Chitosan Layer Research Articles

Ex-Situ Development and Characterization of Composite Film Based on Bacterial Cellulose Derived from Oil Palm Frond Juice and Chitosan as Food Packaging

The development of alternative food packaging films using bio-based residues is in great demand for replacing petroleum-based packaging materials. However, large-scale application is severely limited by costly production and poor performance. This study investigates the ex-situ modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by Acetobacter xylinum in oil palm fronds juice to obtain BC-Chitosan (BCC) films. FTIR revealed the structure of amide I and II bands, confirming the presence of chitosan in BCC films. The FE-SEM images of BCC films showed the formation of a thick chitosan layer with increasing chitosan incorporated into the BC surface structure. The coated chitosan layer observed improved mechanical properties in BCC films due to the disappearance of empty pores between BC fibers. Increments in chitosan concentration slightly decreased the thermal behavior of BCC. The antimicrobial effects of BCC films were effective against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) when the concentration of chitosan incorporated was above 0.6 %w/v. This study reveals the potential of extending the application of BC derived from oil palm frond juice (OPFJ) for developing food packaging materials.

Maximising olive oil by‐products

Maximising olive oil by‐products

MnO2 nanoparticles/methylene blue-chitosan nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (MnO2 NPs/MB–CS/GCE) as sensor for electrochemical determination of β-glucan in Morchella esculenta samples

The aim of this work was performed for design the electrochemical biosensor (βg-GOx/MnO2 NPs/MB-CS/GCE) determination of β-glucan in morel samples by modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with electrodeposition of methylene blue-chitosan (MB-CS) nanocomposite and MnO2 nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) and immobilization β-glucanase and glucose oxidase (βg-GOx), respectively. The study of the morphology of MnO2 NPs/MB–CS/GCE by FE-SEM indicated that the electrodeposited MnO2 NPs in the chitosan layer are wrapped by MB nanocubes. The electrochemical properties of β-glucan nonconductive enzyme film were successfully immobilized in β-glucan/MnO2 NPs/MB-CS/GCE, and the synergetic advantageous effect of MB-CS and MnO2 NPs enhanced the sensitivity and selectivity of the β-glucan biosensor. The linear range of 0– 10,400 ng/mL was obtained, and the sensitivity of 0.00441 µA/ng.mL−1 and the detection limit of 0.34 ng/mL were determined. The study on the applicability of the βg-GOx/MnO2 NPs/MB–CS/GCE as β-glucan sensor in morel samples revealed significant conformity between the results of amperometric and β-Glucan Assay Kit assays, and the obtained good recoveries between 90.00% and 97.50% with relative standard deviation less than 5.18% for amperometric analysis were acceptable, confirming the appropriate applicability of the βg-GOx/MnO2 NPs/MB–CS/GCE for determination of the β-glucan content in fungal samples.

Transfer-Printed Environmental-Friendly Anisotropic Filter with Laser-Controlled Micropores for Efficient Oil/Water Separation

Water is indispensable for sustaining life on Earth. Oil–water mixtures/or emulsions from industrial waste and other sources are a serious environmental concern for both human beings and aquatic life. Specially treated meshes and textiles with opposing wettability for oil–water separation have been widely reported as a solution to this challenge. Nonetheless, such membranes are hindered by certain drawbacks, including high manufacturing costs, usage of harmful chemicals, and lack of diverse applicability. Here, we report a facile method to fabricate Janus oil–water separation membrane with a controllable pore structure that has a unique directional flux rate. The superhydrophobic (SHB) layer of the membrane is formed by transfer-printing (TP) carbon soot particles onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated paper surface. Meanwhile, a spin-coated thin layer of chitosan on the other side of the film served as a hydrophilic (SHL) and underwater oleophobic face. A pulsed laser beam is used to produce micropores with conical structures. The separation ability of the membrane for both light oil–water and heavy oil–water mixtures is thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the significance of the pore shape and the size is also elucidated. The flexible Janus membrane showed high thermal stability and ideal (i.e., 99.8%) separation efficiency. The membrane can be produced over a 151 cm2 size range. Besides having flexibility and superior performance, the fabricated membrane is environmentally friendly and economically viable. This work establishes a scalable basis for efficient and low-cost oil/water membranes from non-porous substrates.

A chitosan/polylactic acid composite coating enhancing the corrosion resistance of the bio-degradable magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloy is a potential biodegradable material and is widely used in medicine. However, its rapid degradation causes many negative effects and limits its application, so it is essential to improve corrosion resistance. In this study, a chitosan/polylactic acid composite coating was designed on the AZ31 alloy for medical applications. The composite coating sealed the pores of the chitosan layer to provide strong protection for the AZ31 alloy, with a reduced corrosion current density by 4 orders of magnitude. The excellent biocompatibility of the composite coating was proved by an increased cell viability test and morphology of cells adhered to the chitosan/polylactic acid coated sample. The composite coating provides a feasible method to enhance the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of magnesium alloys.

Characteristics of Hybrid Bioglass-Chitosan Coatings on the Plasma Activated PEEK Polymer

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a biocompatible, chemically and physically stable radiolucent polymer that exhibits a similar elastic modulus to the normal human bone, making it an attractive orthopedic implant material. However, PEEK is biologically inert, preventing strong enough bonding with the surrounding bone tissue when implanted in vivo. Surface modification and composite preparation are the two main strategies for the improvement of the bioactivity of PEEK. In this study, the plasma activated PEEK surfaces with the embedded bioglass, chitosan, and bioglass-chitosan mixed layers applying from the solution dip-coating technique were investigated. The most prominent factors affecting the coating biocompatibility are strictly connected with the composition of its outer surface (its charge and functional groups), hydrophilic-hydrophobic character, wettability and surface free energy, and topography (size of pores/substructures, roughness, stiffness), as well as the personal characteristics of the patient. The obtained surfaces were examined in terms of wettability and surface-free energy changes. Additionally, FTIR (Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectrometry) and SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) were applied to establish and control the coating composition. Simultaneously the structure of coatings was visualized with the aid of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Finally, the obtained systems were incubated in SBF (Simulated Body Fluid) to verify the modifications' influence on the bioactivity/biocompatibility of the PEEK surface. Different structures with variable compositions, as well as changes of the wettability, were observed depending on the applied modification. In addition, the incubation in SBF suggested that the bioglass-chitosan ratio influenced the formation of apatite-like structures on the modified PEEK surfaces.

Barrier behaviour of partially N-acetylated chitosan layers in aqueous media

Chitosan coatings of 353 ± 12 nm thickness were prepared on glass and zinc substrates by dip-coating method to study their barrier-behaviour. The coatings were chemically modified to increase their degree of acetylation (DA) from ca. 44 % up to ca. 98 % resulting a quasi-chitin coating. The effect of the acetylation reaction was studied by infrared spectroscopy, and the structural changes of the native and acetylated coatings were investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction. The surface properties of the coated samples were characterized by wettability measurements – advancing water contact angle decreased from ca. 80° (native) to ca. 43° (fully acetylated) – and microscopic (SEM, AFM) studies. The barrier behaviour of the chitosan layer depending on the DA was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies and with a special mesoporous silica – chitosan bilayer system by measuring the amount of dye (Rhodamine 6G) accumulated in the silica through the chitosan coating during an impregnation step. These methods showed significant decrease in the barrier-effect of the coatings with increasing DA (accumulation of approximately six times more dye and a reduction of charge transfer resistance by an order of magnitude), due to the structural and ionization changes in the coatings.

The Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties of the CNTs-Doped Magnesium Based Composite Implants in a Long-Term Biodegradation Process

The aim of this paper is to increase a new biodegradable implant material’s biodegradability, biocompatibility, and osteoinductivity in the long-term degradation process, as well as its antibacterial properties, novel carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with or without Cu element were doped into calcium phosphate (CaP)–chitosan (CS) layers and then fabricated to obtain the magnesium (Mg) matrix composites. In this paper, we investigated the influences of the CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg composites on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human osteosarcoma cell (SaOS-2) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Furthermore, the Cu/CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg was prepared to improve the bioactivity and antibacterial activity of the composites. The results indicated that CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg composites were suitable for proliferation and differentiation of SaOS-2 cells. Stimulated by the CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg extracts, the ALP expression of hBMSCs increased in the first 16 days and the mineralization ability of hBMSCs was highly expressed throughout the whole process which might be through the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. After CNTs-loaded Cu element, the bioactivity of the coating was satisfactory. Moreover, this new implant exhibited excellent antibacterial properties for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus albus (S. albus). Collectively, these data suggest that the CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg and Cu/CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg might be potentially applied as bone implants for future clinical use.

Efficient loading and delivery of ciprofloxacin by smart alginate/carboxylated graphene oxide/aminated chitosan composite microbeads: In vitro release and kinetic studies

New composite microbeads were formulated as smart pH-sensitive vehicle for efficient delivery of ciprofloxacin (CIP) drug. Herein, carboxylated graphene oxide (CGO) was successfully impregnated into alginate (Alg) microbeads, which were then coated with aminated chitosan (AmCs) layer to form core–shell Alg/CGO@AmCs composite microbeads. Diverse analysis tools comprising FTIR, TGA, XRD and SEM were employed to characterize the developed carriers, while their swelling profiles and pH-sensitivity were examined under different pHs. The results clarified that increasing CGO and AmCs concentrations in microbeads matrix greatly protected Alg microbeads from fast disintegration at colon pH and prolonged their swelling time. Moreover, about 94.65 % of CIP drug was successfully loaded by Alg/CGO@AmCs composite microbeads compared to 61.95 % for Alg microbeads, confirming their reduced porosity. The in vitro CIP-release profiles were investigated in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, increasing AmCs concentration in the outer shell of composite microbeads clearly minimized the CIP burst release at the colon region and offered a sustained release performance. Besides, the CIP release mechanism was well-described by korsmeyer-peppas kinetic model. The cytotoxicity study confirmed the potential safety of the Alg/CGO@AmCs composite microbeads with human cell viability reached 98.98 %, suggesting their applicability as smart carriers for oral delivery of antibiotics.

A Disposable Screen Printed Electrodes with Hexagonal Ni(OH)2 Nanoplates Embedded Chitosan Layer for the Detection of Depression Biomarker.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is one of the important neurotransmitters which is released from the endocrine system. An abnormal level of this biomarker leads to several neurological diseases. The accurate assessment of serotonin is the utmost option to start treatment in the early stages of the disease. The current work is focused on the development of a disposable, screen-printed electrochemical sensor for the depression biomarker, serotonin in the physiological pH medium (pH 7.4) with the aid of a hexagonal, Ni(OH)2-nanoplate (NH-HNP)-embedded chitosan (Chit) and modified, screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Initially, hexagonal nanoplates of Ni(OH)2 were synthesized by an eco-friendly and simple hydrothermal method. The prepared materials were well characterized by advanced analytical techniques to examine the physicochemical properties of the synthesized Ni(OH)2 hexagonal nanoplates. From the cyclic voltametric (CV) analysis, it was found that the oxidative current response of 5-HT at a NH-HNP-modified SPCE has about fivefold higher current values than over bare SPCE. The scan rate studies of NH-HNP-Chit/SPCE electrodes revealed that the oxidation mechanism of 5-HT is controlled by the diffusion behavior of the analyte. Differential pulse voltammetric tests of the NH-HNP-Chit/SPCE electrode exhibited a linear response in the dynamic concentration range of 0.1 to 30 µM, with a detection limit of about 60 nM. The sensor response is very reproducible from electrode to electrode, and the deactivation or surface-fouling of the sensor was not observed within the several experimental measurements. The sensor exhibited excellent storage stability over a period of twenty days. Finally, the fabricated, disposable SPCE sensor has shown respectable activity for the detection of depression biomarker 5-HT from synthetic urine and saliva samples.

Solvent triggered shape morphism of 4D printed hydrogels

4D printing of smart materials is a viable field of research for fabricating dynamic structures for various biomedical applications. 4D printing of hydrogel structures is challenging due to poor printability of hydrogels and poor shape fidelity of printed patterns when direct-ink writing-based 3D printers are used. In this study, chitosan (CS) hydrogel ink cross-linked with citric acid (CA) was made printable, exhibiting a shape-morphing behaviour when exposed to solvent as an external trigger. As one side of a printed structure is exposed to solvent, the solvent diffuses in and a concentration gradient is developed across the section. This concentration gradient results in displacement field, which finally leads to out-of-plane bending of the structure. This actuation is irreversible in nature since the concentration gradient is maintained between hydrophilic chitosan and hydrophobic silane layers. The reversibility of the morphed structures was achieved by dipping them in ethanol, which takes up solvent over time and thus diminishes the concentration gradient.The optimized CS/CA ink exhibited excellent rheological properties, with good extrudability and shape fidelity of printed structures. The chitosan ink was printed into various complex 3D architectures and was modified by hydrophobic coating of trimethyl silane (TMS). These hydrophobic patterns were coated on printed structures with varied interspacing, angles, and hinges to generate programmable designs. A printed soft gripper was demonstrated as an application that could lift an object seven times its weight. The shape morphing CS/CA hydrogel with excellent printability exhibits potential for 4D printing that has wide applications in soft robots, actuators, grippers, and sensors.

Electrospun chitosan nanofiber constructing superhigh-water-flux forward osmosis membrane

Forward osmosis (FO) technology exhibits great potential in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment due to its negligible energy consumption and high antifouling, however, the weak desalination capability, especially low water flux, remains challenging. Herein, a cost-effective and high-desalination-performance chitosan (CS)-based FO membrane is developed via coupling the electrospinning CS nanofibers and interfacial-polymerized polyamide (PA). The electrospun nanofibers construct the porous and hydrophilic CS layer with the large pore-diameter of ~274 nm and low thickness of ~10 μm, enabling the effective transport of water molecules, specifically, a superhigh water flux of 107.53 LMH at a low salt-water ratio of 0.24 g·L−1. In addition, such superior desalination performance of the as-prepared FO membrane is universal for the various salt species and concentrations. Our CS nanofiber-based membrane with the high separation capability of water-salt, desirable antibacterial activity, as well as the low cost, offers a roadmap toward the sustainable membrane materials.

The effectiveness of ursolic acid niosomes with chitosan coating for prevention of liver damage in mice induced by n-nitrosodiethylamine.

Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene carboxylic acid which produces various effects, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. However, UA demonstrates poor water solubility and permeability. Niosomes have been reported to improve the bioavailability of low water-soluble drugs. This study aimed to investigate the protective action of UA-niosomes with chitosan layers against liver damage induced by N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). UA niosomes were prepared using a thin layer hydration method, with chitosan being added by vortexing the mixtures. For the induction of liver damage, the mice were administered NDEA intraperitoneally (25mg/kgBW). They were given niosomes orally (11mg UA/kgBW) seven and three days prior to NDEA induction and subsequently once a week with NDEA induction for four weeks. The results showed that chitosan layers increased the particle sizes, PDI, and ζ-potentials of UA niosomes. UA niosomes with chitosan coating reduced the SGOT and SGPT level. The histopathological evaluation of liver tissue showed an improvement with reduced bile duct inflammation and decreasing pleomorphism and enlargement of hepatocyte cell nuclei in UA niosomes with the chitosan coating treated group. It can be concluded that UA niosomes with chitosan coating improved the efficacy of preventive UA therapy in liver-damaged mice induced with NDEA.

Engineering the Nonmorphing Point of Actuation for Controlled Drug Release by Hydrogel Bilayer across the pH Spectrum.

Hydrogel-based pH-responsive bilayer actuators exhibit bidirectional actuation due to the differences in the concentration gradient developed across the thickness, the volume expansion due to swelling, and the mechanical stiffness of the layers involved. At a pH value (point), where the sum of these factors generates moments of equal magnitudes, the moments cancel each other and result in no net actuation. This pH point is termed here as a "nonmorphing point". In this work, we present a bilayer of chitosan (CS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) cross-linked with citric acid (CA) with tunable nonmorphing points across the pH spectrum by modulating the concentration and cross-linking density of the layers involved. The standard CS/CMC bilayer films took about 40 s to completely fold (clockwise) in 0.1 M HCl and 78 s to completely fold (anticlockwise) in 0.1 M NaOH. Generally, pH-responsive actuators are designed for targeted drug delivery to a specific site inside the body as they show bidirectional (clockwise/anticlockwise) actuation around a single nonmorphing point. The same pH-responsive system cannot be applied for drug release at another site with a different functioning pH. Thus, having a pH-responsive system with multiple nonmorphing points is highly desirable. Drug release experiments were performed with FITC and EtBr as model drugs loaded in CS and CMC layers. Moreover, the clockwise/anticlockwise actuation of the bilayer around the nonmorphing point can facilitate or inhibit the release of a drug. The clockwise actuation resulted in 55% FITC release and inhibited EtBr release to 4%; anticlockwise actuation resulted in 50% EtBr release and inhibited FITC release to 5%. We demonstrated morphing induced drug release by hydrogel bilayer films with tunable nonmorphing points across the pH spectrum.

Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor Enhanced with Chitosan/Au Bilayer Thin Film for Dopamine Detection.

Surface plasmonic sensors have received considerable attention, found extensive applications, and outperformed conventional optical sensors. In this work, biopolymer chitosan (CS) was used to prepare the bilayer structure (CS/Au) of a plasmonic refractive index sensor for dopamine (DA) detection. The sensing characteristics of the developed plasmonic sensor were evaluated. Increasing DA concentrations significantly shifted the SPR dips. The sensor exhibited stability and a refractive index sensitivity of 8.850°/RIU in the linear range 0.1 nM to 1 µM with a detection limit of 0.007 nM and affinity constant of 1.383 × 108 M-1. The refractive index and thickness of the CS/Au structure were measured simultaneously by fitting the obtained experimental findings to theoretical data based on Fresnel equations. The fitting yielded the refractive index values n (1.5350 ± 0.0001) and k (0.0150 ± 0.0001) for the CS layer contacting 0.1 nM of DA, and the thickness, d was (15.00 ± 0.01) nm. Then, both n and d values increased by increasing DA concentrations. In addition, the changes in the FTIR spectrum and the variations in sensor surface roughness and structure obtained by AFM analysis confirmed DA adsorption on the sensing layer. Based on these observations, CS/Au bilayer has enhanced the performance of this plasmonic sensor, which showed promising importance as a simple, low-cost, and reliable platform for DA sensing.

Dual-Functional Polyetheretherketone Surface with an Enhanced Osteogenic Capability and an Antibacterial Adhesion Property In Vitro by Chitosan Modification.

A chitosan layer was covalently bonded to a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surface using a simple facile self-assembly method to address inadequate biological activity and infection around the implant. The surface characterization, layer degradation, biological activity, and antibacterial adhesion properties of chitosan-modified PEEK (PEEK-CS) were studied. Through chitosan grafting, the surface morphology changed, the surface roughness increased, and the contact angle decreased significantly. PEEK-CS boosted cell adhesion, proliferation, increased alkaline phosphate activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and expression of osteogenic genes. PEEK-CS demonstrated less adhesion to Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as less bacterial adhesion to P. gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans. According to our findings, chitosan modification significantly improved the osteogenic ability and antibacterial adhesion of PEEK in vitro.

Preparation of slow-release regulated Rs-198 bilayer microcapsules and application of its lyophilized bacterial inoculant on Capsicum annuum L. under salt stress

The survival adaptation of bacteria in saline soil is poor. The bilayer microcapsules were prepared by secondary embedding of monolayer sodium alginate (NaAlg) - bentonite (Bent) - sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) microcapsules wrapped with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas putida Rs-198 by chitosan solution to promote the synergistic effect of bilayer microencapsulation and PGPR. The characterization of the Rs-198 bilayer microcapsules showed that the amino and carboxyl groups were cross-linked and a thin layer of chitosan was formed on the outside of the microcapsule. The bilayer microcapsule (Ch-d) with a chitosan concentration of 0.8 wt% and pH 6 showed a slow release of bacteria with a maximum release of 6.06 × 109 cfu/g on the 7th day. The viable bacteria of Ch-d increased by 4.42% after 60 days of storage compared with monolayer microcapsules. The 0.9 wt% l-cysteine, 10 wt% glycerinum, 10 wt% trehalose and 12 wt% soluble starch were added as bacterial protective agents during the process of preparing the Ch-d lyophilized bacterial inoculant (Ch-d LBI). Pot experiments showed that Ch-d LBI exhibited better growth promotion of Capsicum annuum L. under salt stress. Therefore, the bilayer microcapsule as slow-release bacterial inoculant is a potential alternative for sustainable agriculture.

Novel nanodiamond coatings for durable xenogenic heart valve prostheses: Mechanical properties and in vivo stability

Nanodiamond adsorption coatings were obtained on the surface of the collagen tissue crosslinked by glutaraldehyde for enhancing its mechanical properties, including stress at break, elongation at break, and elastic modulus (Young's modulus). The effect of nanodiamonds of positive and negative surface charge was compared. Negatively charged nanodiamonds strongly influenced the mechanical characteristics compared with positively charged particles on the background of its smaller surface concentration that was determined using tritium-labeled nanodiamonds. A chitosan layer was applied from the solution of supercritical CO2 to prevent calcification of the tissue. In vivo experiments showed that the nanodiamond layer is stable and does not lead to additional calcification of the tissue. However, we observed higher metal concentrations on the tissue covered with negatively charged nanodiamonds. Note that the total calcification of bovine pericardium was less than for non-covered tissue. Our data revealed that layer-by-layer applied nanodiamond and chitosan films significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the bovine pericardium and allowed us to hope for the creation of a wear-resistant material based on it.

Chitosan/hyaluronic acid polyanion bilayer applied from carbon acid as an advanced coating with intelligent antimicrobial properties for improved biological prosthetic heart valves

The tightly bonded shielding coating on biomatrix significantly enhances the functionality of medical devices, bioprostheses in particular. In our work we have obtained a polyelectrolyte coating on a biomatrix by sequentially depositing chitosan and hyaluronic acid (HA) from solutions in carbonic acid under pressure. This approach makes it possible to obtain hybrid biomatrix with a firmly bonded polymer screen due to the electrostatic bonding of polyions. High-precision analysis using a tritium label shows a 3-fold increase in quantity of HA in carbonic acid under pressure compared to the conventional method. The presence of the chitosan layer increases the HA adsorption by 15–20 % due to electrostatic interaction of differently charged polymers. Antimicrobial results show the possibility of implementing an induced antimicrobial response, due to the lysis of the upper layer of the coating (HA) and the release of antimicrobial agents in the case of growth of pathogens on the bioprosthesis.

Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of flaxseed oil liposomes coated with chitosan and pea protein isolate hydrolysates

The effect of layer-by-layer coating of liposomes with chitosan and pea protein isolate hydrolysates (PPIH) was evaluated. Traditional flaxseed oil liposomes (FL Lipo) were used as a model for comparison to liposomes coated with chitosan and PPIH (FL LipoCP). The potential of PPIH as a coating material was evaluated. Additionally, the influence of chitosan and PPIH on vesicle size and zeta potential of liposomes was investigated. The chitosan layer of liposomes exhibited a loose structure. After the second layer of coating with PPIH, chitosan molecules were rearranged on the liposome surface, leading to a more compact and dense shell structure of liposomes. Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions favored the stability of FL LipoCP. Compared to FL Lipo, FL LipoCP displayed higher oxidation stability during storage and a slower release of flaxseed oil during in vitro digestion.