Chitosan Membranes Research Articles

Physicochemical and Colligative Investigation of α (Shrimp Shell)- and β (Squid Pen)-Chitosan Membranes: Concentration-Gradient-Driven Water Flux and Ion Transport for Salinity Gradient Power and Separation Process Operations.

Chitin, and its derivative chitosan, is a naturally occurring biopolymer and an abundant polysaccharide containing acetylated units of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Chitosan membranes produced from shrimp shell (α) and squid pen (β) biowaste were prepared by solvent-casting, after which water flux and ionic transport diffusion experiments were conducted using a side-by-side concentration test cell under differing salinity concentration gradients. Physicochemical and experimental investigations were conducted, which confirmed that β-chitin possesses differing and enhanced performance characteristics than α-chitin with respect to diffusive water flux and ionic transport capabilities. In addition, novel colligative investigations through osmotic equilibrium were conducted to determine electrochemical characteristics for the evaluation of salinity gradient power generation suitability. Electrochemical test results under a salinity gradient revealed extremely low energy density values, thereby limiting consideration for commercial utility-scale salinity gradient power renewable energy operations. However, the tested membranes possessed high water and ion flux permeability characteristics that could find use in industrial separation process operations such as those used in the extraction of economically valuable materials from seawater or highly saline industrial fluids, or reduction in the saline content of mining fluids during dewatering and hazardous waste treatment and disposal operations, thereby potentially fostering new market developments, which will drive continued improvements in the responsible biowaste management of this valuable marine bioresource.

The The Effect of UVC Irradiation on the Structure and Swelling Properties of Chitosan Membranes Exposed to Magnetic Fields

Abstract – Research on the effect of UVC radiation exposure on the structure and swelling properties of chitosan membranes exposed to magnetic fields has been carried out. The membrane used is the 2% chitosan membrane that has been exposed to a magnetic field of 1.5 mT in a parallel direction for 2 hours at the time of its formation (formation reaction). Furthermore, the dry membrane obtained was cut to a certain size and irradiated by using UVC radiation for 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes, each of which was given the names M1, M2, M3 and M4. A comparison is a 2% chitosan membrane with exposure to a magnetic field for 2 hours without exposure to UVC radiation, which is called the control membrane (M0). Characterizations conducted include thickness, swelling (water absorption) and FTIR spectrophotometer. FTIR analysis shows that the OH, NH, CH, C = O, CN, CO and COC functional groups observed on the M0 membrane as well as on the M1, M2, M3, and M4 membranes, with the peaks shifted to smaller or larger wavenumbers. The percentage of transmittance of these functional groups increases with increasing irradiation time from 5 to 15 minutes and decreases in 30 minutes irradiation.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Membranes from Crab Shells (Scylla olivacea) for Beverage Preservative

Chitosan can extend the shelf life of food and can be used in food preservation. Chitosan is derived from the shell of the animal crustacean, and is a derivative of the chitin polymer. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the use of chitosan membrane as an antibacterial compound and its application in pineapple juice products. Chitosan isolation is carried out through three stages, namely deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. Determination of the degree of deacetylation using the infrared spectroscopy method and the preservative effectiveness test was carried out based on SNI 01-2332.3-2006 concerning the testing of the Total Plate Count (ALT). Crab chitosan obtained from white-brown isolation results, soluble in 1% acetic acid and the value of the degree of deacetylation (DD) of chitosan crab is 81%. The addition of 1.5% crab chitosan membrane to pineapple juice can reduce bacterial growth until the 20th day with a total plate value (ALT) of 9.1x103 CFU / ml.

Effect of tween 20 as Plasticizer on cinnamyl chitosan membranes: Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation

In the recent decades, biopolymers have received considerable attention due to their renewability, broad availability and biodegradability. Scientists concerned with antimicrobial biopolymers as an alternative to petroleum-derived polymers for implementing in several substantial applications such as food packaging, seeds preservations, wound dressing, cell culture and tissue engineering. In the current study, cinnamyl chitosan Schiff base membranes were prepared by using different amounts of tween 20 (T20) as a plasticizer. A comparative study was carried out to illustrate the effect of T20 on the prepared membranes including their physical, surface morphologies, optical and mechanical properties. In addition, the antibacterial activities were also investigated against five bacterial strains (two Gram-positive: Streptococcus pyogenesand Staphylococcus aureus& three Gram-negative: Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella sp.). The gained results revealed higher antibacterial activities cinnamyl chitosan compared to native chitosan membranes. Moreover, treatment of cinnamyl chitosan with different concentrations of T20 significantly enhanced the antibacterial activities of the membranes. Almost various concentrations of T20 showed identical antibacterial activities depending on the bacterial strain.

Mushroom-derived chitosan-glucan nanopaper filters for the treatment of water

Contaminated water represents a significant threat to public health, with heavy metals present in industrial effluents constituting a particular hazard. Conventional heavy metal removal processes are often expensive and rely on synthetic materials. Renewable adsorbents or filters, such as chitosan, provide a low-cost, simple alternative for treatment of water. Fungal chitin and hence fungal chitosan is a cheap, renewable, easily isolated, and abundant alternative to crustacean chitin. This study investigated the water treatment potential of chitosan-glucan nanopapers derived from common white-button mushroom (A. bisporus) extract as adsorptive filter. These nanopapers completely rejected 10 nm gold nanoparticles, indicating potential for virus filtration. They had copper ion (2 mM) adsorption capacities (up to 120 mg g−1) increasing with degree of deacetylation of fungal chitin on par with or even outperforming current chitosan membranes with the advantage of simpler production, not requiring further crosslinking. In order to improve the performance of fungal chitosan-glucan filters, hybrid filters with cellulose microfibres from fibre sludge were prepared. Hybrid nanopapers exhibited significantly increased copper ion adsorption (162 mg g−1) in conjunction with high water permeances (63,000 to 121,000 L h−1 m−2 MPa−1). The simple manufacturing process and impressive filtration/adsorbent properties of these renewable filters make them a viable option for water treatment helping to reduce the ecological impact of traditional water treatment processes.

Development of Reasonably Stable Chitosan Based Proton Exchange Membranes for a Glucose Oxidase Based Enzymatic Biofuel Cell

AbstractChitosan based reasonably stable membranes were prepared as polymeric electrolyte and separator for enzymatic fuel cell applications. Glucose oxidase (GOx) bioanode centered biofuel cell with the developed chitosan membranes performed much better in stability with high current densities than that of the biofuel cell utilizing a 125 μ‐thick perfluorosulfonic acid‐type membrane (i. e. Nafion® 115). Proposed chitosan membrane structural stability was enhanced by employing cellulosic support materials and chemical crosslinking. The effects of pH, buffer type, buffer concentration, temperature on the manufactured chitosan membranes along with the biofuel cell system were investigated. The biofuel cell operation parameters were optimized for the current density and stability aspects and more than 3 mA cm−2 current density was acquired from the cell at optimum conditions. Operational half‐life of the chitosan membrane was found as higher than the half‐life of the GOx immobilized bioanode. Therefore, this result indicates that chitosan membrane structural stability was not a limiting issue for the biofuel cell lifespan.

The Effect of Simultaneous Radical Polymerization of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)/α,ω-Bis(methacryloyloxy-poly(ethylene glycol)) on Physical Properties of Marine Polysaccharide

In order to expand the application in biomedical field of bio-derived polymers it is imperative that the issues related to their surface properties be addressed. Here we explore the approach of simultaneous radical polymerization to modify the surface properties of chitosan by grafting/crosslinking with poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PNVP)/α,ω-bis (methacryloyloxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (M-PEG) in the presence of potassium persulfate. The structure of the resultant copolymer membranes was proved by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed the crosslinked copolymer membranes are porous materials with pore dimension, distribution and shape depending on the content of vinyl sequences. In addition, was revealed that the presence of vinyl crosslinked sequences linked to CS is disturbing the thermodynamic equilibrium conformation of CS. As a consequence, the ordering of CS chains into crystalline domains is reduced and the planes giving rise to the diffraction peaks are modified. Thus, the resultant copolymer membranes, depending by the weight ratio PNVP/M-PEG, became more amorphous. As a result of the crosslinking, the copolymer membranes were characterized by a smaller water swelling degree (about 300%) as compared with neat chitosan membrane (700%). The thermo-oxidative data have revealed an enhancement of the thermal stability of CS by crosslinking with PNVP/M-PEG copolymers. The water contact angles of the copolymer membranes proved to be more water wettable as compared to neat chitosan membrane.

SINTESIS DAN MODIFIKASI STRUKTUR DAN PORI MEMBRAN KITOSAN TERCROSSLINK UNTUK STERILISASI MEDIA PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI

Many mass-transfer applications have used chitosan membrane in separation processes. This research applied crosslinked chitosan membrane to sterillize bacterial growth media. Chitosan membranes having 79 % DD were produced by casting and drying chitosan solution. The images of the membrane were characterized by SEM and other characterizations such as permeability, permselectivity and tensile strength were investigated. The flux increased with longer submersion period but the rejection decreased. Otherwise, the flux decreased and rejection increased in line with an increase in curing temperature. Tensile strength increased with the increase of submersion period and curing temperature. The optimum conditions of crosslinking process are 2 hours of submersion periods and curing temperature at 90 oC. It gives flux 5.8930 L/jam.m2, rejection 97.47 % and tensile strength 49640 kN/m2

Sintesis Membran Kitosan-Silika Abu Sekam Padi Untuk Penurunan Logam Berat Cu dengan Proses Ultrafiltrasi

<p>This study chitosan membranes were made by phase inversion method by adding rice husk ash silica additives to the casting solution. This study aims to create and evaluate the characteristics of chitosan-silica rice husk ash membranes for application in reducing Cu heavy metals. Chitosan membrane modification is needed to produce membranes with better character, for example increasing membrane stability, reducing pore size so that the separation of molecules or rejection of macromolecules from a membrane solution is more effective. The concentration of chitosan-silica rice husk ash was varied at 20, 19, 17 and 15 (% by weight). The resulting membrane was further characterized for morphological structure parameters by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Flux and solution rejection using dead-end filtration modules. The SEM test results show that the membrane has pores with asymmetric structures. Membrane performance test on Cu metal has a rejection value of 38%, 39%, 46% and 62% with flux gain reaching 0.4135 to 15.4377 L / hr.</p>

Fabrication of low temperature and fast response H2S gas sensor based on organic-metal oxide hybrid nanocomposite membrane

Abstract Organic-metal oxide semiconductor based sensors have attracted great attention in recent years due to their high sensing performance. This work reports on a novel selective, fast response, and low-temperature H2S gas sensor based on Tungsten Oxide nanoparticles (WO3 NPs) embedded in a conductivity controlled organic (chitosan) membrane. The conductivity of the organic membrane is controlled by blending it with an ionic liquid (IL) (glycerol) and different concentrations of the WO3 nanoparticles which were synthesized using a sol-gel method. Homogenous solutions made thereafter were cast into the sensing membranes. These membranes were tested against H2S gas at different temperatures and H2S gas concentrations, as a function of time. The fabricated sensor showed a fast response (13.6 ± 1.7 s) and good sensitivity (15 ppm) towards H2S gas at a low temperature of 40 °C. Moreover, the sensor is selective and showed a very good reversible behavior and less humidity dependence at 40 °C. Furthermore, this type of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites based sensor is flexible, environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and inexpensive to manufacture, which are very important characteristics required for the next-generation organic electronics.

Behaviour of diferent types of chitosan membranes implanted in horses

ABSTRACT Chitosan has been successfully used as a biomaterial with several purposes in many species. In this study, chitosan membranes were produced with six different types of materials, and their behavior were evaluated upon implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of the flank of twelve healthy horses. We assessed chitosan membranes obtained from commercial chitosan, impregnated or not with silver nanoparticles, sterilized with ethylene oxide (CCEO, n=3; CCSNEO, n=3) or by ultraviolet radiation (CCUR, n=3; CCSNUR, n=3), and chitosan membranes obtained from squid gladius, sterilized with ethylene oxide (SCEO, n=6) or by ultraviolet radiation (SCUR, n=6). The same animals were randomly used in two experimental groups, with a minimum interval of 60 days between procedures, respecting the fact of only one flank side, left or right, be under evaluation by experimental period. After preparation of the membranes and implantation in the flank subcutaneous tissue of the horses, macroscopic and ultrasonographic evaluations of the implant regions were performed, as well as physical examination, blood count and fibrinogen measurement. No clinical or laboratory abnormalities were observed. All animals that received commercial chitosan membranes, regardless of the preparation technique, showed rejection to the biomaterials, considering that 100% of the surgical wounds presented dehiscence of suture and expulsion of the implants. The animals that received squid gladius chitosan membranes showed success in the treatment, with healing by primary intention of the surgical wound. We conclude that squid gladius chitosan membranes are biocompatible and biodegradable when implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of the flank of healthy horses.

SC224 - Use of chitosan membranes during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: Comparative study of the sexual potency after one year of follow-up

SC224 - Use of chitosan membranes during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: Comparative study of the sexual potency after one year of follow-up

The Ion Transport Characteristics of Chitosan Composite Membranes ‘Ch-AgNP’ with Emphasis on the Amount of Filler

In this study, we report about the characteristics of ion transport of chitosan composite membranes “chitosan-silver nanoparticle”. The chitosan composite membranes were prepared by a casting method using chitosan as a matrix, silver nanoparticle (AgNP) as filler, and acetic acid 1% as a solvent. The various amount of filler added e.g. 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg. These membranes called chitosan composite membrane Ch-AgNP10, Ch-AgNP100, Ch-AgNP250, Ch-AgNP500, Ch-AgNP750, and Ch-AgNP1000. A membrane without AgNP has also been prepared named chitosan membrane (Ch membrane) as a comparison. The ion transport experiments conducted by using a cell model consisting of two chambers, chamber 1 and 2, and the area of the membrane was 9.616 cm2. The driving force used is a gradient concentration (dC/dx). The electrolyte solutions used were KCl and CaCl2 with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mM. The voltage difference (V) is measured using Ag/AgCl electrodes which connected to a voltmeter. All measurements were done at room temperature, 28.1°C. The result showed that the obtained Jdiff -V curves of chitosan composite membranes are similar to Jdiff -V curves of Ch membrane, where the diffusion current densities of chitosan composite membranes increased with increasing the concentration gradient of solution. It also depends on the electrolyte solutions. The diffusion current density of chitosan composite membranes had affected by the amount of AgNP added that is increased as increasing the mass of AgNP added.

An Amperometric Biosensor For Hg(II) Based On Urease/Alginate–Chitosan Membrane Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode

A screen-printed three-electrode system is fabricated to prepare a novel screen-printed biosensor for rapid determination of Hg(II) in aqueous solution. The amperometric biosensor is prepared by entrapping urease in alginate–chitosan membrane to modify the screen-printed carbon electrode. The urease/alginate–chitosan membrane for Hg(II) had optimum measurement conditions at work potential of -0.15 V, pH of 7, urea concentration of 75 mM, response time of 8 seconds, inhibition time of 7 minutes and temperature of 25 °C. The resulted biosensor characteristic were found to have the range concentration of Hg(II) ion between 40-90 ppb with the detection limit I10% was 66.45 ppb, the coefficient of variance (Cv) was 0.8%, and reactivation was 5 times reuse.

Characterization of a new composite membrane for point of need paper-based micro-scale microbial fuel cell analytical devices.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can evolve in a viable technology if environmentally sound materials are developed and became available at low cost for these devices. This is especially important not only for the designing of large wastewater treatment systems, but also for the fabrication of low-cost, single-use devices. In this work we synthesized membranes by a simple procedure involving easily-biodegradable and economic materials such as poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS) and the composite PVA:CS. Membranes were chemical and physically characterized and compared to Nafion®. Performance was studied using the membrane as separator in a typical H-Type MFCs showing that PVA:CS membrane outperform Nafion® 4 times (power production) while being 75 times more economic. We found that performance in MFC depends over interactions among several membrane characteristics such as oxygen permeability and ion conductivity. Moreover, we design a paper-based micro-scale MFC, which was used as a toxicity assay using 16 μL samples containing formaldehyde as a model toxicant. The PVA:CS membrane presented here can offer low environmental impact and become a very interesting option for point of need single-use analytical devices, especially in low-income countries where burning is used as disposal method, and toxic fluoride fumes (from Nafion®) can be released to the environment.

Preparation of Chitosan Stacking Membranes for Adsorption of Copper Ions.

Chitosan (CS) stacking mats with excellent performance for adsorption of copper ions (Cu(II)) in wastewater were fabricated by alternating electrospinning/electrospraying. The hierarchical structure of the stacking membranes was designed by CS micro-hemispheres sandwiched between CS fibers. The CS stack membranes prepared by the electrospinning technology could effectively increase the specific surface area, and thus, facilitate the adsorption of copper ions. CS stacking membranes with three layers reached adsorption equilibrium within 60 min, and had a maximum absorbance of 276.2 mg/g. The absorbance performance was superior to most of the reported CS adsorbents. Compared with CS fiber mats which were dominated by CS chemical structure during adsorption, the stacking structure of CS membranes contributed to the high efficient capability, and exhibited the multilayer adsorption behavior. This study may develop a promising method for the design of environmentally-friendly natural polymer adsorbents to remove Cu(II) in wastewater.

Double porous poly (Ɛ-caprolactone)/chitosan membrane scaffolds as niches for human mesenchymal stem cells

In this paper, we developed membrane scaffolds to mimic the biochemical and biophysical properties of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) niches to help direct self-renewal and proliferation providing to cells all necessary chemical, mechanical and topographical cues. The strategy was to create three-dimensional membrane scaffolds with double porosity, able to promote the mass transfer of nutrients and to entrap cells. We developed poly (Ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)/chitosan (CHT) blend membranes consisting of double porous morphology: (i) surface macrovoids (big pores) which could be easily accessible for hMSCs invasion and proliferation; (ii) interconnected microporous network to transfer essential nutrients, oxygen, growth factors between the macrovoids and throughout the scaffolds. We varied the mean macrovoid size, effective surface area and surface morphology by varying the PCL/CHT blend composition (100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30). Membranes exhibited macrovoids connected with each other through a microporous network; macrovoids size increased by increasing the CHT wt%. Cells adhered on the surfaces of PCL/CHT 100/0 and PCL/CHT 90/10 membranes, that are characterized by a high effective surface area and small macrovoids while PCL/CHT 80/20 and PCL/CHT 70/30 membranes with large macrovoids and low effective surface area entrapped cells inside macrovoids.The scaffolds were able to create a permissive environment for hMSC adhesion and invasion promoting viability and metabolism, which are important for the maintenance of cell integrity. We found a relationship between hMSCs proliferation and oxygen uptake rate with surface mean macrovoid size and effective surface area. The macrovoids enabled the cell invasion into the membrane and the microporosity ensured an adequate diffusive mass transfer of nutrients and metabolites, which are essential for the long-term maintenance of cell viability and functions.

The Conductance and Swelling of Composite Membrane ‘Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles’ in Monovalent Salt Solution ‘KCl and NaCl’

A research about to determine the conductance and water absorption capacity (swelling) of the composite membrane has been conducted. The membrane used was a membrane made of chitosan matrix, silver nanoparticle(AgNP) of 100 µg as a filler and acetic acid 1% as a solvent, which named chitosan composite membrane (Ch-AgNP). A 2% chitosan membrane (membrane Ch) used as a comparison. The membrane conductance value determined by measuring the membrane voltage (V) as a function of current (I) in monovalent salt solutions of NaCl and KCl with a concentration of 0.025 M. The swelling tests have been carried out using distilled water. The results showed that Ch membrane conductance was greater than the Ch-AgNP composite membrane. In KCl solution, the conductance is 0.0991 ?-1 and 0.0984 ?-1 and in NaCl solution are 0.1002 ?-1 and 0.0996 ?-1. The membrane conductance is greater in NaCl solution than in KCl solution. The swelling test showed that the swelling percentage of Ch-AgNP composite membrane was greater than Ch membrane

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Pressure-Driven Filtration Membranes

Chitosan pressure-driven filtration membranes have been studied. The factors affecting the solubility of high-molecular-weight chitosan have been analyzed, and the optimal procedure for preparing its concentrated solutions has been proposed. Formulations of casting solutions for fabricating micro-, ultra-, and nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes based on chitosan have been developed. The membranes obtained using the dry and dry/wet casting techniques have been tested to determine their porosity, specific flux, and rejection ability. It has been established that the performance characteristics of the developed chitosan membranes are similar to those of pressure-driven filtration membranes made from other polymers.

Use of Silica Gel from Volcanic Ash as Chitosan Composite Membrane’s Filler

This study aims to determine the process of making composite membranes of chitosan and silica fillers from volcanic ash of Sinabung mountain and determine the physical properties of chitosan composite membranes viz. degree of water absorption, functional groups. In this study, composite membranes were made using phase inversion method with the composition of chitosan and silica used were 2 g of chitosan and variations in dosage of fillers 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g of silica, while the stirring time was 8, 12 and 16 h. Based on the results , the best membrane conditions were obtained from composite membrane analysis with the best conditions of composite membranes at water absorption is 44.58 %. From the results of FTIR analysis, indicated the presence of OH bonds and Si-O-Si bonds on composite membranes caused by silica gel characteristics of composite membranes also supported by EDX analysis showed composite membrane contained carbon 55.17 %, oxygen 20.36 % and silicon 10.42 %.