Chitosan Montmorillonite Research Articles

Protective Effects of Carbonated Chitosan Montmorillonite on Vomitoxin-Induced Intestinal Inflammation.

Exposure to vomitoxin (DON) can negatively impact the intestinal health of livestock and poultry, leading to compromised nutrient absorption and utilization, resulting in slowed growth and reduced production efficiency. In this study, we synthesized carbonated chitosan montmorillonite intercalation complexes (CCM) through solution precipitation. The successful formation of intercalation complexes was confirmed by examining functional groups and surface features using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To assess the impact of CCM on DON-infected mice, we established an experimental mouse model of jejunal inflammation induced by DON infection. We analyzed the effects of CCM on blood biochemical and conventional indices, jejunal inflammatory factors, pathological changes, and the expression of proteins in the MAPK pathways in DON-infected mice. Our results indicate that CCM effectively mitigates the adverse effects of DON on growth performance, jejunal injury, and the inflammatory response in mice. CCM supplementation alleviated the negative effects of DON infection on growth performance and reduced intestinal inflammation in mice. Moreover, CCM supplementation successfully inhibited the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway induced by DON. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of CCM on DON-induced inflammatory injury in the murine jejunum is closely linked to the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Crosslinked chitosan–montmorillonite composite and its magnetized counterpart for the removal of basic fuchsin from wastewater: Parametric optimization using Box-Behnken design

Treating wastewater polluted with organic dyestuffs is still a challenge. In that vein, facile synthesis of a structurally simple composite of chitosan with montmorillonite (CS-MMT) using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker and the magnetized analogue (MAG@CS-MMT) was proposed as versatile adsorbents for the cationic dye, basic Fuchsin (FUS). Statistical modeling of the adsorption process was mediated using Box-Behnken (BB) design and by varying the composite dose, pH, [FUS], and contact time. Characterization of both composites showed an enhancement of surface features upon magnetization, substantiating a better FUS removal of the MAG@CS-MMT (%R = 98.43 %) compared to CS-MMT (%R = 68.02 %). The surface area analysis demonstrates that MAG@CS-MMT possesses a higher surface area, measuring 41.54 m2/g, and the surface analysis of the magnetized nanocomposite, conducted using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies, proved the presence of FeO peaks. In the same context, adsorption of FUS onto MAG@CS-MMT fitted-well to the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacities (qm) were 53.11 mg/g for CS-MMT and 88.34 mg/g for MAG@CS-MMT. Kinetics investigation shows that experimental data fitted well to the pseudo-second order (PSO) model. Regeneration study reveals that MAG@CS-MMT can be recovered effectively for repeated use with a high adsorption efficiency for FUS.

Synthesis of a chitosan-clay nanomembrane by pH control and its thermal stability in aqueous environments

Nanofiltration is a promising technology for the treatment of industrial effluents containing organic contaminants and large divalent ions. The development of green nanomembranes is hence crucial for advancing this technology. This work aims to synthesize a novel chitosan-montmorillonite (CTS-MMT) nanomembrane concerning pH effects and to evaluate its structural stability under a wide range of operating temperatures in aqueous solution. Molecular dynamics method is conducted here and the INTERFACE-PCFF force field was employed in the biopolymer-organic system. Results show that water and counterions play a hindering role in the coating process. The higher protonation rate of chitosan can achieve higher adhesiveness and a more uniform distribution on the MMT surface after complete drying. This behaviour is due to the CTS-MMT interaction, mainly generated by -NH3+ via electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, while OH and NH2 groups exhibit negligible contributions. Both water-induced peeling as well as temperature-dependent peeling were analyzed basically according to the adhesion rate of NH3+ groups. Water evaporation is observed at around 550 K and no decisive desorption of chitosan from the clay substrate can be found even at extremely high temperatures up to 800 K. The high thermal stability of the CTS-modified organoclay nanomembrane in water proves that they will not generate secondary pollutants. This study can therefore provide insight into the fabrication and design of the proposed new type of membrane within clay nanocomposites.

Chitosan–Montmorillonite–Fe Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Phosphate Recovery and Reuse

Chitosan–Montmorillonite–Fe Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Phosphate Recovery and Reuse

Microfluidic‐assisted preparation of nano and microscale chitosan based 3D composite materials: Comparison with conventional methods

AbstractAlthough nanofillers contribute to improved physical characteristics and biological functionalities of polymer‐based biomaterials, their dispersion in polymer matrices is still a challenging issue in terms of obtaining consistency for the inherent properties. To tackle this problem, homogenization techniques are applied to disperse the nanofillers in such polymers, however, these methods can cause undesired changes especially in the rheological properties and the physical structure of the biopolymer matrices. Recently, as a novel homogenization technique, microfluidization has been used to homogenize polymer nanocomposites to minimize these limitations. In this study, two different nanocomposite structures as chitosan/montmorillonite (CS/MMT) and chitosan/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocages (CS/POSS) were homogenized with microfluidization and investigated in terms of physical alterations. Furthermore, the effect of microfluidizer technique on material characteristics was compared with conventional homogenization techniques, i.e., ultrasonic bath and sonication in terms of solution, nano – (e.g., hydrodynamic size, drug encapsulation) and macroscopic material characteristics (e.g., porosity, mechanical properties, swelling and thermal degradation). It was found that the microfluidizer homogenization improves the physical characteristics in both nano and macroscale materials: Nanospheres obtained from CS/MMT composites showed enhanced stability, uniform size distribution (<100 nm, PDI: <0.2), and good encapsulation efficiency (>50%) whereas 3D porous CS/POSS scaffolds showed improved structural uniformity (i.e., homogeneous and interconnected microstructure) and enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. The obtained results indicate that the microfluidizer homogenization ensures a successful nanofiller dispersion in polymer matrices, thereby improving the biomaterial characteristics impressively compared to the sonication methods.

Preparation of Chitosan/Clay Composites for Safe and Effective Hemorrhage Control.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage from trauma or surgery can lead to death. In this study, chitosan/kaolin (CSK) and chitosan/montmorillonite (CSMMT) composites were prepared from chitosan (CS), kaolin (K), and montmorillonite (MMT) as raw materials to control bleeding. The physiochemical properties and surface morphology of CSK and CSMMT composites were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potentials, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The hemostatic mechanism was measured in vitro by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), in vitro clotting time, erythrocyte aggregation, and thromboelastogram (TEG). The hemostasis ability was further verified by using tail amputation and arteriovenous injury models in rats. The biocompatibility of CSK and CSMMT was evaluated by in vitro hemolysis, cytotoxicity assays, as well as acute toxicity test and skin irritation tests. The results show that CSK and CSMMT are promising composite materials with excellent biocompatibility and hemostatic properties that can effectively control bleeding.

Effect of chitosan coatings supplemented with chitosan-montmorillonite nanocomposites on postharvest quality of ‘Hom Thong’ banana fruit

The chitosan (CTS) solutions supplemented with chitosan-montmorillonite (CTS-MMT) nanocomposites at various concentrations were prepared for free-standing films by the casting technique. Incorporating 2% CTS-MMT nanocomposites into the free-standing CTS films could improve the water-resistance and oxygen barrier of the film. For the postharvest experiment, CTS and CTS supplemented with CTS-MMT nanocomposite solutions were applied as banana fruit coating by the dipping technique. The CTS supplemented with 2% CTS-MMT showed a significant retarding in peel color change, reduced electrolyte leakage, and MDA content, while CTS coating could maintain fruit firmness and reduce plasma membrane destruction for only the first few days. In addition, the CTS supplemented with 2% CTS-MMT coating could reduce ethylene production and respiration rate of the banana fruit. Overall results suggest that the CTS supplemented with 2% CTS-MMT nanocomposites is a novel coating material for maintaining the postharvest quality of ‘Hom Thong’ banana fruit.

Crosslinked chitosan-montmorillonite biocomposite with Fe intercalation: Enhancing surface chemistry for improved phosphate adsorption

This research incorporates iron-loaded crosslinked chitosan (CS) polymeric structure into the interlayer lattice space of Montmorillonite clay (MT) to enhance the phosphate adsorption capacity of MT. The synthesized Fe-loaded crosslinked chitosan montmorillonite composite (Fe-CS-MT) is evaluated effectively for phosphate removal from aqueous media. Batch adsorption experiments optimized the influence of adsorption parameters, i.e., contact time (50 min), solution pH (3), and adsorbent dosage (2 g L−1) for phosphate removal. The experimental results of equilibrium and kinetic studies indicated that phosphate adsorption on Fe-CS-MT follows Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models with a high degree of accuracy. A series of analytical tools used to profile the investigated material's surface features involves CHNS Analyser, SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, XRF, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, TGA, DSC, and surface analysis. The calculations of the thermodynamic study confirmed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the phosphate adsorption process. This study presents an eco-friendly adsorbent tested in natural conditions to assess the feasibility of removing phosphate from an aqueous phase.

Process optimization of polyphenol oxidase immobilization: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic and removal of phenolic compounds

Chitosan/montmorillonite (CTS/MMT) and chitosan‑gold nanoparticles/montmorillonite (CTS-Au/MMT) composites were prepared, characterized through Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and utilized as support for immobilization of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). PPO was immobilized on CTS/MMT (IPPO) and CTS-Au/MMT (IPPO-Au) by physical adsorption, respectively. In order to achieve simultaneous maximization of immobilization efficiency and enzyme activity, the immobilization process parameters were optimized by Taguchi-Grey relational analysis (TGRA) approach. Under the optimal immobilization condition, the immobilization efficiency and enzyme activity reached at 50.16% and 1.46 × 104 U/mg for IPPO, and 63.35% and 3.01 × 104 U/mg for IPPO-Au, respectively. The isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamics of PPO adsorption were investigated in detail. The adsorption process was better explained by Toth isotherm and Fractal-like pseudo second order model, respectively. Intra-particle diffusion and film diffusion were involved in the adsorption process and intra-particle diffusion was not the only rate-controlling step. The adsorption of PPO was exothermic, physical and spontaneous at the investigated temperature range. The immobilized PPO were used to oxidize phenolic compounds. All investigated phenolic compounds showed the higher conversion as catalyzed by IPPO-Au. For both IPPO and IPPO-Au, the conversion of substituted phenols was higher than that of phenol.

Ultra-efficient adsorption of copper ions in chitosan–montmorillonite composite aerogel at wastewater treatment

Ultra-efficient adsorption of copper ions in chitosan–montmorillonite composite aerogel at wastewater treatment

Microwave Enhanced Synthesis of Sulfonated Chitosan-Montmorillonite for Effective Removal of Methylene Blue

In this work, sulfonated chitosan montmorillonite composite (S-CS-MT) beads were synthesized using a microwave irradiation method designed to have a better saving-time procedure. The potency of S-CS-MT as an adsorbent was assessed for the removal of cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiments indicated that MB adsorption onto S-CS-MT follows the Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum extent obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model for MB adsorption was 188.2 mg g−1 at 303 K. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption reaction is favorable and spontaneous in nature. These findings indicated that montmorillonite chitosan grafted with the sulfonate group has the ability and efficacy as biohybrid adsorbent for the adsorption of cationic dyes.

Enhanced decolourization of methyl orange by immobilized TiO2/chitosan-montmorillonite.

Many attempts have been made to improve the photocatalytic performance of immobilized photocatalysts for large-scale applications by modification of the photocatalyst properties. In this work, immobilized bilayer photocatalyst composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and chitosan-montmorillonite (CS-MT) were prepared in a layer-by-layer arrangement supported on glass substrate. This arrangement allows a simultaneous occurrence of adsorption and photocatalysis processes of pollutants, whereby each layer could be independently modified and controlled to acquire the desired degree of occurring processes. It was found that the addition of MT clay within the CS composite sub-layer improved the mechanical strength of CS, reduced its swelling and shifted its absorption threshold to higher wavelengths. In addition, the band gap energy of the photocatalyst was also reduced to 2.93 eV. The immobilized TiO2/CS-MT exhibited methyl orange (MO) decolourization rate of 0.071 min-1 under light irradiation, which is better than the single TiO2 due to the synergistic processes of adsorption by CS-MT and photocatalysis by TiO2 layer. The MO dye took 6 h to achieve complete mineralization and produced sulfate and nitrate ions as the by-products. Furthermore, the immobilized TiO2/CS-MT could be reused for at least ten cycles of application without significant loss of its activity.

Immobilized polyphenol oxidase: Preparation, optimization and oxidation of phenolic compounds

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was immobilized on chitosan/montmorillonite (CTS/MMT) and chitosan-gold nanoparticles/montmorillonite (CTS-AuNPs/MMT) composites, respectively. Taguchi method was applied to determine the optimal immobilization conditions for achieving the maximum enzyme activity. PPO immobilized on CTS/MMT (IPPO) and CTS-AuNPs/MMT (IPPO-Au) showed the highest enzyme activity at 15.61 × 103 and 29.01 × 103 U/g, respectively. IPPO-Au exhibited the higher stability and reusability than that of IPPO. The bio-catalytic performance of immobilized PPO was evaluated for the removal of phenol (PH), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The effects of pH, temperature, enzyme/substrate ratio, substrate concentration, reaction time on the phenolic compounds removal were investigated in detail. The results showed that, for both immobilized PPO, the optimal pH was 7, 6 and 5 for PH, 4-CP and 2,4-DCP, respectively, and the optimal temperature was 30 °C for all substrate. The optimal enzyme/substrate ratio and reaction time for IPPO-Au was lower than that of IPPO proved the higher catalytic efficiency. Chlorophenols showed the improved catalytic efficiency in comparison with PH for both immobilized PPO, while the effect of substrate chemical structure on the IPPO-Au properties was limited. The results suggested AuNPs presented in support played an important role on the enzyme activity and stability of immobilized PPO.

Synthesis of an efficient hydroxyapatite–chitosan–montmorillonite thin film for the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes: adsorption isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic study

Adsorption of indigo carmine (IC), methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) onto hydroxyapatite–chitosan–montmorillonite (HAP–CTS–Mt) film was studied. The influence of contact time, solution pH, initial dyes concentration, amount of HAP–CTS–Mt film and solution temperature were scrutinized. Characteristic bands and structure of HAP–CTS–Mt film were determined using Fourier infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The optimal concentrations of IC, MO, and MB were 20 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 20 mg/L, respectively. Optimal dose of HAP–CTS–Mt was 0.2 g/L for IC and MB and 0.5 g/L for MO. The adsorption process of IC, MO, and MB using HAP–CTS–Mt film was verified by Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities of 243.18 mg/g, 137.5 mg/g and 168.52 mg/g for IC, MO, and MB, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of IC, MO, and MB onto HAP–CTS–Mt film were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The HAP–CTS–Mt thin film can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for removal of IC, MO, and MB dyes from aqueous solutions.

Adsorption Characteristics and Mechanistic Study of Immobilized Chitosan-Montmorillonite Composite for Methyl Orange removal

This work investigates the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of immobilized chitosan-montmorillonite (CS-MT) composite for the removal of methyl orange (MO) dye. It was observed that the immobilized CS-MT has a rougher surface, lower swelling, higher adhesion strength and higher surface area than the immobilized CS. The adsorption of MO dye onto the immobilized CS-MT followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, whereas at equilibrium, the Langmuir model best described the MO adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity, qm of the immobilized CS-MT at 30, 45 and 60 °C were 154.4, 82.8 and 64.9 mg g−1, respectively. The thermodynamic study showed that the process of MO adsorption onto the immobilized CS-MT was exothermic in nature. The main adsorption mechanism of MO dye on immobilized CS-MT can be assigned to electrostatic attractions, n–π stacking interaction, dipole–dipole hydrogen bonding interactions and Yoshida H-bonding. Overall, the immobilized CS-MT does not only offer relatively high adsorption capacity, but also facilitates the treatment operation reusability and easy recovery of the adsorbent.

Start-up investigation of the self-assembled chitosan/montmorillonite nanocomposite over the ceramic support as a low-cost membrane for microbial fuel cell application

The Chitosan/Montmorillonite (CHI/MMT) nanocomposites (1/1, 1/2, 1/4 %w/w) are self-assembled over the ceramic separator of the microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The oxygen diffusion coefficient of the ceramic membrane has diminished about a hundred times which resulted in the better growth of exoelectrogenic anodic bacteria, boosting the electrical double layer capacitance by four orders of magnitude, and decreasing the charge transfer impedances of the anode and cathode electrodes by 96.44% and 66.14%. The ohmic resistance is dropped by 73.2%, owing to the improved proton conductivity of the modified ceramic membranes. The coulombic efficiency of 86.97 ± 13.2% along with the power and current densities of 229.12 ± 18.5 mW/m2 and 1422.22 ± 41.2 mA/m2 are obtained during the start-up operation of the modified MFC by 1/2 (% w/w) CHI/MMT, which are more than three times higher than the values of the blank-ceramic. The wastewater treatment efficiency of the MFCs does not alter seriously.

Inhibition and Remediation of Methylmercury Contaminated Soil by Use of Modified Montmorillonite

Montmorillonite was modified by 3-mercaptopyl trimethoxysilane and chitosan. The modified montmorillonite was characterized by XRD technology. The effects of thiol montmorillonite and chitosan montmorillonite on the inhibition and remediation of methylmercury contaminated soil under different water conditions were studied using laboratory simulation. XRD results showed that both thiol and chitosan were successfully loaded on the montmorillonite. The results of simulation tests showed that the addition of the remediation material to soil contaminated with methylmercury produced a better remediation effect. Compared with the blank control, the content of methylmercury in the soil was reduced by 82.10% (thiol montmorillonite) and 45.20% (chitosan montmorillonite), respectively, in the flooded condition. Under dry/wet alternation, the content of methyl mercury in soil decreased by 66.70% (thiol montmorillonite) and 49.79% (chitosan montmorillonite), respectively. Under drought conditions, the content of methylmercury in soil decreased by 44.66% (thiol montmorillonite), and the concentration of methylmercury in soil decreased by 54.37% after adding chitosan montmorillonite for 4 weeks. Compared with single modified montmorillonite, the repair effect of combined modified montmorillonite and lime treatment was not improved significantly.

Physical and Morphological Characterization of Chitosan/Montmorillonite Films Incorporated with Ginger Essential Oil

Novel bionanocomposite films of chitosan/montmorillonite (CS/MMT) activated with ginger essential oil (GEO) were produced and characterized in terms of their physical and morphological properties. The homogenization process led to a good interaction between the chitosan and the nanoparticles, however the exfoliation was diminished when GEO was incorporated. Film glass transition temperature did not statistically change with the incorporation of either MMT or GEO, however the value was slightly reduced, representing a relaxation in the polymer chain which corroborated with the mechanical and barrier properties results. Pristine chitosan films showed excellent barrier properties to oxygen with a permeability of 0.184 × 10−16 mol/m·s·Pa being reduced to half (0.098 × 10−16 mol/m·s·Pa) when MMT was incorporated. Although the incorporation of GEO increased the permeability values to 0.325 × 10−16 mol/m·s·Pa when 2% of GEO was integrated, this increment was smaller with both MMT and GEO (0.285 × 10−16 mol/m·s·Pa). Bionanocomposites also increased the UV light barrier. Thus, the produced bioplastics demonstrated their ability to retard oxidative processes due to their good barrier properties, corroborating previous results that have shown their potential in the preservation of foods with high unsaturated fat content.

Simulation and optimization of nanomaterials application for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions

The artificial neural network (ANN) and symbiotic organisms search (SOS) optimization algorithm were used for simulation and optimization of heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions by two adsorbents, that is, Chitosan and Chitosan—Montmorillonite Nanocomposite (C. M. Nanocomposite). These adsorbents are utilized for removal of Cd, Al, Co, Cu, Fe, and Pb from aqueous solutions in batch mode under different adsorbent dosages, initial pH values, and contact times. The multi-layer perceptron ANN (MLPANN) and radial basis function ANN (ANNRBF) models hybridized with SOS algorithm (ANN–SOS) were used for modeling the removal efficiency of heavy metals and optimizing the three removal process variables. The predictive ability of the model in terms of heavy metals removal was verified by evaluating the performance of the ANNs. Then, the SOS algorithm was utilized to optimize the removal.

Fuzzy Optimization on the Synthesis of Chitosan-Graft-Polyacrylic Acid with Montmorillonite as Filler Material: A Case Study.

In this paper, the synthesis of a chitosan–montmorillonite nanocomposite material grafted with acrylic acid is presented based on its function in a case study analysis. Fuzzy optimization is used for a multi-criteria decision analysis to determine the best desirable swelling capacity (YQ) of the material synthesis at its lowest possible variable cost. For YQ, the integrating the result’s cumulative uncertainty is an essential element to investigate the feasibility of the developed model equation. The Pareto set analysis is able to set the appropriate boundary limits for YQ and the variable cost. Two case studies are presented in determining the lowest possible cost: Case 1 for maximum YQ, and Case 2 for minimum YQ. These boundary limits were used in the fuzzy optimization to determine its global optimum results that achieved the overall satisfaction ratings of 67.2% (Case 1) and 52.3% (Case 2). The synthesis of the polyacrylic acid/chitosan material for Case 1 resulted in 305 g/g YQ and 10.8 USD/kg, while Case 2 resulted in 97 g/g YQ and 12.3 USD/kg. Thus, the fuzzy optimization approach proves to be a practical method for examining the best possible compromise solution based on the desired function to adequately synthesize a material.