Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash Research Articles

Comparing the Antibacterial Efficacy of Morus Alba (Mulberry Leaf) Extract and 0.2% Chlorhexidine: An Invitro Assay

Background: Morus Alba is being used for the treatment of diabetes to reduce blood sugar levels. It has also shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermis, and S. aureus. Extracts of the bark of Morus alba have also shown bactericidal activity against the oral Streptococci. Aim: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of Morus Alba (mulberry leaf) extract with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash. Material & methods: The Morus Alba aqueous leaf extraction was carried out by using the hot maceration technique with deionised water, and the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of the of the Morus Alba aqueous leaf extract was evaluated against the biofilm-forming Streptococcus mutans. Results: The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of hot methanol extract of Morusalba (2.5 mg/ 10 ml) was used to study its effect on bacterial growth. As the concentration of Morus Alba aqueous leaf extract increases, the OD values decrease, indicating reduced bacterial growth. The reduction percentage increases with higher concentrations of leaf extract, showing a dose-dependent inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. The 0.2% CHX shows the highest reduction, confirming its effectiveness. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Morus Alba mouthwash shows a significant inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans, with higher concentrations leading to a greater reduction in bacterial growth.

The Effect of Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash in Comparing OHI-S Scores in Students of the Karya Adi Husada Mataram Dental Health Academy

The overall health of the body includes oral and dental health. The aftereffects of the 2018 Riskesdas show that most of the Indonesian populace (94.7%) has great tooth brushing propensities, specifically they have carried out the way of behaving of cleaning their teeth consistently. Sadly, however, only 2.8% of this number brush their teeth correctly, at least twice per day—in the morning after breakfast and at night before bed. The use of chlorhexidine as a mouthwash is a periodontal treatment because it has antiseptic properties, inhibiting plaque formation. The aim of this study was to determine the difference between gargling using Chlorhexidine Gluconate after brushing your teeth and not rinsing your mouth. The research process was carried out at the Karya Adi Husada Mataram Dental Health Academy and was carried out by observing samples between those who gargled using Chlorhexidine gluconate and those who did not gargle. The research results show significant results in the univariate analysis statistical test, namely from the results of statistical tests using the univariate analysis test, the count is 85,154 tables with α0.05, which is 14,6114, meaning the count is greater than the table so Ho is rejected. So it can be concluded that there is a difference in OHIS values ​​between those who gargle Chlorhexidine gluconate and those who do not gargle Chlorhexidine gluconate, where the OHIS value of Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash users is better than the OHIS value of students who do not gargle Chlorhexidine gluconate.

Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Aloe Vera Mouthwash in Patients With Periodontal Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aloe vera has gained significant attention in clinical research, and promoting natural substances is a prevailing trend in dentistry. This study compares the effectiveness of aloe vera mouthwash and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in reducing plaque accumulation and gingivitis. A single-masked trial included 270 volunteers who were systemically healthy and aged between 18 and 45 years. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (the test group) received aloe vera mouth rinse, Group B (the positive control group) received a placebo (distilled water), and Group C (the negative control group) received 0.2% chlorhexidine. Clinical indicators, which include the plaque index (PI) by Sillness and Loe in 1964 and the gingival index (GI) by Loe and Sillness in 1963, were evaluated at baseline, day 15, and day 30 for all three groups. Participants were directed to rinse their mouths with the specified mouthwash twice daily for 30 days. Significant reductions in the GI and PI were observed in both aloe vera and chlorhexidine mouthwashes, with a statistical significance of p<0.001. The placebo mouthwash also showed reductions in both the GI and PI, with a significance level of p<0.001. Post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences between the aloe vera and chlorhexidine groups for the GI and PI, with p-values of 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. Aloe vera has proven equally effective as chlorhexidine in reducing plaque and gingivitis. This makes it a viable alternative for treating and preventing gingivitis, appealing to those preferring natural, holistic oral care. Incorporating aloe vera mouthwash into daily routines offers an effective, natural solution for maintaining gum health.

Efficacy of Lycium barbarum (Goji berry) mouthwash for managing periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial

Background Removal of the microbial deposits (plaque and calculus) by performing effective scaling and root planing (SRP) is the fundamental step for managing periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). Various adjuncts in the form of mouthwash, gels, and toothpaste are also being used as adjuncts to SRP for managing periodontitis. Recently, Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum), commonly known as goji berry or wolfberry, has gained popularity for managing chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases. However, its efficacy in managing periodontitis has never been explored. Hence the present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of goji berry mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash for managing periodontitis. Methods 60 adult participants were divided randomly using computer-generated random sequences into two groups (case group: L. barbarum mouthwash (Males: 16; Female: 14); control group: 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Males: 14; Females: 16)). The changes in the gingival index (Gi), plaque index (Pi), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), microbial load, and antioxidant levels (protein thiol) in saliva were noted at the baseline, at 15 days and one month. Results A significant reduction in the mean PPD, Pi, and Gi was seen from baseline to one month in both the control (P-value=0.006, 0.027, and 0.036 respectively) and test groups (P-value=0.035, 0.000, and 0.000 respectively). CAL was reduced significantly only in the control group. However, the antioxidant levels (protein thiol) in saliva were significantly increased only in the test group. Conclusion Goji berry mouthwash along with SRP reduced the Gi, Pi, BOP, and PPD in patients with periodontitis. However, no statistically significant difference was noted between the use of goji berry and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Goji berry mouthwash was more effective than chlorhexidine in increasing the antioxidant levels in saliva.

Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Elettaria cardamomum (0.5%) Mouthwash, Camellia sinensis (0.5%) Mouthwash, and 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study.

The in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of Elettaria cardamomum (0.5%) mouthwash, Camellia sinensis (0.5%) mouthwash, and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans. A total of 60 samples of the five mouthwash preparations were prepared to check for their antimicrobial efficacy. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) against S. mutans was measured as a diameter in mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mouthwash preparations was measured as μg/mL. All the groups were compared statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The highest ZOI was observed in group V chlorhexidine gluconate [mean: 20.8, standard deviation (SD): 0.58], followed by group III C. sinensis (alcohol-free) (mean: 15.5, SD: 0.67), group IV C. sinensis (alcohol-based) (mean: 14.08, SD: 0.66), and group II E. cardamomum (alcohol-based) (mean: 13.2, SD: 0.45). The least ZOI was observed in group I E. cardamomum (alcohol-free) (mean: 10.7, SD: 0.45). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The MIC was similar in all the groups (p = 0.13). Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% mouthwash showed the best antimicrobial action; however, C. sinensis mouthwash showed potential against S. mutans. E. cardamomum mouthwash exhibited limited antimicrobial activity. Deolikar S, Jawdekar A, Saraf T, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Elettaria cardamomum (0.5%) Mouthwash, Camellia sinensis (0.5%) Mouthwash, and 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):461-466.

MANAGEMENT OF COATED TONGUE RESEMBLES PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS CANDIDIASIS IN A MULTIDRUG-THERAPY PATIENT

Introduction: Coated tongue or tongue coating is characterized by white deposit covering dorsum of the tongue. The thick-coated tongue almost resembles oral candidiasis. It is challenging to make the diagnosis and provide the proper treatment especially when supporting examination tools are unavailable. Objective: To discuss the diagnosis making and management of coated tongue with suspicion of pseudomembranous candidiasis with a lack of supporting examination tools. Case(s): A 61-year-old man was referred to the Oral Medicine Clinic for oral examination. No complaints of pain in the oral cavity. He had a history of type-2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease (CHD), and pleuritis and was taking medication. During hospitalization, never cleaned his oral cavity. Case Management: Intraorally, white plaque covering almost the entire dorsum of the tongue, which could be scraped off on the anterior 1/3 but not on the posterior 2/3. The diagnosis was suspected coated tongue with oral candidiasis as the differential diagnosis. The treatments were compressing the tongue using gauze soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution, scrapping off using a tongue scraper, then rinsing with water. The thick-coated tongue can be easily removed. He was also given 0,2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouthwash as an antiseptic and petroleum jelly for dry lips. The tongue condition improved on 2nd day therapy after rinsing regularly using 0,2% CHX. Conclusion: Recognizing the signs, symptoms, and associated factors of Candida infection is important. Coated tongue which resembles pseudomembranous candidiasis was successfully treated using 3% H2O2 compresses, tongue scraping, and 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Keywords: Chlorhexidine gluconate, Coated tongue, Hydrogen peroxide, Infection, Oral candidiasis

Effective early strategy to prevent olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial.

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions (OGDs) are key symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which may lead to neurological complications, and lack of effective treatment. This may be because post-disease treatments may be too late to protect the olfactory and gustatory functions. To evaluate the effectiveness of early use of saline nasal irrigation (SNI), corticosteroid nasal spray, and saline or chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash for preventing OGDs in COVID-19. This study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The study was conducted from 5 May to 16 June 2022. We recruited patients from three hospitals who were admitted with COVID-19 but without OGDs on the day of admission. Olfactory and gustatory functions were evaluated using the Taste and Smell Survey and the numerical visual analog scale. Participants were randomized to the saline, drug or control groups. The control group received no intervention, saline group received SNI plus saline nasal spray and mouthwash, and the trial group received SNI plus budesonide nasal spray and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash. Participants were assessed again on the day of discharge. A total of 379 patients completed the trial. The prevalence of OGDs was significantly lower in the saline (11.8%, 95% CI, 6.6-19.0%; P < 0.001) and drug (8.3%, 95% CI, 4.1-14.8%; P < 0.001) groups than in the control group (40.0%, 95% CI, 31.8-48.6%). Additionally, both interventions reduced the severity of OGDs. We demonstrated effective strategies for preventing COVID-19-related OGDs, and the findings may guide early management of severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to reduce the incidence of COVID-19-related complications.

Efficacy of Lycium barbarum (Goji berry) mouthwash for managing periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial

Background Removal of the microbial deposits (plaque and calculus) by performing effective scaling and root planing (SRP) is the fundamental step for managing periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). Various adjuncts in the form of mouthwash, gels, and toothpaste are also being used as adjuncts to SRP for managing periodontitis. Recently, Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum), commonly known as goji berry or wolfberry, has gained popularity for managing chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases. However, its efficacy in managing periodontitis has never been explored. Hence the present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of goji berry mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash for managing periodontitis. Methods 60 adult participants were divided randomly using computer-generated random sequences into two groups (case group: L. barbarum mouthwash (Males: 16; Female: 14); control group: 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Males: 14; Females: 16)). The changes in the gingival index (Gi), plaque index (Pi), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), microbial load, and antioxidant levels (protein thiol) in saliva were noted at the baseline, at 15 days and one month. Results A significant reduction in the mean PPD, Pi, and Gi was seen from baseline to one month in both the control (P-value=0.006, 0.027, and 0.036 respectively) and test groups (P-value=0.035, 0.000, and 0.000 respectively). CAL was reduced significantly only in the control group. However, the antioxidant levels (protein thiol) in saliva were significantly increased only in the test group. Conclusion Goji berry mouthwash along with SRP reduced the Gi, Pi, BOP, and PPD in patients with periodontitis. However, no statistically significant difference was noted between the use of goji berry and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Goji berry mouthwash was more effective than chlorhexidine in increasing the antioxidant levels in saliva.

Evaluation of Newly Formulated Chlorhexidine Mouthwash

Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash has a poor taste during and after rinsing which makes its users dissatisfied. Therefore, the product must be improved to have a better taste and still retain its effectiveness against oral pathogens. To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity and toxicity effects of Newly formulated chlorhexidine mouthwash. The antimicrobial activity of the mouthwash was evaluated by Agar well diffusion method against the tested microorganisms. The toxicity test was performed by using the MTT assay. The new formula has the potential to treat and prevent oral and throat infections. The newly developed Chlorhexidine mouthwash can be considered safe for oral usage.

A RARE CLINICAL SYPHILIS ORAL MANIFESTATION DUE TO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AMONG HOMOSEXUAL: CASE REPORT

Background: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum, often found in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients and homosexuals. The oral manifestations are chancres, mucous patches, focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) and papilloma/condyloma. FEH is a rare oral mucosa disorder that occurs in immunocompromised patient. Objective: To present a rare oral manifestation in syphilis patient due to sexually transmitted infections. Case: A 25-year-old homosexual male came to Oral Medicine Department complaining of sores on the palate for 3 weeks and 2 weeks later a painless lump appeared. He was an HIV patient and had been taking ARVs since 6 months ago. Pain when opening the mouth, itching on his face and genital area. Intraoral revealed a soft, pedunculated, non-bleeding, mobile mass at the palate with a diameter about 2 cm, had the same color as the surrounding tissue. There was a reddish band-like area on the maxillary anterior gingival margin, suspected as Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE). Case management: 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash was administered to prevent secondary infection and he was referred to Dermatovenereology and Periodontology Department. HBsAg Immunochromatography (negative), VDRL titer (reactive), TPHA titer (reactive) therefore diagnosis of syphilis was made and he was treated with a single dose Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units intramuscular. The oral lesions healed after 1 month therapy. Conclusion: FEH is a rare oral mucosa disorder in syphilis patients. Knowledge of the signs and symptoms of the disease is needed to make a diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to achieve successful treatment. Keywords: Oral manifestation, Sexual transmission, Syphilis, Treponemal infection

Management of Oral Candidiasis in People Living With HIV

Background: The incidence of HIV/AIDS has increased significantly over the last decade, both globally and in Indonesia. In this situation, the patient has severe impairment in their cellular immunity, making them susceptible to various kinds of opportunistic infections. Oral candidiasis is the most common oral lesion related to HIV/AIDS. Oral candidiasis in people living with HIV (PLHIV) needs to be treated because it can evolve into a systemic infection through the lymphatic system that attacks vital organs. Objective: To know the management of oral candidiasis in PLHIV. Methods: A web-based search was performed via the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar database. Original research and case reports (2018–2023) published in the English language were included to appraise various topics. The number of articles included in the review amounted to 9 articles. Literature Study: Management of patients with oral candidiasis in PLHIV by eliminating predisposing factors, improving oral hygiene, and administering antifungal drugs such as topical agents and/or systemic triazoles. Discussion: In cases of oral candidiasis associated with immunodeficient individuals, topical agents may not be effective in such cases, hence triazole systemic administration is necessary. Oral candidiasis in PLHIV is less responsive to polyene antifungal drugs (nystatin and amphotericin B). Conclusions: Management of oral candidiasis in PLHIV sufferers are eliminating predisposing factors, Improving oral hygiene and stopping habits that can worsen the patient's oral hygiene, administration fluconazole antifungal drugs, giving chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes) LEAF EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF Porphyromonas gingivalis

Background: The most common periodontal disease is periodontitis which is frequently found in the form of chronic periodontitis. Such disease is caused by the accumulation of the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis where supporting therapy such as chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash 0.2% can be given. However, its use in the long term can have a negative effect on the oral cavity. There is a natural plant, namely water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) which contains compounds that can be used as antibacterial, such as: tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. As a result of this, the water hyacinth plant can be used as an alternative herbal medicine. Purpose: To analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of water hyacinth leaf extract (Eichhornia crassipes) against the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Methods: This study used True Experimental with posttest only with control group design. Antibacterial test was performed using liquid dilution method to determine MIC and solid dilution to determine MBC. Results: Based on the results and data analysis, it was found that the water hyacinth leaf extract had MIC at 1,56% and MBC at a concentration of 50%. Conclusion: Leaf extract of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) can inhibit and have antibacterial properties against the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Keywords: Chronic periodontitis, Leaf extract of Water Hyacinth, Porphyromonas gingivalis

COMPARISON OF KELAKAI AND KATUK EXTRACT COMBINATION TO 0.2% CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE AGAINST Porphyromonas gingivalis

Background: Periodontal disease is the second most frequent oral disease in Indonesia, which includes periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the predominant bacteria in chronic periodontitis. This disease is usually treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash. However, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate has several adverse effects, such as tooth discoloration, irritation of the oral mucosa, and changes in taste sensation. Therefore, an herbal-based mouthwash is needed. A combination of kelakai leaf and katuk leaf extract contains antibacterial substances such as flavonoid, tannin, steroid, alkaloid, and saponin, which can be used as an alternative therapy for chronic periodontitis. Purpose: To compare the inhibitory zone of kelakai and katuk extract combination with 0.2 Chlorhexidine gluconate against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Method: True experimental design with 13 treatment groups and 3 repetitions for each group. The treatment groups include combinations of kelakai leaf extract with 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% concentrations and katuk leaf extract with 20%, 40%, 80% concentrations and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, which were tested on Porphyromonas gingivalis with a total of 39 samples. The inhibitory zone is measured with caliper after incubated for 48 hours. Results: One-Way ANOVA revealed significant differences between all treatment groups and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Consequently, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed, which showed that the antibacterial activity of 75% kelakai leaf and 80% katuk leaf extract did not differ significantly from the activity of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Conclusion: The combination of 75% kelakai leaf and 80% katuk leaf extract has an equal antibacterial activity to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate against Porphyromonas gingivalis statistically. Keywords : 0.2 % Chlorhexidine gluconate, chronic periodontitis, combination of kelakai and katuk leaf extract, inhibitory activity, Porphyromonas gingivalis

Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Different Mouthwashes in Gingivitis Patients: A Clinical Study

INTRODUCTION: Adequate plaque control becomes essential for reducing the progression of periodontal disease. Plaque management consists several mechanical procedures and chemical agents that retard the formation of plaque. AIM: To compare clinical outcomes of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and Hiora herbal mouthwash in gingivitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was conducted among 30 patients. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, Group I used Chlorhexidine mouthwash and Group II received Hiora mouthwash. Clinical parameters such as Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing depth (PD) and Clinical Attachment Loss (LA) were recorded just before initiation of oral prophylaxis. After completion of oral prophylaxis, patients were advised to use mouthwash and were recalled after two weeks for further recording of clinical parameters. The collected data was thus statistically analysed to arrive at the results using SPSS version 24.0 and applying the student's t-test. RESULTS: Both the groups reported significant improvement in clinical parameters. When two mouthwashes were compared, a statistically significant difference in the mean value of PI (0.02) and GI (0.01), CAL and PD between the two experimental groups whereas no significant differences were observed before and after therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that herbal mouthwash are comparably effective in comparison to other conventional mouthwash in controlling dental biofilm

Influence of Different Mouth Rinsing Agents on Friction During Sliding Mechanics Between Orthodontic Metal Brackets and Stainless Steel Archwire: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

Aim and objectives The aim of this in-vitro study is to evaluate and compare the effect of various mouth rinsing agents on frictional resistance through sliding mechanics among orthodontic metal brackets and stainless steel (SS) archwire. Materials and methods Each group comprised 15 samples of maxillary first premolar pre-adjusted edgewise SS movable, un-bonded brackets (Koden Inc., United States) which were welded with a power arm, where 100 gof the load was suspended. Brackets were ligated with elastic modules (Koden Inc., United States) onto the perspex sheet along with 0.019" x 0.025" SS archwire (Classic Orthodontics, United States) and were suspended from the upper component of the Instron machine. The coefficient of friction was tested in dry conditions (control), artificial saliva (AS) (Wet Mouth, ICPA Health Product Ltd., India), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) mouthwash (Hexidine, ICPA Health Product Ltd., India), 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash (ACT Anti-Cavity Fluoride Mouthwash, Sanofi Company, United States), charcoal (CC) mouthwash (Hello Activated Charcoal Extra Freshening Mouthwash, Hello Products LLC, United States) and ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil (O3) (O3Essentials, Health Ranger Store, United States). In order to calculate the coefficient of friction, 50 L was addedto the test sample while moving at a 5 mm/min crosshead speed. The groups were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results The coefficient of friction with the highest mean values was observed with the control group (2.01), followed by AS (1.79), and the least with O3(1.15). Statistically significant differences were observed with almost all groups of mouth rinsing agents, but NaF is significant with CHG and CC. However, CHG did not have any significant difference from CC. Conclusions Lower coefficient of frictional values were observed with the ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil during sliding mechanics between metal brackets and stainless steel archwire. Almost all the mouth rinsing agents showed a significantly different coefficient of friction value.

Effect of Charcoal, Probiotic, and Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes on Mechanical Properties and Surface Characterization of Ceramic-Coated Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Arch Wires: A Comparative In-Vitro Study.

To determine the impact on the mechanical properties and surface features of ceramic-coated nickel-titanium (CC-Ni-Ti) archwires when subjected to charcoal, probiotic, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in in vitro conditions. Eighty samples of 25 mm were cut from the posterior end of preformed maxillary 0.016'' CC-Ni-Ti super elastic archwires (Koden Company, USA) anddistributed into four equal groups. Each group of wires was immersed in artificial saliva (Wet Mouth Mouthwash, ICPA Health Products Ltd., India) (control), charcoal mouthwash (Hello activated charcoal extra freshening mouthwash, Hello Products LLC, USA), probiotic mouthwash (Perfora, Probiotic Rinse, India), and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Sensorange, Orange Biotech, Pvt., Ltd., India) (experimental groups) for 90 min at 37 °C. All samples were taken out of their respective solutions and washed with distilled water prior to testing. A three-point bending test was performed on 15 samples from each group using a universal testing device. During the loading and unloading of the archwires, the yield strength (YS), flexural modulus of elasticity (E), and spring back ratio (YS/E) were calculated. The remaining five wires from each group were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface topography evaluation. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between chlorhexidine and charcoal are 302.91 MPa, 4.28 GPa, and 0.0004, whereas unloading values are 172.32 MPa, 4.16 GPa, and 0.0003, respectively, with a statistical significance of <0.001 in terms of YS and E. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between charcoal and probiotic are 305.36 MPa, 4.54 GPa, and 0.0005, whereas unloading values are 173.77 MPa, 3.66 GPa, and 0.0003, respectively, with a statistical significance of <0.001 in terms of YS and E. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between chlorhexidine and probiotic are 2.45 MPa, 0.26 GPa, and 0.00007, whereas unloading values are 1.44 MPa, 0.49 GPa, and 0.0000533, respectively, with no statistical significance of >0.001 in terms of YS, E, and YS/E. Surface topography alteration was clearly appreciated in the charcoal and probiotic mouthwash groups compared to charcoal mouthwash. Loading and unloading of 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires showed an increase in mechanical properties except for the spring back ratio on exposure to chlorhexidine, probiotic, and charcoal mouthwashes. Chlorhexidine and probiotic mouthwashes had a higher yield strength and flexural modulus of elasticity in comparison with charcoal mouthwash and artificial saliva on 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires. More corrosive changes were seen on 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires when immersed in chlorhexidine, followed by probiotic and charcoal mouthwashes.

Recurrent hemorrhagic bullae of the oral mucosa

Recurrent hemorrhagic bullae of the oral mucosa

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea Herbal Mouth-wash and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash Against Streptococcus mutans in Dental Plaque - A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and Aim Several chemical agents can alter the profile of oral microflora but can cause undesirable effects on oral tissues. Green tea Camellia sinensis contains adequate amounts of catechins and polyphenol compounds. It has demonstrated antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory antiviral antimutagenic and anticaries properties.The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available 0.5 green tea herbal mouthwash with 0.2 chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque samples of school children. Methods This clinical trial was conducted including thirty healthy cooperative children who were randomly divided into two groups Group A 0.2 Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and Group B 0.5 Green tea mouthwash. Baseline and day 15 post-rinse plaque samples were collected. Streptococcus mutans colony counting was done on day zero and on day 15 and the results were compared statistically.Results Within the group paired t-test analysis showed a significant reduction p lt0.05 of Streptococcus mutans counts from baseline to post-rinse in both 0.2 chlorhexidine 1.68plusmn0.63 95 CI -1.45 to 1.77 and green tea 0.5 1.54plusmn0.16 95 CI - 1.37 to 1.69 groups. Between groups independent t-test analysis did not show any significant difference both at baseline and post-rinse p gt0.05.Conclusion Both 0.2 chlorhexidine mouthwash and green tea 0.5 mouthwash were equally efficient in reducing S. mutans counts. However 0.2 Chlorhexidine mouthwash was marginally better. Green tea mouthwash has the advantage of being non-staining having no taste disturbance and having good participant compliance.

Effect of Triphaladi Choornam Mouthwash and Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash in Radio-Chemotherapy Induced Oral Mucositis in NonMetastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck: A Comparative Study

Background: The cases of lung and mouth cancer have boomed in the last decade due to various reasons, the major one being tobacco consumption. In non-metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, oral mucositis becomes prominent, especially during chemo or radiotherapy. Such patients also often suffer from stomatitis, xerostomia and pharyngitis. Materials and methods: This comparative study comprises of 36 patients undergoing chemo and radiotherapy. Here, 18 patients each are randomly allocated in two groups. One group receiving the existing prophylactic treatment i.e., chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and the other group received, Triphaladi choornam for gargling. Both the groups were asked to perform gargling, from the first day of radiation therapy to 21 days thereafter. Analytical tools: The effectiveness of both mouthwashes was compared for their healing potential and quality of life by WHO oral mucositis scale and Patient Reported Oral Mucositis Symptoms (PROMS)scale respectively. Conclusion: The reduction in mucositis and betterment of quality of life was significant in the group which received ayurvedic mouthwash compared to the prophylactic treatment group.

Preparation of mouthwash by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and triphala: alternative to chlorhexidine gluconate

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as a reservoir of oral cavity. This bacterium is present in nosocomial infections with high morbidity and mortality. This bacterium is an initial step in pathogenesis of pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. When these species interact with other species of periodontal pathogens has greater chances of having aggressive periodontitis. Chlorhexidine gluconate is been widely used in many mouthwashes and is known for its antibacterial activity. It has certain side effects such as staining, alteration in taste, tartar formation. The alternative to Chlorhexidine is triphala which helps in maintaining oral health and helps prevent periodontitis. In previous studies it was been observed that triphala is more effective than Chlorhexidine. Moreover, Chlorhexidine treats gingivitis, not periodontitis, whereas triphala fights against both gingivitis as well as periodontitis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-pathogenic yeast, is a potential probiotic. It has significant antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory activity. Triphala preparation is made from Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), belleric myrobalan (Terminalia bellirica) and black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula). It is an ancient herbal remedy with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. It improves oral health by preventing plaque, gingivitis, heals mouth sores. It shows antibacterial activity except probiotic organisms. In this study, effect of triphala and S. cerevisiae against P. aeruginosa was evaluated by agar-well diffusion method. Triphala solution and S. cerevisiae effectively showed antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa individually. Therefore, triphala and S. cerevisiae together were tested at various concentrations against P. aeruginosa. The result showed the clear zone of inhibition showing successful inhibition of P.aeruginosa. Therefore, mouthwash that contains triphala and S. cerevisiae can be efficiently use for maintaining oral health and this mouthwash can be alternative to chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes and triphala can be a promising therapeutic agent in treatment of periodontitis and gingivitis without any side effects on long term use. Keywords- P. aeruginosa, periodontitis, gingivitis, chlorhexidine gluconate, triphala, S. cerevisiae