Chloride Blends Research Articles

Mathematical description of the softening temperature of poly(vinyl chloride) blends with solid-state chlorinated polyethylene

A mathematical description of the dependence of softening temperature of poly(vinyl chloride) blends with solid-state chlorinated polyethylene on the degree of chlorination of polyethylene and the amount of chlorinated polyethylene were studied. A method for calculation the coefficients in the corresponding empiric equation was suggested. The latter can successfully be used for practical purposes in preparation of various composition with selected softening temperature.

Synthesis of Multiblock Copolymers of Poly(2-vinylpyridine) and Polyoxyethylene and their Application as Compatibilizers for Epichlorohydrin Rubber/Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Blends

Multiblock copolymers of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2-VP) and polyoxyethylene (PEO) were synthesized by condensing telechelic dihydroxy poly(2-vinylpyridine) (THPVP) and PEO with dichloromethane in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The copolymers were purified by extraction with water and toluene successively and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The block copolymers behave as good compatibilizers for the blending of epichlorohydrin rubber (CHR) with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The addition of approximately 2-3% block copolymer to the blends evidently improves their mechanical properties and causes the two glass transition temperatures ( Tg) to become closer. The blends with a weight ratio PVC/CHR of 4/6 and the addition of 2-4% block copolymer show mechanical properties consistent with those of a thermoplastic elastomer.

Measuring the Streaming Potential of Polyurethane Blend Dope-Coated Fabrics

A new flow cell system we have designed for thin film samples is used to measure the streaming potential between two parallel films of a polyurethane (PU)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blend, and the ζ-potential of PU/PVC blend dope-coated nylon fabrics is then estimated. Furthermore, we propose a novel streaming potential method to directly measure coated films on the inside of the cell lid and the cell body. The ζ-potential of PVC-rich (hydrophobic) surfaces has a lower value than that of PU-rich (hydrophilic) surfaces.

The use of simultaneous chemical precipitation in modified activated sludge systems exhibiting biological excess phosphate removal: Part 5: Experimental periods using a ferrous-ferric chloride blend

A blend of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride (FeCl2-FeCl3) was simultaneously dosed into an activated sludge system at pilot scale in order to test the effect on biological P removal. Additional removal due to chemical precipitation was measured as the difference in system P removal between parallel test and control systems. Both systems strongly exhibited biological excess P removal (BEPR). The extent of P release in the anaerobic reactors of the two systems was compared by mass balance, as one indicator of the relative "magnitude" of BEPR. Phosphorus fractionation of the mixed liquor also served as an indicator of the biological and chemical mechanisms. Evidence was found that the BEPR mechanism is partially inhibited by simultaneous FeCl2-FeCl3 addition, even in the absence of effluent phosphate limitation. However, the degree of inhibition was relatively low, ranging from 3 to 25% (approximately) for Fe doses in the range ca. 10 to 20 mg/ℓ as Fe, with an average system P removal of 14 to 18 mgP/ℓ in the control. FeCl2-FeCl3 dosing in this range was sufficient to produce additional P removal of the order of 1 to 8 mgP/ℓ over periods of one to seven sludge ages per experimental period, depending on the experimental conditions. Sustained operation of the BEPR mechanism in the presence of FeCl2-FeCl3 was possible over a continuous period of seven sludge ages, under conditions in which effluent phosphate was at least partially limiting. Under such conditions, the chemical and biological mechanisms appear to be "disadvantaged" to approximately the same extent, as evidenced by the apparent stoichiometry of Fe: P for the chemical precipitation and magnitude of the poly P containing fractions measured for the biological mechanism. This suggested that the biological mechanism is able to compete effectively with the chemical mechanism under conditions of low reactor phosphate concentrations (~1 mgP/ℓ orthoP) for sustained periods. However, the presence of simultaneous chemical precipitant significantly reduces the extent to which the biological P removal potential is utilised under P-limiting conditions. This could explain the difficulty sometimes reported in the control of full-scale activated sludge systems with simultaneous precipitant addition where a very low effluent P concentration WaterSA Vol.27(2) 2001: 117-134

Dielectric Relaxation and Compatibility Investigation of Polystyrene/Polyvinyl Chloride Blends

A systematic dielectric study over a frequency range 100 Hz up to 100 kHz was carried out on polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride (PS/PVC) blends with different concentrations of maleic anhydride (MA) ranging from 0–20%. After subtraction of the losses resulting from DC conductivity, the dielectric data were fitted in the frequency domain by two Fröhlich regions. The first absorption region in the lower frequency range, which is found to be unchanged by increasing either blend ratio or the content of maleic anhydride, could be ascribed to the Maxwell Wagner effect because of the difference in the permittivities and conductivities in polymeric materials. The relaxation time associated with the second absorption region, which involve the rotation of various segments of the side group, is found to increase by increasing both the PS and MA content in the blend. The compatibility study undertaken by using either dielectric or viscosity techniques led to the conclusion that PS/PVC blends free from MA and those containing 5% MA are incompatible. On the other hand, the addition of MA with concentration 10% and 20% could solve to some extent the problem of phase separation (i.e., improve the compatibility of PS/PVC blends).

Observation of banded spherulites and lamellar structures by atomic force microscopy

Lamellar structures of banded spherulites of poly(e-caprolactone)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PCL/PVC) blends are observed using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface of the PCL/PVC banded spherulites presents to be concentric periodic ups and downs. The period of the bands corresponds to the extinction rings under the polarized optical microscopy observation. The lamellae with edge-on orientation in the ridges and the flat-on lamellae in the valleys of the banded spherulites are observed clearly. The twisting between the edge-on and flat-on lamellae is also observed.

Oil resistant thermoplastic elastomers of nitrile rubber and high density polyethylene blends

AbstractDifferent grades of oil resistant thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) based on blends of nitrile rubber (NBR) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been developed. Chemical treatment of HDPE to evolve compatibility with NBR and dynamic vulcanization with different curatives have been studied. Determination of physico‐mechanical and thermal properties and relative crystallinity of these blends have been carried out. Oil resistance characteristics of the blends have been evaluated in different commercially used oils and fuels for applications as a substitute for NBR/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blends.

Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Morphological Characterization Studies of Poly(vinyl chloride) Blends with Various Polyitaconates and Block Copolymers of Polyitaconates/Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

Four blends were prepared by using the solvent casting method: (1) poly(mono-butyl itaconate)/poly(vinyl chloride) PMBI/PVC; (2) poly(mono-cyclo hexyl itaconate)/poly(vinyl chloride) PMCHI/PVC; (3) poly(mono-butyl itaconate)-poly(dimethyl siloxane)-poly(mono-butyl itaconate)/poly(vinyl chloride) PMBI-PDMS-PMBI/PVC; and (4) poly(mono-cyclo hexyl itaconate)-poly(dimethyl siloxane)-poly(mono-cyclo hexyl itaconate) PMCHI-PDMS-PMCHI/PVC. These blends were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stress-strain tests (TENSILON), dielectric thermal analysis (DETA), impedance spectroscopy (IS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The results showed that the addition of about 1% poly(mono itaconates), or about 1–3% block copolymers containing PDMS blocks have clearly a plasticizing effect on PVC. All characterization methods confirm this conclusion. The addition of higher amounts of homo- and block copolymers causes other variations, as a results of several overlapping and synergetic effects.

Miscibility study of cellulose acetate/carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) blend in cyclohexanone by viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and polarizing microscopic methods

The viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and density of cellulose acetate/carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (CA/C-PVC) blends in cyclohexanone, a common solvent, were measured at 30°C. After casting films of the blend for a 50:50 composition, polarizing micrographs were taken. Using the viscosity data, the interaction parameters were computed by employing two different equations. These values indicated that the CA/C-PVC blend is miscible. This was confirmed by ultrasonic, refractive index, density, and polarizing microscopic methods. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 557–561, 2001

Synthesis of urethane graft copolymers with perfluoroalkyl and silicone-containing side chains and their surface properties

Dihydroxyl-terminated macromonomers with two groups, a perfluoroalkyl group and a silicone-containing group, were synthesized by free-radical polymerization with perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate (FA), 3-[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl] propyl methacrylate (SiMA), and 1-thioglycerol (TG). Using these macromonomers and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), various urethane graft-co-(septadecafluorodecylacrylate)-(tris(trimetylsiloxy silylpropyl acrylate) copolymers (PUFSGs) with differing FA and SiMA contents were synthesized. The macromonomers and PUFSGs synthesized were characterized and identified by GPC, DSC, (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FTIR, and 1H-NMR analysis. The surface free energies of PUFSGs, 9–12 dynes/cm, depend strongly on FA content but not on SiMA content. The glass transition temperature of PUFSG is strongly dependent on SiMA content. The perfluoroalkyl group originating from FA is preferentially arranged to the outermost layer at the air–polymer interface to the silicone-containing group originating from SiMA. The surface free energies of PUFSG/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blends exhibit extremely low values, 10–14 dynes/cm, indicating that extreme segregation of PUFSG occurs at the air–polymer interface. Most PUFSGs added to PVC are located at the air–polymer interface, and PUFSGs are very effective in lowering the surface free energy. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2029–2038, 1999

Synthesis of block copolymers having perfluoroalkyl and silicone-containing side chains using diazo macroinitiator and their surface properties

The fluorosilicone block copolymers of poly(perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate)-b-poly(3-[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl] propyl methacrylates) (PFA-b-PSiMAs) having perfluoroalkyl and silicone-containing side chains were obtained by three-step synthetic approaches. In the first step, hydroxyl-terminated poly(perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate) macromonomer (PFAM) was prepared by the free-radical polymerization of perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate and 2-mercaptoethanol. In the second step, PFAM initiator (PFAMI) was prepared from the condensation reaction of the hydroxyl-terminated PFAM and 4,4′-azobis-4-cyanopentanoic acid chloride (ACPC). ACPC was obtained from the reaction of 4,4′-azobis-4-cyanopentanoic acid and phosphorus pentachloride. In the third step, PFA-b-PSiMAs (BPFSs) were synthesized from the reaction of PFAMI macroinimer and SiMA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR analyses verified that the syntheses of ACPC, hydroxyl-terminated PFAM, PFAMI, and BPFS were completed successfully. The intrinsic surface energies of BPFSs and their surface modification effects on poly(vinyl chloride) film were investigated by analyzing the surface free energies and atomic compositions of the outermost layer of the surfaces. BPFSs exhibit extremely low surface free energies of about 9.7–13.0 dynes/cm. It was confirmed that BPFS, having extremely low surface free energy, is preferentially enriched at the outermost layer of the surface of BPFS/poly(vinyl chloride) blend. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 1917–1926, 1999

Infrared spectroscopic investigation of polymethyl methacrylate/polyvinyl chloride blend films irradiated by a 28Si ion beam

The films of polymethyl methacrylate/ polyvinyl chloride blends of different compositions have been prepared. They have been irradiated with a 28Si ion beam of 120 MeV in the fluence range of 10 11–10 13 ions/cm 2. The infrared spectra of these samples have been recorded before and after irradiation and based on the spectral information, some structural changes in the films have been found.

TG/FT-IR studies of poly(vinyl chloride) blends

Thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG/FT-IR) was used to investigate the stabilizing action of 3-(2,4-dibromophenylazo)-9-(2,3-epoxypropane)carbazole on the degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). It was found that this secondary stabilizer increases the initial temperature of hydrogen chloride evolution (the main process responsible for PVC decomposition), thereby allowing its application for novel PVC systems with enhanced thermal stability. The application of TG/FT-IR technique for study of the thermal properties of polymeric materials offers additional characterization options in comparison with thermogravimetry, if used alone.

Compatibility enhancement of ABS/PVC blends

ABSTRACT: The compatibilizing effect of poly(styrene- co -acrylonitrile) (SAN) whoseacrylonitrile (AN) content is 25 wt % (SAN 25) in poly(acrylonitrile- co -butadiene- co -styrene) (ABS)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blend was studied when the AN content of thematrix SAN in ABS was 35 wt % (SAN 35). When some amount of matrix SAN 35 wasreplaced by SAN 25 in a ABS/PVC (50/50 by weight) blend, the mixed phase of SAN andPVC at the interface was thickened, and about a twofold increase of impact strengthwas observed. The changes in morphology, dynamic mechanical properties, and rheo-logical properties by the compatibilizing effect of SAN 25 were observed. © 1998 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 705–709, 1998 Key words: ABS; SAN; PVC; blend; compatibilizer; impact strength; morphology;thermal property; dynamic mechanical property; rheological property INTRODUCTION Polymer blends can combine attractive propertiesof several polymers into one, or can improve defi-cient characteristics of a particular polymer.However, immiscible blends often have poor me-chanical properties compared to their compo-nents. It is well known that the introduction of asmall amount of compatibilizer can lead to majorchanges in mechanical properties.

Mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) blends and corresponding graft copolymers

The mechanical properties of the poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly (glycidyl methacrylate) [poly (GMA)] blend system and the PVC and poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly (HEMA)] blend system and their crosslinked films were investigated. At the same time, the mechanical properties for the corresponding graft copolymers such as PVC-g-GMA, PVC-g-HEMA, and their crosslinked films were also investigated in this study. The results showed that the tensile strengths for PVC–poly (GMA) blend systems were higher than those for PVC-g-GMA graft copolymer, and the tensile strengths for PVC-g-HEMA were higher than those for PVC-poly (HEMA) blend systems. However, the mechanical properties for the PVC–poly (GMA) blend system were not affected by the crosslinking of the blend system, but those for PVC-poly (HEMA) and their graft copolymers decreased with an increase of the equivalent ratio ([NCO]/[OH]) of the crosslinker. Finally, the surface hydrophilicity of the PVC-g-HEMA graft copolymer and PVC-poly (HEMA) blends were also assessed through measuring the contact angle. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 307–319, 1998

Binary interactions in dimethyl terephthalate/bis(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate/poly(vinyl chloride) blends studied by melting point depression method

Binary interactions in dimethyl terephthalate/bis(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate/poly(vinyl chloride) blends studied by melting point depression method

Studies on the Properties of Microcellular Soles Based on NBR/PVC Blends

The properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blend based microcellular (MC) sheets were studied. A comparative evaluation of suspension-grade and emulsion-grade PVC based MC soles was done. The study stressed the optimum percentage precure, the blend ratio, amount of plasticizer, and the concentration of blowing agent required for obtaining optimum physical properties of NBR/PVC blends. It was found that NBR/suspension PVC blend based MC sheet shows better abrasion resistance, split tear strength, and hardness, and low water absorption. NBR/emulsion PVC blend based MC sheet shows higher expansion, extralight weight, and lower density. Replacement of a part of DOP by amine-terminated liquid natural rubber (ATNR) increases the cure rate and improves split tear strength, hardness, etc.

Morphology and mechanical properties of virgin and recycled polyethylene/polyvinyl chloride blends

AbstractIn this study, blends of virgin and recycled polyethylene (PE) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), with a methylmethacrylate‐ethylacrylate copolymer as a processing aid, were prepared in the molten state. Different additives such as ethylenevinylacetate copolymers, ethylene‐methacrylic acid ionomer, and two peroxides (dibenzoyl and dicumyl), in the presence of a coupling agent, were used to compatibilize the blend or possibly induce graft structures. The blends' morphologies, tensile properties, and impact properties were studied. For blends with low copolymer concentration (below 3 wt%) the mechanical test data indicated a good performance. In the case of blends with ethylene methacrylic acid ionomer, improvements in the mechanical properties were obtained also at higher additive concentrations. Of the two peroxides, better results were obtained using the dibenzoyl one. The morphological studies indicated that the blends that showed good mechanical properties were better dispersed and had improved interphase adhesion.

Determination of microphase structure and scale and scale of mixing in poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blend by high‐resolution solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy with magic angle spinning and cross polarization

AbstractHigh‐resolution solid‐state, pulsed Fourier‐transform (FT) 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with magic angle spinning (MAS) and cross polarization (CP) was applied to a mechanical blend of poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with 50/50 weight ratio (%) whose composition results in very complex morphology and phase structure in the solid state. Proton spin‐lattice relaxation times, T1(1H) and T1ρ(1H), were used as a probe to determine the microphase structure, the degree of homogeneity in terms of the domain size, and the state of mixing of the blend. In particular, T1ρ(1H) was shown to be able to distinguish the separated domains at a level of a few nanometers; the scale of mixing was evaluated from the approximation based on spin‐diffusion phenomenon to be ∼ 4.7 nm below which two polymers were partially mixed and above which they were homogeneously mixed. Treatment of the T1ρ(1H) data with two exponential decay functions resulted in a resolution of individual T1ρ(1H) into rigid and mobile components, from which more detailed information on the phase structure and state of mixing were obtained. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Flammability of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/poly(vinyl chloride) blends; limiting oxygen index data

A strong positive correlation exists between the flammability of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)/poly-(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends and the amount of PVC present.