the development of modelling methods for chloride ion extraction from a wide range of currently used concretes.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 invitro potential of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) leaf extract: in-silico virtual evidence.

Ricinus communis L. is a medicinal plant that displays valuable pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. This study targeted to isolate and identify some constituents of R.communis leaves using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) and different chromatographic techniques. In vitro anti-MERS and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity for different fractions and for two pure isolated compounds, lupeol (RS) and ricinine (RS1) were evaluated using a plaque reduction assay with three different mechanisms and IC50 based on their cytotoxic concentration (CC50) from an MTT assay using Vero E6 cell line. Isolated phytoconstituents and remdesivir are assessed for in-silico anti-COVID-19 activity using molecular docking tools. The methylene chloride extract showed pronounced virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50=1.76 μg/ml). It was also shown that ricinine had superior potential activity against SARS-CoV-2, (IC50=2.5 μg/ml). Lupeol displayed the most potency against MERS, (IC50=5.28 μg/ml). Ricinine appeared to be the most biologically active compound. The study showed that R.communis and its isolated compounds have potential natural virucidal activity against SARS-COV-2; however, additional exploration is necessary and study for their invivo activity.

Pectin Nanoparticle-Loaded Soft Coral Nephthea sp. Extract as In Situ Gel Enhances Chronic Wound Healing: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies.

This study shed light for the first time on the in vivo diabetic wound healing potential activity of natural marine soft coral polymeric nanoparticle in situ gel using an excision wound model. A Nephthea sp. methanol-methylene chloride extract loaded with pectin nanoparticles (LPNs) was created. For the preparation of in situ gel, ion-gelation techniques, the entrapment efficiency, the particle size, the polydispersity index, the zeta potential, the in-vitro drug release, and a transmission electron microscope were used and the best formula was selected. Using (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS), 27 secondary metabolites responsible for extract biological activity were identified. Isolation and identification of arachidic acid, oleic acid, nervonic acid, and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) of Nephthea sp. was firstly reported here using NMR and mass spectral analyses. Moreover, LPN in situ gel has the best effects on regulating the proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) that were detected on days 7 and 15. The results were confirmed with an in vitro enzymatic inhibitory effect of the extract against glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), with IC50 values of 0.178 ± 0.009 and 0.258 ± 0.011 µg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking study showed a free binding energy of -9.6 kcal/mol for chabrolosteroid E, with the highest binding affinity for the enzyme (GSK-3), while isogosterone B had -7.8 kcal/mol for the enzyme (MMP-1). A pharmacokinetics study for chabrolohydroxybenzoquinone F and isogosterone B was performed, and it predicted the mode of action of wound healing activity.

Influence of migrating inhibitor concentration on corrosion resistance of steel reinforcement in concrete

To increase the service life and durability of reinforced concrete structures, new technologies have been developed, such as cathodic protection, re-alkalinization, chloride extraction, and the use of corrosion inhibitors. This study evaluated the influence of cement type, concrete cover thickness, and the addition of organic migrating corrosion inhibitor (MCI) on the corrosion resistance of the embedded steel in concrete against the induced action of chloride ions. To accomplish this, corrosion tests were carried out using electrode potential techniques simultaneously with acceleration cycles of chloride attack. Four mixtures with two levels of reinforcement cover (25 and 40 mm) were subjected to 30 weekly cycles of chemical attack: a reference mixture (without inhibitor) and three others adopting concentration levels of 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% of MCI in the volume of concrete. The concrete properties (compressive strength, voids, specific gravity, and water absorption by immersion and capillarity) were verified. In the corrosion tests on reinforced concrete with lower cover thickness, the mixture with 0.60% MCI addition showed the best results: corrosion potential values less negative than -200 mV, with less than 10% probability of corrosion.

Reinforced Concrete Structure Composition Analysis after Electrochemical Chloride Extraction

Reinforced Concrete Structure Composition Analysis after Electrochemical Chloride Extraction

Preparation of Graphene-Cement Paste Anode for Chloride Extraction from Marine Reinforced Concrete Structures

Preparation of Graphene-Cement Paste Anode for Chloride Extraction from Marine Reinforced Concrete Structures

Fontisphaera persica gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrolytic bacterium from a hot spring of Baikal lake region, and proposal of Fontisphaeraceae fam. nov., and Limisphaeraceae fam. nov. within the Limisphaerales ord. nov. (Verrucomicrobiota)

A novel facultatively anaerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, strain B-154 T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in the Baikal lake region (Russian Federation). Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells were present singly, in pairs, or aggregates, and reproduced by binary fission. The strain grew at 30–57 °C and within a pH range of 5.1–8.4 with the optimum at 50 °C and pH 6.8–7.1. Strain B-154 T was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (xylan, starch, galactan, galactomannan, glucomannan, xyloglucan, pullulan, arabinan, lichenan, beta-glucan, pachyman, locust bean gum, xanthan gum). It did not require sodium chloride or yeast extract for growth. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and iso-C14:0. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The complete genome of strain B-154 T was 4.73 Mbp in size; its G + C content was 61%. According to the phylogenomic analysis strain B-154 T forms a separate family-level phylogenetic lineage. Moreover, together with Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis and “Pedosphaera parvula” this strain forms a separate order-level phylogenetic lineage within Verrucomicrobiae class. Hence, we propose a novel order, Limisphaerales ord. nov., with two families Limisphaeraceae fam. nov. and Fontisphaeraceae fam. nov., and a novel genus and species Fontisphaera persica gen. nov., sp. nov. with type strain B-154 T. Ecogenomic analysis showed that representatives of the Limisphaerales are widespread in various environments. Although some of them were detected in hot springs the majority of Limisphaerales (54% of the studied metagenome-assembled genomes) were found in marine habitats. This study allowed a better understanding of physiology and ecology of Verrucomicrobiota – a rather understudied bacterial phylum.