Chloride Deficit Research Articles

Suero salino hipertónico e insuficiencia cardiaca: ¿«sodio-centrista» o «cloro-centrista»?

Up to 50% of patients admitted for heart failure have congestion at discharge despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances. Both persistent congestion and diuretic resistance are associated with worse prognosis. The combination of hypertonic saline and loop diuretic has shown promising results in different studies. However, it has not yet achieved a standardized use, partly because of the great heterogeneity in the concentration of sodium chloride, the dose of diuretic or the amount of sodium in the diet. Classically, the movement of water from the intracellular space due to an increase in extracellular osmolarity has been postulated as the main mechanism involved. However, chloride deficit is postulated as the main up-regulator of plasma volume changes, and its correction may be the main mechanism involved. This ‘chloride centric’ approach to heart failure opens the door to therapeutic strategies that would include diuretics to correct hypochloremia, as well as sodium free chloride supplementation.

Modern Meteoric 36Cl Deposition in the Atacama Desert, Chile

AbstractModern atmospheric deposition along a west‐east transect in the Atacama Desert, Chile, was collected to constrain the meteoric 36Cl/Cl ratio and 36Cl deposition flux. The 36Cl deposition flux had a threefold change, from 3.62(±0.18) to 11.6(±0.2) atoms m−2 s−1, going from the coast to the high Andes. The 36Cl deposition was mainly as dry deposition, and the magnitude and differences between sites were attributed to stratosphere‐troposphere transport and chloride deficits by acid displacement, respectively. The meteoric 36Cl/Cl ratios varied greatly from 31.5(±1.1) × 10−15 to 247(±10) × 10−15, which was attributed to local inputs of oceanic chloride near the coast or chloride minerals entrained from nearby salt playas. This study presented refined estimates of the 36Cl deposition flux and meteoric 36Cl/Cl ratio in a desert region in southern tropical zone. The data set will provide a baseline for using natural 36Cl abundances to date salt accumulation in the Atacama.

Primary marine aerosol physical flux and chemical composition during a nutrient enrichment experiment in mesocosms in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract. While primary marine aerosol (PMA) is an important part of global aerosol total emissions, its chemical composition and physical flux as a function of the biogeochemical properties of the seawater still remain highly uncharacterized due to the multiplicity of physical, chemical and biological parameters that are involved in the emission process. Here, two nutrient-enriched mesocosms and one control mesocosm, both filled with Mediterranean seawater, were studied over a 3-week period. PMA generated from the mesocosm waters were characterized in term of chemical composition, size distribution and size-segregated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), as a function of the seawater chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, pigment composition, virus and bacteria abundances. The aerosol number size distribution flux was primarily affected by the seawater temperature and did not vary significantly from one mesocosm to the other. The aerosol number size distribution flux was primarily affected by the seawater temperature and did not vary significantly from one mesocosm to the other. Particle number and CCN aerosol fluxes increase by a factor of 2 when the temperature increases from 22 to 32 °C, for all particle submicron sizes. This effect, rarely observed in previous studies, could be specific to oligotrophic waters and/or to this temperature range. In all mesocosms (enriched and control mesocosms), we detected an enrichment of calcium (+500 %) and a deficit in chloride (−36 %) in the submicron PMA mass compared to the literature inorganic composition of the seawater. There are indications that the chloride deficit and calcium enrichment are linked to biological processes, as they are found to be stronger in the enriched mesocosms. This implies a non-linear transfer function between the seawater composition and PMA composition, with complex processes taking place at the interface during the bubble bursting. We found that the artificial phytoplankton bloom did not affect the CCN activation diameter (Dp, 50, average = 59.85±3.52 nm and Dp,50,average = 93.42±5.14 nm for supersaturations of 0.30 and 0.15 % respectively) or the organic fraction of the submicron PMA (average organic to total mass = 0.31±0.07) compared to the control mesocosm. Contrary to previous observations in natural bloom mesocosm experiments, the correlation between the particle organic fraction and the seawater Chl a was poor, indicating that Chl a is likely not a straightforward proxy for predicting, on a daily scale, PMA organic fraction in models for all types of sea and ocean waters. Instead, the organic fraction of the Aitken mode particles were more significantly linked to heterotrophic flagellates, viruses and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We stress that different conclusions may be obtained in natural (non-enriched) or non-oligotrophic systems.

How Aeolian Dust Deteriorate Ambient Particulate Air Quality along an Expansive River Valley in Southern Taiwan? A Case Study of Typhoon Doksuri

Aeolian dust episodes (ADEs) frequently occurred at the bare lands of the riverbeds in Kaoping River are emerging disasters in Southern Taiwan in the past few years. However, their influences on ambient particulate air quality due to the outflow circulation of typhoons have not been addressed in such a subtropical region. This study aims to investigate the association between typhoons and ADEs and their influences on the ambient particulate air quality, which might occur in East Asia. Four sites along the Kaoping River were selected to collect PM10 with high-volume samplers during and after the ADE accompanying with Typhoon Doksuri on June 29, 2012. During the ADE, PM_(10) concentration rose as high as 30– 40 folds higher than those on regular days. Chemical composition of PM_(10) was further analyzed to verify several valuable indicators including the molar ratios of [Cl^-]/[Na^+] (0.95-1.02), the mass ratios of Fe/Cd (211.6-3957), and the mass ratios of OC/EC (1.18-1.35). Nevertheless, the chloride deficit phenomenon was not favorable during the ADE. Moreover, CMB receptor modeling results showed that aeolian dust and sea-salts were major contributors of PM_(10) during the ADE. Along the Kaoping River, the contribution of aeolian dust to PM_(10) ranged from 11.5 to 33.1% during the ADE, and reduced to 7.2–23.0% after the ADE. However, a small amount of finer aeolian dust could be still suspended in the ambient air after the ADE. Moreover, integrating SURFER software and WRF model was appropriate to locate the hot spots influenced by the ADE.

Chemical characterization of aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean during two cruises in 2007 and 2008

To help understand the chemical properties of marine aerosols and the long‐distance transport of continental aerosols to remote oceanic regions, total suspended particulates (TSP) samples were collected over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean during two cruises in September–December 2007 (cruise I) and March–April 2008 (cruise II) aboard the M/V Oceanic II. Data were analyzed and interpreted with the aid of back trajectory, principal component, and multiple linear regression analyses. Compared with the results over the South Pacific from 2 decades ago, the non‐sea‐salt sulfate (NSS‐SO42−) concentrations over the South Pacific have increased by a factor of ∼1.5, while the NO3− concentration has remained constant. On average, NSS‐SO42− accounted for 30–52% of the total SO42− during the two cruises. Chloride deficit was observed in all samples, with NSS‐SO42− being the preferred species for acid displacement over the South Pacific and the Mediterranean Sea. Persistent clean marine air masses were only observed over the northern Atlantic and South Pacific during cruise I, while more frequent impacts of continental air (dust, biomass burning, and industrial plumes) were observed during cruise II. Combined with the NAAPS aerosol maps, these results indicate that during cruise II, (1) southern Atlantic was influenced by Southern Africa and the interhemisphere transport of biomass burning plumes in Central Africa, (2) northern Atlantic was under the combined pollution plumes of Sahara dust intrusion and biomass burning, and (3) the Mediterranean Sea was affected by the mixed pollution from biomass burning and industrial contamination, as well as Saharan dust.

Particle characterization at the Cape Verde atmospheric observatory during the 2007 RHaMBLe intensive

Abstract. The chemical characterization of filter high volume (HV) and Berner impactor (BI) samples PM during RHaMBLe (Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer) 2007 shows that the Cape Verde aerosol particles are mainly composed of sea salt, mineral dust and associated water. Minor components are nss-salts, OC and EC. The influence from the African continent on the aerosol constitution was generally small but air masses which came from south-western Europe crossing the Canary Islands transported dust to the sampling site together with other loadings. The mean mass concentration was determined for PM10 to 17 μg/m3 from impactor samples and to 24.2 μg/m3 from HV filter samples. Non sea salt (nss) components of PM were found in the submicron fractions and nitrate in the coarse mode fraction. Bromide was found in all samples with much depleted concentrations in the range 1–8 ng/m3 compared to fresh sea salt aerosol indicating intense atmospheric halogen chemistry. Loss of bromide by ozone reaction during long sampling time is supposed and resulted totally in 82±12% in coarse mode impactor samples and in filter samples in 88±6% bromide deficits. A chloride deficit was determined to 8% and 1% for the coarse mode particles (3.5–10 μm; 1.2–3.5 μm) and to 21% for filter samples. During 14 May with high mineral dust loads also the maximum of OC (1.71μg/m3) and EC (1.25 μg/m3) was measured. The minimum of TC (0.25 μg/m3) was detected during the period 25 to 27 May when pure marine air masses arrived. The concentrations of carbonaceous material decrease with increasing particle size from 60% for the ultra fine particles to 2.5% in coarse mode PM. Total iron (dust vs. non-dust: 0.53 vs. 0.06 μg m3), calcium (0.22 vs. 0.03 μg m3) and potassium (0.33 vs. 0.02 μg m3) were found as good indicators for dust periods because of their heavily increased concentration in the 1.2 to 3.5 μm fraction as compared to their concentration during the non-dust periods. For the organic constituents, oxalate (78–151 ng/m3) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA, 25–100 ng/m3) are the major compounds identified. A good correlation between nss-sulphate and MSA was found for the majority of days indicating active DMS chemistry and low anthropogenic influences.

Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe): the tropical North Atlantic experiments

Abstract. The NERC UK SOLAS-funded Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe) programme comprised three field experiments. This manuscript presents an overview of the measurements made within the two simultaneous remote experiments conducted in the tropical North Atlantic in May and June 2007. Measurements were made from two mobile and one ground-based platforms. The heavily instrumented cruise D319 on the RRS Discovery from Lisbon, Portugal to São Vicente, Cape Verde and back to Falmouth, UK was used to characterise the spatial distribution of boundary layer components likely to play a role in reactive halogen chemistry. Measurements onboard the ARSF Dornier aircraft were used to allow the observations to be interpreted in the context of their vertical distribution and to confirm the interpretation of atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the Cape Verde islands. Long-term ground-based measurements at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) on São Vicente were supplemented by long-term measurements of reactive halogen species and characterisation of additional trace gas and aerosol species during the intensive experimental period. This paper presents a summary of the measurements made within the RHaMBLe remote experiments and discusses them in their meteorological and chemical context as determined from these three platforms and from additional meteorological analyses. Air always arrived at the CVAO from the North East with a range of air mass origins (European, Atlantic and North American continental). Trace gases were present at stable and fairly low concentrations with the exception of a slight increase in some anthropogenic components in air of North American origin, though NOx mixing ratios during this period remained below 20 pptv (note the non-IUPAC adoption in this manuscript of pptv and ppbv, equivalent to pmol mol−1 and nmol mol−1 to reflect common practice). Consistency with these air mass classifications is observed in the time series of soluble gas and aerosol composition measurements, with additional identification of periods of slightly elevated dust concentrations consistent with the trajectories passing over the African continent. The CVAO is shown to be broadly representative of the wider North Atlantic marine boundary layer; measurements of NO, O3 and black carbon from the ship are consistent with a clean Northern Hemisphere marine background. Aerosol composition measurements do not indicate elevated organic material associated with clean marine air. Closer to the African coast, black carbon and NO levels start to increase, indicating greater anthropogenic influence. Lower ozone in this region is possibly associated with the increased levels of measured halocarbons, associated with the nutrient rich waters of the Mauritanian upwelling. Bromide and chloride deficits in coarse mode aerosol at both the CVAO and on D319 and the continuous abundance of inorganic gaseous halogen species at CVAO indicate significant reactive cycling of halogens. Aircraft measurements of O3 and CO show that surface measurements are representative of the entire boundary layer in the vicinity both in diurnal variability and absolute levels. Above the inversion layer similar diurnal behaviour in O3 and CO is observed at lower mixing ratios in the air that had originated from south of Cape Verde, possibly from within the ITCZ. ECMWF calculations on two days indicate very different boundary layer depths and aircraft flights over the ship replicate this, giving confidence in the calculated boundary layer depth.

Caracterização do material particulado fino e grosso e composição da fração inorgânica solúvel em água em São José dos Campos (SP)

Air samples of fine (PM2,5) and coarse (PM2,5-10) particulate matter were collected in Sao Jose dos Campos from February 2004 to February 2005. Average PM10 mass concentrations was 31.2 ± 14.0 μg m-3, half of which belonging to the PM2.5 fraction. Ammonium and SO42- were predominantly found in the fine fraction. Average (NH4)2SO4 concentration was estimated to be about 2.9 μg m-3. Chloride, Na+ and NO3- were mostly associated with PM2,5-10. Chloride deficits with respect to sea-salt Cl/Na ratio were found in both size fractions.

Decadal trends in aerosol chemical composition at Barrow, Alaska: 1976–2008

Abstract. Aerosol measurements at Barrow, Alaska during the past 30 years have identified the long range transport of pollution associated with Arctic Haze as well as ocean-derived aerosols of more local origin. Here, we focus on measurements of aerosol chemical composition to assess (1) trends in Arctic Haze aerosol and implications for source regions, (2) the interaction between pollution-derived and ocean-derived aerosols and the resulting impacts on the chemistry of the Arctic boundary layer, and (3) the response of aerosols to a changing climate. Aerosol chemical composition measured at Barrow, AK during the Arctic haze season is compared for the years 1976–1977 and 1997–2008. Based on these two data sets, concentrations of non-sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO4=) and non-crustal (nc) vanadium (V) have decreased by about 60% over this 30 year period. Consistency in the ratios of nss SO4=/ncV and nc manganese (Mn)/ncV between the two data sets indicates that, although emissions have decreased in the source regions, the source regions have remained the same over this time period. The measurements from 1997–2008 indicate that, during the haze season, the nss SO4= aerosol at Barrow is becoming less neutralized by ammonium (NH4+) yielding an increasing sea salt aerosol chloride (Cl−) deficit. The expected consequence is an increase in the release of Cl atoms to the atmosphere and a change in the lifetime of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including methane. In addition, summertime concentrations of biogenically-derived methanesulfonate (MSA−) and nss SO4= are increasing at a rate of 12 and 8% per year, respectively. Further research is required to assess the environmental factors behind the increasing concentrations of biogenic aerosol.

Congenital duodenal stenosis in an adult presenting with severe electrolyte imbalance.

AbstractA man of 55 years presented with a 12-year history of intermittent vomiting and in a semi-comatose state. He had severe water and electrolyte disturbances, with a plasma chloride of 27 mEq./1., and a chloride deficit in excess of 2500 mEq.; he also had acid-base disturbances. Gastric acid studies suggested the possibility of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. At operation, the rare condition of congenital duodenal stenosis in an adult was found. He made an uneventful recovery.

Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: Anions and cations

Ambient aerosol samples were collected over the Arabian Sea during the month of March 1997, aboard the German R/V Sonne, as part of the German JGOFS project (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study). This is the third study in a series of analogous measurements taken over the Arabian Sea during different seasons of the monsoon. Dichotomous high volume collector samples were analyzed for anions and cations upon return to the laboratory. Anthropogenic pollutant concentrations were larger during the first part of the cruise, when air masses originated over the Indian subcontinent. Total NSS‐SO42− concentrations amounted to 2.94 ± 1.06 μg m−3 of which 92.1 ± 4.5% was present in the fine fraction. NSS‐SO42− source apportionment analysis with multivariate linear regression models revealed that in the coarse fraction half is biogenically and half anthropogenically derived, while in the fine fraction only 6% seemed of biogenic origin and 84% anthropogenic and 10% crustal in nature. Chloride deficits up to 99.1% in the fine fraction were observed. The average Cl− deficit in the fine fraction was 89.0 ± 9.4%, potentially related to NSS‐SO42− acid displacement and Cl reactive species formation, while in the coarse fraction it was 25.6 ± 21.3%, with NO3− being the preferred species for acid displacement.

Chloride imbalances in soil lysimeters

The assumption that soil neither acts as a source or a sink of chloride is evaluated by incubating soil cores in lysimeters in a climate chamber under controlled conditions. Some of the lysimeters acted as a sink while others acted as a source of chloride. Considerable amounts of organic chlorine were lost by leaching. The loss by leaching of organic chlorine could only explain part of the discrepancy in the lysimeters where the soil acted as a sink and it could certainly not explain the cases where the soil acted as a source. The storage of organic chlorine was four times larger than the storage of chloride and comparably small changes in the organic chlorine storage will thus have a considerable influence on the chloride budget. However, the soil was too heterogeneous to determine whether a change in the storage had taken place or not. It is concluded that the observed chloride surplus and also, at least to some extent, the observed chloride deficit, most likely was caused by net-changes in the storage of organic chlorine in soil. An inverse correlation was found between the initial chloride content of the soil and the imbalance in the chloride budget. Dry deposition of chloride is generally assumed to equal the run-off minus the wet deposition. Extrapolation to the field situation suggests that the output of organic chlorine by soil leachate is at risk to cause an underestimation of the dry deposition by about 25%.

乳牛の第四胃捻転および第四胃食滞に対する静脈内輸液療法

In 12 cases of dairy cows with abomasal volvulus, chloride deficit was corrected by perioperative administration of physiologic saline (PS)(20 liters), but not by a mixture of physiologic saline and 5% glucose solution (1: 1), (SD). In 11 cases of abomasal volvulus with hypochloremia on the day after surgical operation, either solution containing 4.5g Na Cl, 25g dextrose and 1.5g KCl/l (SDK) or containing 4.5g Na Cl, 2.8g KCl and 2g NH4Cl/l (GI) was effective in correcting dehydration and chloride and potassium deficits. For 17 cows with abomasal impaction, the initial fluid therapy with GI during surgical operation was safe and effective in correcting dehydration, hypochloremia and hypokalemia, while SD was not effective. The secondary therapy with GI for 12 cases on the day after surgical operation also corrected dehydration and hypochloremichypokalemic alkalosis, but SDK did not correct the electrolyte deficits.

Comment on “Aqueous phase chemical processes in deliquescent sea‐salt aerosols: A mechanism that couples the atmospheric cycles of S and sea salt” by W. L. Chameides and A. W. Stelson

Comment on “Aqueous phase chemical processes in deliquescent sea‐salt aerosols: A mechanism that couples the atmospheric cycles of S and sea salt” by W. L. Chameides and A. W. Stelson

Aqueous-Phase Chemical Processes in Deliquescent Seasalt Aerosols

The aqueous-phase chemistry of deliquescent seasalt aerosols in the remote marine boundary layer is investigated with a steady-state box model. The model simulates the scavenging of soluble and reactive gaseous species by the seasalt aerosols, the chemical reactions of these species and seasalt ions in the deliquescent solution, and changes in the aerosol composition that occur as a result of these processes. Because of the alkalinity of seasalt, the calculations indicate that deliquescent seasalt aerosols are strongly buffered and as a result their pH remains close to 8 until the amount of acid added to the aerosol solution exceeds the alkalinity. The oxidation of chloride by O3 as well as by free radicals are found to proceed at extremely slow rates and thus these reactions can not explain the high chloride deficits recently observed over the North Atlantic Ocean. On the other hand, the oxidation of dissolved SIV by O3 in seasalt aerosols is found to proceed at an extremely high rate and appears to explain the observations of nss-SO42- in seasalt aerosols over the Noth Atlantic Ocean. The high rate of SIV oxidation is found to proceed until the amount of nss-SO42- generated in the aerosol is sufficiently large to overwhelm the buffering capacity and lower the pH below 5.5. As a result, the calculations suggest a strong coupling between the cycles of S and alkalinity in the marine boundary layer that may act to limit the generation of cloud condensation nuclei from the oxidation of biogenic S emissions.

Replacement of chloride deficit by use of 1.8% NaCl to correct experimentally induced hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in sheep

SUMMARY Five adult 40- to 50-kg female sheep were surgically fitted with a reentrant cannulae placed in the proximal part of the duodenum just distal to the pylorus. By diversion of abomasal outflow, this model has been shown to produce hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis accompanied by dehydration, hypokalemia, and hyponatremia. Each sheep was subjected to 3 separate, 12-hour iv treatment trials, in each case preceded by a control period of 48 hours, and a diversion period of 36 to 96 hours, during which a hypochloremic (Cl− ≤ 60 ± 2 mEq/L) metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia and hyponatremia was produced. Treatment 1, consisting of 6 L of isotonic Na gluconate, was designed to replace volume without replenishing the Cl− deficit. Although hydration improved, plasma Cl− decreased further, and the sheep became increasingly weak and depressed. Treatment 2, consisting of 2 L of 1.8% NaCl, was designed to replace the Cl− deficit without replacing total volume. Plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations returned to normal during the 12 hours of treatment; acid-base balance and plasma K+ concentrations returned to normal within 36 hours of treatment. During treatment 3 (control, no treatment), measured metabolic values changed minimally. We concluded that the iv replacement of Cl− without K+ is effective in the correction of experimentally induced hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in sheep.

Size distributions and statistical analysis of nitrate, excess sulfate, and chloride deficit in the marine boundary layer during GCE/CASE/WATOX

A high‐volume sampler and a two‐stage cascade impactor were used aboard the NOAA ship Mt. Mitchell to obtain a fine‐particle‐fraction and two coarse‐particle‐fraction size cuts of atmospheric marine boundary layer aerosol samples. Ion chromatography analysis yielded NO3−, S04=, Na+, and Cl− concentrations and, by calculation, excess sulfate (XSO4) and chloride deficit (Cld) concentrations. Statistical analysis of the July 1988 sample sets from the Bermuda and U.S. east coast areas showed that most of the observed coarse‐particle Cld in the Bermuda‐area samples may be associated with the equivalence sum of NO3− and XSO4. However, the coarse‐particle Cld observed in the U.S. east coast samples is substantially greater than the equivalence sum of NO3− and XSO4 observed at this location. It is concluded that for the east coast sampling, about 13% of the observed 16.9 nmol XSO4 m−3 displaced Cl− in sea salt aerosol particles. For the Bermuda area, 15‐20% of the observed 11.1 nmol XSO4 m−3 displaced Cl− in sea salt aerosol particles (nearly 30% of the observed Cld) despite a relatively low sea salt mass concentration under light wind speed conditions. Under more typical sea state and wind speed conditions for the western North Atlantic Ocean, substantially more XSO4 may displace chloride ions in sea salt aerosol particles.

Urine Electrolytes in the Assessment of Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction

The purpose of this study was to determine which urine electrolytes should be measured to confirm that the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume is depleted. ECF volume contraction was induced by furosemide administration to rats consuming an electrolyte-free diet. An external potassium balance was achieved by replacing potassium losses with KHCO3 and KCl so that the sodium and chloride deficits were comparable (equivalent to a 30% reduction in ECF volume). As expected, the urine sodium and chloride concentrations fell to 2 +/- 0.3 mmol/l and 3 +/- 0.3 mmol/l, respectively. Rats were then randomized to receive 50-75% of their sodium or chloride deficit as either: NaCl (control group), NH4Cl or NaHCO3 to mimic clinical situations associated with ECF volume contraction. In the NaCl group, the urine sodium and chloride concentrations remained low (6 +/- 2 mmol/l and 7 +/- 2 mmol/l), consistent with persistent ECF volume contraction. Although the NH4Cl group continued to have a low urine sodium concentration (2 +/- 0.2 mmol/l), there was now a marked increase in the urine chloride concentration (51 +/- 7 mmol/l; p less than 0.01 vs. NaCl group). In contrast, although the NaHCO3 group continued to have a low urine chloride concentration (2 +/- 1 mmol/l), there was a significant increase in the urine sodium concentration (19 +/- 3 mmol/l; p less than 0.01 vs. NaCl group). We conclude that the clinical assessment of ECF volume by urine electrolytes requires an evaluation of both the urine sodium and chloride concentrations.

On the mechanism by which chloride corrects metabolic alkalosis in man

To determine whether administration of chloride corrects chloride-depletion metabolic alkalosis (CDA) by correction of plasma volume contraction and restoration of glomerular filtration rate or by an independent effect of chloride repletion, CDA was produced in normal men by the administration of furosemide and maintained by restriction of dietary sodium chloride intake. Negative sodium balance (−112 ± 16 meq) and reduced plasma volume (2.53 versus 2.93 liters, p <0.05) developed. The cumulative chloride deficit of 271 ± 16 meq was then repleted by oral potassium chloride (267 ± 19 meq) over 36 hours with continued serial measurements of glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, plasma volume, body weight, and plasma renin and aldosterone levels. CDA was corrected, even though body weight, plasma volume, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow all remained reduced and plasma aldosterone was elevated; urinary bicarbonate excretion increased during correction. Administration of an identical potassium chloride load to similarly sodium-depleted but not chloride-depleted normal subjects produced no change in acid-base status. It is concluded that chloride repletion can correct CDA by a renal mechanism without restoring plasma volume or glomerular filtration rate or by altering sodium avidity.

Concentrations of some ionic species in Central Long Island, New York precipitation in relation to meteorological variables

Three years of hourly sequential precipitation data from central Long Island, New York were analyzed to determine the concentrations of major anions and cations and their relationships to each other and to meteorological conditions. Findings with respect to sulfate, nitrogen in nitrate plus nitrite, nitrogen in ammonium, chloride and sodium ions and selected ratios are reported here. Concentrations of each of the first three species were highly correlated with concentrations of the others and with hydrogen ions. Little correlation was found between these species and either sodium or chloride ions but the latter two were highly correlated with each other. Concentrations of the first three species are highest in summer and lowest in winter. High concentrations were also found with cold front and squall line precipitation and with rain showers and thundershowers. Concentrations of these species are high with both low and high precipitation rates. Concentrations are highest with west and northwest winds due to the presence of major source regions in those directions. They are high with both low and high temperatures but lower in the moderate temperature range. Concentrations are high with low (3.0 to 3.9) and with high (6.0 to 6.9) pH but less at intermediate levels. Thus, concentrations of these species in precipitation are determined by complex chemical and meteorological interactions and relationships. Chloride and sodium were found to be largely of marine origin. Highest concentrations occur in the fall and with hurricanes, strong winds, and onshore wind directions. Concentrations decrease with increasing precipitation rate. At low concentrations, the chloride/sodium ratio is above the seawater ratio and excess chloride is present. At high concentrations the ratio is below the seawater ratio and a chloride deficit exists.