Chlorhexidine Gel Research Articles

Antibacterial effect of ozone versus chlorhexidine gel for disinfection of cavitated carious lesions in young permanent teeth

Purpose The study was directed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ozone versus chlorhexidine gel for disinfection of cavitated carious lesions in young permanent teeth. Patients and methods Forty young permanent molars out of 20 children were allocated into two groups in a randomized technique according to the material used for cavity disinfection either ozone or chlorhexidine gel. Each child had two bilateral vital cavitated class I carious lesions in young permanent first molars. Dentin samples from deep caries lesions were collected before additionally after application of either ozone or chlorhexidine gel and cultured into freshly prepared appropriate media for microbiological examination. Results There were statistically significant decrease in both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus bacterial count after application of either ozone or chlorhexidine gel in both groups. Conclusion Application of ozone or chlorhexidine gel as cavity disinfectant in deep carious lesions after incomplete dentin caries removal provide an obvious antibacterial effect reducing S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts.

Phage PEf771 for the Treatment of Periapical Periodontitis Induced by Enterococcus faecalis YN771.

Enterococcus faecalis was the main causative bacteria of refractory periapical periodontitis (PP), there is a pressing need to explore effective methods for eradicating E. faecalis in patients with refractory PP. This study aimed to assess the anti-infective effectiveness of phage PEf771 in treating periapical inflammation in rats. We developed a rat model of PP through E. faecalis YN771 induction. Micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin-eosin staining were utilized to evaluate bone destruction and inflammation in experimental teeth for seven consecutive weeks. Subsequently, rats with PP caused by E. faecalis YN771 were treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel. The healing progress of bone defects and inflammation in the apical region was monitored over three consecutive weeks using imaging and histopathology assessments. The PP rat model was successfully developed, and bone destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration in the apical region of the experimental tooth peaked at 4 weeks. The area of bone destruction in rats treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel was significantly smaller than that in the untreated group. Phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexi-dine gel all have the effect of promoting the healing of apical lesions. Therapeutic effects of phage PEf771 on periapical inflammation infected by E. faecalis YN771 enhanced with time. Phage PEf771 promoted the healing of apical lesions, presenting a promising new approach for the treatment of refractory PP using bacteriophages.

Effect of mixing Calcium Hydroxide paste and 2% Chlorhexidine Gel in Comparison to pure Calcium Hydroxide Paste on Postoperative Pain in teeth with chronic periapical periodontitis: Randomized Clinical Trial

Effect of mixing Calcium Hydroxide paste and 2% Chlorhexidine Gel in Comparison to pure Calcium Hydroxide Paste on Postoperative Pain in teeth with chronic periapical periodontitis: Randomized Clinical Trial

Efficacy of Ozonated Olive Oil Gel in the Management of Peri-Implant Mucositis.

Peri-implant mucosistis is similar to gingivitis, the former affects the mucosa around implants without bone loss. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ozonated olive oil gel in the management of peri-implant mucositis. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among 50 patients with peri-implant mucositis within the age group of 25-50 years. They were randomly divided into two groups with 25 participants in each group based on the intervention [Group A (Ozonated olive oil gel), Group B (Chlorhexidine gel)]. Silness and Loe plaque index (PI) and Loe and Silness gingival index (GI) were recorded at baseline and after 4 weeks. Paired t-test and independent t-test was used to test the significance. Within the groups, there was a statistically significant reduction in PI and GI from baseline (P < 0.05). However, the difference in PI and GI between both the groups was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Ozonated olive oil gel was equally effective to chlorhexidine gel in the management of peri-implant mucositis.

Chlorhexidine and doxycycline gel versus chip as adjuncts in oral hygiene among Indians.

The effectiveness of newly released medications such as Chlorhexidine (CHX) chip, Doxycycline hyclate (DH) chip, CHX gel, DH chip as adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis is important. 90 adult Indian patients with moderate chronic periodontitis were enlisted. It was observed that reduction in periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and increase in clinical attachment level (CAL) was seen in patients in CHX group as compared to DH treated study participants. It was observed that CHX and DH in gel form were more effective in improving periodontal health as compared to CHX and DH in chip form in this group of subjects.

Management of peri-implantitis using local drug delivery among Indian patients.

It is of interest to compare 0.2% chlorhexidine gel, 0.2% chlorhexidine chip, minocycline microspheres and slow-release doxycycline gel and tetracycline fibers as drug delivery systems in the management of peri-implantitis. The study comprised of 105 Indian participants who had a minimum of one dental implant with a probing depth of 4 mm, along with exudate and/or bleeding upon probing along with the presence of potentially harmful germs. The use of minocycline microspheres and 0.2% chlorhexidine gel resulted in significant improvements in probing depths at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months and all treatments showed decline in the indicator bacteria. Thus, minocycline microspheres and 0.2% chlorhexidine gel is useful as an adjuvant for mechanical debridement in management of peri-implantitis.

Ozonized gels vs chlorhexidine in non-surgical periodontal treatment: A randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the efficacy of newly introduced ozonated gels compared with conventional chlorhexidine gel in the home management of periodontal patients. 30 patients with bilateral periodontal disease (severity I, complexity II) were enrolled (split-mouth study design). After nonsurgical mechanical periodontal debridement, the teeth were randomly divided into two groups: teeth in the Control group were treated with a chlorhexidine-based gel to aid oral hygiene maneuvers for 2 weeks after the first visit, while teeth in the Test group were treated in the same way with ozone-based gels. After the baseline assessment, the follow-up included assessments at 1, 2, and 6 months. The variables evaluated were clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque control record (PCR), recession (R), and tooth mobility (TM). For CAL, PPD, BoP, and PCR, significant intragroup differences were found for both groups (p < 0.05), in contrast to intergroup differences (p > 0.05). No significant differences were found for R and TM. Nonsurgical mechanical periodontal debridement with adjunctive use of ozone and chlorhexidine was found to be effective in periodontal treatment. Ozone could be suggested as an alternative to chlorhexidine.

Comparative Evaluation of 4% Moringa oleifera Gel with 1% Chlorhexidine Gel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Gingivitis

Introduction: Among the traditional herbal medicines and products, very few have been marketed for conventional use in dental care because of limited publication data. Moringa oleifera (MO), an indigenous plant from Indonesia, exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, rendering it beneficial in the treatment of gingival diseases. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess and compare the effectiveness of 4% MO gel and 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of moderate-to-severe gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals, aged between 18 and 55 years, who presented with moderate-to-severe gingivitis, were randomly allocated into two groups: the test group (MO) and the control group (CHX). Following the completion of SRP, the test group received 4% MO gel, while the control group received 1% CHX gel for local application twice daily over a span of 15 days. Clinical parameters including the plaque index, gingival index, and papillary bleeding index were assessed and recorded at baseline, on the 15th day, and on the 30th day. Results: Statistical analysis was done using Student’s t-test. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant difference was observed in the parameters while on intergroup comparison, no significant difference was observed both on the 15th and 30th day. Conclusion: MO gel when applied along with SRP in cases of gingivitis, it exhibits effects that are comparable to those of CHX gel, indicating that it may be utilized as an herbal substitute for CHX.

Effect of 20-ppm ozone and 1% chlorhexidine gels on plaque index and Streptococcus mutans counts in the dental plaque in 6-12-year-old children: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

One of the methods to control dental caries is to use ozone. Since it is difficult for children to use mouthwashes, the present study aimed to evaluate 20-ppm zone and 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gels' effects on the plaque index and Streptococcus mutans counts in 6-12-year-old children. In the present double-blind clinical trial, 165 children, 6-12 years of age, referring to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to three groups: ozone gel, CHX gel, and control. The subjects were instructed to place an adequate amount of the gels on all the surfaces of their teeth with one clean finger. The patients and evaluators were blinded to the study groups. The plaque index and S. mutans counts in plaque samples were determined before intervention and three weeks after intervention on the buccal surface of the most posterior maxillary tooth (left or right). S. mutans counts were determined by culture. STATA software version 14 was used for statistical analyses using Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and post hoc Dum tests. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. The 20-ppm ozone and 1% CHX gels significantly decreased dental plaque compared to the control group (P<0.05), and their effects were similar (P>0.05). These gels significantly decreased the colonies and bacterial counts of S. mutans (P<0.05). The performance of 20-ppm ozone gel in decreasing the dental plaque and S. mutans counts was similar to 1% CHX gel.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis

BackgroundThe study aims to compare the synergistic antibacterial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis.Material and methodsThe current study included four hundred extracted human permanent mandibular premolar teeth. After complete chemo-mechanical preparation, the middle third of the root was sectioned using a rotary diamond disc and a total of 400 samples were obtained. The specimens were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. After that, specimens were divided into five groups (n = 80) based on materials used for the disinfection of samples: Group I, calcium hydroxide alone; Group II, calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel; Group III, calcium hydroxide + 2% chitosan gel; Group IV, calcium hydroxide + 0.02% silver nanoparticle gel; Group V, calcium hydroxide + Bioactive glass S53P4. Dentin shavings from the apical third were obtained from the inner third of dentin were obtained using gates glidden no.1 to the apical depth, followed by no.2, 3, 4 and 5 analyzed for E. faecalis using the culture method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis, followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple comparisons of means to check the difference in bacterial inhibition between the groups.ResultsANOVA results revealed a significant reduction of bacterial counts in all the groups compared (p < 0.001). Intergroup comparison showed maximum bacterial reduction (p < 0.001) with calcium hydroxide + bioactive glass S53P4 compared with other groups.ConclusionSynergistic effect of calcium hydroxide showed better bacterial reduction compared to calcium hydroxide alone. Among the combinations evaluated, calcium hydroxide with bioactive glass, found to be most effective compared to other groups.

Efficacy of calcium hydroxide-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) biodegradable nanoparticles as an intracanal medicament against endodontopathogenic microorganisms in a multi-species biofilm model.

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (CH-loaded PLGA NPs) on multi-species biofilms. Human root blocks were prepared (n = 40), and multi-species suspensions of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii were incubated within the root canals for 21 days. Canals (n = 10/group) were then medicated with saline solution (negative control), chlorhexidine (positive control), calcium hydroxide and CH-loaded PLGA NPs for 7 days. Samples taken from the 0.1 mm root canal dentin were collected, and cell growth was detected by culture on BHI agar. The viable cell count of the Ca(OH)2, chlorhexidine gel and CH-loaded PLGA NPs group was significantly lower than the normal saline group (p < 0.001). CH-loaded PLGA NPs demonstrated a significant lower viable cell than Ca(OH)2 (p < 0.001); it has potential as a medicament for endodontic therapy.

Effect of chlorhexidine gel on the prevention of alveolar osteitis and post‐operative pain following transalveolar extraction of impacted mandibular third molars: A randomized study

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel with warm saline mouth rinse (WSMR) in the prevention of alveolar osteitis (AO) following transalveolar impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) extraction after accounting for surgical operative confounding factors.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a parallel design randomized study. Participants were consenting adults randomly assigned to 0.9% WSMR and 0.2% chlorhexidine gel (administered twice daily post‐operatively) groups. All participants were followed up daily post‐operatively for one week. The primary outcome was an incidence of AO, assessed using Blum's criteria. Fischer's exact tests and regression models were used to investigate the effect of interventions on AO.ResultsOne hundred participants were enrolled in the study, with 50 participants in each group. A higher incidence of AO was observed in the WSMR group than the chlorhexidine group (16% vs. 2%, p = 0.01). However, after adjusting for duration of extraction (aOR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.02, 1.71) and bone operating time (aOR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02, 1.47), the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the study demonstrates that the application of the 0.2% chlorhexidine gel was not significantly more effective in preventing AO compared with the use of WSMR following transalveolar IMTM extraction after controlling for operative factors.

Effectiveness of chlorhexidine gels and chips in Periodontitis Patients after Scaling and Root Planing: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Periodontal pockets are characteristic of periodontitis. Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. Additional local antimicrobials are recommended in patients with a probing depth of ≥ 5 mm. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to other local antimicrobials in periodontitis. Searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that met inclusion criteria after risk of bias assessment. Meta-analysis between chlorhexidine chips and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth after one month of 0.58 mm (p < 0.00001) whereas after three months the mean difference in probing depth was 0.50 mm (p = 0.001), index plaque 0.01 (p = 0.94) and gingival index − 0.11 mm (p = 0.02). Between chlorhexidine gel and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth of 0.40 mm (p = 0.30), plaque index of 0.20 mm (p = 0.0008) and gingival index of -0.04 mm (p = 0.83) after one month. Chlorhexidine chips were more effective on the gingival index than other antimicrobials after three months. The other antimicrobials were more effective than chlorhexidine chips on probing depth after one and three months, and than chlorhexidine gels on plaque index after one month.

Efficacy of Chlorhexidine after Oral Surgery Procedures on Wound Healing: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Our objective was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, available evidence on the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) when applied after oral surgery on wound healing and related clinical parameters. MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for studies published before January 2023. The quality of the methodology used in primary-level studies was assessed using the RoB2 tool; meta-analyses were performed jointly with heterogeneity and small-study effect analyses. Thirty-three studies and 4766 cases were included. The results point out that the application of CHX was significantly more effective, compared to controls where CHX was not employed, providing better wound healing after oral surgery (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.55-0.80, p < 0.001). Stratified meta-analyses confirmed the higher efficacy of 0.20% CHX gel vs. other vehicles and concentrations (p < 0.001, respectively). Likewise, the addition of chitosan to CHX significantly increased the efficacy of surgical wound healing (p < 0.001). The use of CHX has also been significantly beneficial in the prevention of alveolar osteitis after any type of dental extraction (RR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.39-0.53, p < 0.001) and has also been effective when applied as a gel for a reduction in pain after the surgical extraction of third molars (MD = -0.97, 95% CI = -1.26 to -0.68, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate on the basis of evidence that the application of CHX exerts a beneficial effect on wound healing after oral surgical procedures, significantly decreasing the patient's risk of developing surgical complications and/or poor wound healing. This benefit was greater when CHX was used at 0.20% in gel form with the addition of chitosan.

A comparative evaluation of effect of nano-bio fusion gel and chlorhexidine Gel in patients with chronic periodontitis: A clinical study

: To assess the clinical effectiveness of nano bio fusion gingival gel and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to non surgical periodontal therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.: 45 chronic periodontitis patients with atleast ≥ 5mm probing pocket depth were selected. Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A received intrasulcular application of nano bio fusion gingival gel after oral prophylaxis, group B received chlorhexidine gel after SRP and group C received SRP alone. Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, modified sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline, 1 month and 3 months.: Intergroup analysis of all the clinical parameters showed clinically significant results between baseline, 1 month and 3 months. However, on intragroup analysis, the results were significant between baseline and 1 month in group B only.: Nano bio fusion gingival gel and chlorhexidine gel can be a good adjunct to phase 1 periodontal therapy for treating chronic periodontitis. All the clinical parameters measured were reduced from baseline to 1 month and 3 months.

Influence of intracanal medicaments on the periodontal and periapical healing in concurrent endodontic-periodontal lesions with/without communication: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this review is to determine the effectiveness of intracanal medicament (ICM) on periodontal and periapical healing (PH) of concurrent endodontic-periodontal lesions with/without communication in permanent teeth. The pre-defined protocol was registered in PROSPERO, and a literature search using keywords was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase electronic databases, and Gray literature and was hand-searched until August 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the title and abstracts using the inclusion criteria. Randomized or non-randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies were included in the review. The same reviewers extracted the study-level data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) independently. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Random effects meta-analysis was performed on eligible studies using Revman software. A total of 598 records were identified from the database search; seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Four randomized clinical trials, two prospective cohorts, and one retrospective case-control study with 362 patients were included. Calcium hydroxide (CH) was the most commonly used ICM, followed by using chlorhexidine gel in four studies. Periodontal therapy was performed as initial scaling and root planning (SRP) in all studies, along with open flap debridement (OFD) in three randomized clinical trials. The time lapse between two treatment protocols was variable (ranging from 1 week to 3 months). All studies exhibited a decrease in probing depth (PD) and an increase in clinical attachment level (CAL) after the treatment. Meta-analysis showed insignificant differences between different ICM materials, and the certainty of evidence was low. In patients with/without concurrent endodontic-periodontal lesions, intracanal medication improved clinical periodontal parameters following endodontic therapy. In terms of influence on periapical healing, the results were inconclusive. Two-visit RCT may be considered since it allows for the placement of an ICM in endodontic-periodontal lesions with/without communication. Sufficient time should be allowed after endodontic therapy for any potential periodontal regeneration to occur.

Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gel in Single Crown Implant Rehabilitation

Chlorhexidine gel is a commonly utilized topical antiseptic within the field of dentistry, renowned for its efficacy in managing the proliferation of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the vicinity of dental treatment sites. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel in the context of single-crown implant rehabilitation. The procedure of doing a literature search was performed on multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar, in order to investigate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel in the context of single crown implant recovery. The application of chlorhexidine gel has been found to be effective in mitigating the potential danger of infection in the vicinity of the implant, thereby minimizing any potential disruptions to the healing process and overall stability of the implant. This holds particular significance throughout the phase of implantation commencement and the subsequent time of initial recovery. The utilization of chlorhexidine gel has been shown to be effective in the prevention of peri-implantitis through its ability to regulate bacterial proliferation in the vicinity of the implant. It is imperative to mitigate inflammation and tissue damage in order to safeguard the sustained efficacy of the implant. In conclusion, the utilization of chlorhexidine gel is effective in managing bacterial plaque on the external surface of natural teeth as well as in the vicinity of dental implants.

Effect of Chlorhexidine and Ozone Gel on Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of Dentin Bonding Agents in Composite Resin Restorations of Primary Teeth

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of two antimicrobial agents on shear bond strength and microleakage of composite resin restorations in primary teeth. Methods: Sixty extracted primary molars and canines were assigned to three different groups according to the dentin surface pretreatment (2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel, ozone gel, and control group) and two subgroups (sound and caries-affected dentin) for shear bond strength tests. For the microleakage test process, a class V cavity was prepared on the buccal surface of the teeth and restored with composite resin. Then, all the teeth were cut buccolingually. The depth of stain penetration in each specimen was measured separately according to the scale. The data have been analyzed using SPSS 24 software. Results: In both sound and caries-affected dentin, ozone gel exhibited higher shear bond strength than chlorhexidine gel and the control group (P&lt;0.001). Chlorhexidine gel had no significant effect on the shear bond strength of sound dentin (P=0.561), but it reduced it in the caries-affected dentin (P&lt;0.001). With both disinfectants, the shear bond strength of the caries-affected dentin was significantly lower than that of the sound dentin. The application of chlorhexidine gel to caries-affected dentin resulted in more microleakage than sound dentin. In addition, the amount of microleakage in the ozone gel group was similar in both types of dentin. Conclusion: In both sound and caries-affected dentin, ozone gel was associated with higher shear bond strength than chlorhexidine gel; furthermore, chlorhexidine increased microleakage and ozone gel decreased it.

EVALUATION OF LOCAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS

Main etiological factor in the development of generalized periodontitis is considered to be the presence of periodontopathogens of the red complex, namely Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus in the oral cavity. Among the widely used local therapeutic agents for periodontal diseases, researchers highlight chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine is available in the form of toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, sprays, and inserts (PerioChip). In dentistry, the antiseptic is commonly applied in concentrations of 0.2%, 0.12%, and 0.06%. The aim of this study was to propose and evaluate new local therapeutic agents in experimental animals with modeled chronic periodontitis. The study included 36 experimental animals. We suggested using an insert with subgingival application, soaked with chlorhexidinebased official products – Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel and Perio-Aid Protect Gel. The animals were divided into groups as follows: Group I intact rats, Group II modeled periodontal pathology without treatment on the 7th day of modeling, Group III rats with experimental periodontitis without treatment on the 12th day of modeled pathology, Group IV rats with experimental periodontitis treated with an insert soaked in 0.12% chlorhexidine gel (Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel), and Group V rats with experimental periodontitis treated with an insert soaked in 0.2% chlorhexidine gel + hyaluronic acid (PERIO-AID Protect Gel).&#x0D; The experimental periodontitis was induced using an ultrasonic device. On the 7th and 12th days of the experiment, the rats from Groups IV and V were treated according to the specified scheme, preceded by removal of dental deposits using manual instruments. Group IV was treated with an insert with subgingival application soaked in Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel, and Group V was treated with an insert soaked in Perio-Aid Protect Gel. Euthanasia of the rats and sampling of blood and periodontal tissues (gingiva, alveolar process) were performed on the 7th and 12th days in the animals with modeled periodontitis. The assessment of the modeled pathological process was based on clinical examination and biochemical analysis. After the experiment, it was observed that the probable reduction in antioxidant defense during the treatment of experimental animals with Dentaid Perio-Aid Gel and Perio-Aid Protect Gel, applied on the insert, was associated with a decrease in lipid peroxidation. At the same time, alkaline phosphatase activity increased, both in serum and in the homogenate, which may indicate activation of bone formation processes.

Long-Term Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gel in Single-Crown Implant Rehabilitation: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study.

Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) has shown the ability to significantly reduce inflammation and marginal bone loss (MBL) at the 1-year follow-up but limited data exist regarding its long-term efficacy in peri-implant stability. The objective was to compare the long-term effects (5 years of follow-up) of a placebo gel (16 patients in Group A) or a 0.20% CHX gel (15 patients in Group B) used at each previous surgical and prosthetic stage. Control visits were conducted in 2022, investigating the long-term effects by biological, radiological, and clinical evaluation. The data were statistically analyzed. The research achieved a 96.7% implant success rate over five years, but 41.9% of patients did not attend annual oral hygiene check-ups. The average MBL was 1.04 ± 0.39 mm, with no significant differences between the two groups. Notably, patients who attended regular periodontal check-ups experienced significantly less MBL than those who did not (p < 0.05). At five years, direct effects of CHX were absent, with both groups showing moderate bone loss. However, the results suggest that early disinfection could enhance both short- and long-term outcomes. In fact, patients with initial minor MBL due to use of CHX, preserve this advantage also after 5 years of follow-up. Additionally, the data underscore the importance of annual check-ups in early detection and management of biological complications.