Extraction Of Chitosan Research Articles

Nutritional value and characteristics of chitin from slipper lobster (Thenus orientalis) for functional food ingredient

Slipper lobster lives on the bottom of sandy marine waters. The nutritional content and utilization of its large carapace (50%) can be converted into chitin. However, the potential of it has not been fully utilized due to the lack of biological information and nutritional value. This study aims to determine the nutritional content of Slipper lobster and determine the characteristics of its chitin. This research used a descriptive method. Parameters observed include morphology, proportion, chemical composition, and deacetylation degree. The result showed that Slipper lobster weighs about 80-240 g with a length of 15.2-24.7 cm, with a carapace percentage of 53.85% greater than the percentage of meat at 34.98%. tThe nutritional values of carapace and meat were protein 37.90%, 88.10%, fat 0.08%, 0,26%, carbohydrate 0.31%, 3.94%, fiber 6.28%, 1.38%, ash 55.43%, 6.32%, and water 41.95%, 77.19%, respectively. Furthermore, deacetylation degree of chitins was 64.10% which had a water content of 3.50%, ash 5.85%, and minerals potassium 6.75 mg/L, calcium 114.95 mg/L, sodium 15.65 mg/L, and iron 0.95 mg/L. This data showed that Slipper lobster has potential as a functional food ingredients, such as a protein isolates and hydrolysates, but the characteristics of chitin can be improved through chitosan extraction process.

Adding chitosan nanoparticles of green tea extract in diluent and thawing temperatures ameliorate the post-thawed quality of Boer buck semen

Objective: To improve the quality of post-thawing Boer buck semen for artificial insemination by adding green tea extract chitosan nanoparticles to skimmed egg yolk diluent, and the proper thawing temperature. Methods: The ejaculate of Boer buck was added to skimmed egg yolk diluent without (the control group) and with adding 1 μg of chitosan nanoparticles of green tea extract per mL of diluent (the treatment group). Then, the diluted semen was filled in French mini straws containing 60× 106 live sperm per straw, frozen in a standard protocol, and stored as frozen semen at -196 °C for a week. Six replicates from each group were diluted for 30 s at 37 °C or 39 °C sterile water to evaluate the semen quality. Results: Post-thawing (at 37 °C or 39 °C) of live sperm, progressive motility, and plasma membrane integrity were lower compared to those of the pre-freezing stage (P<0.05). Thawing at 37 °C resulted in no significant difference in live sperm, progressive motility, and plasma membrane between the control group and the treatment group (P>0.05). The live sperm, progressive motility, and plasma membrane of the treatment group in the pre-freezing stage, and post-thawed at 39 C were higher compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, DNA fragmentation, and catalase concentration of thawing at 37 °C compared to those of 39 °C in the same group. The MDA concentration and DNA fragmentation in thawing at 37 °C and 39 °C of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). However, the catalase concentration in thawing at 37 °C and 39 °C of the treatment group was not significantly different than the control group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Higher quality post-thawing Boer buck semen is achieved by adding 1 μg/mL of chitosan nanoparticles of green tea extract to the skimmed egg yolk diluent and thawing at 39 °C.

Techniques in chitosan extraction from indigenous crab and utilization in bio-filtration of crude oil polluted water

The techniques for chitosan extraction from indigenous crabs were assessed using physicochemical properties of the chitosan, and its utilization in the treatment of crude oil polluted water was investigated. Physicochemical properties, heavy metal analytic method (AAS), and hydrocarbon analysis (GC-MS method) of the water samples were employed for this investigation. Results obtained from the physical and chemical properties of the chitosan extracted from indigenous crabs (Scylla species) showed a comparable percentage yield (53% and 50%) compared to synthetic chitosan (72%). The pH values obtained from the chitosan ranged from 6.9 – 13.0, while the percentage degree of deacetylation (DDA) ranged from 60 – 75%. The water quality obtained from Ochani River, filtered with chitosan, yielded the best result with chitosan C compared to chitosan B. The heavy metal content in the polluted Ochani River was totally removed with the control (synthetic chitosan A) compared to chitosan C, which showed a comparably reduction. However, the bio-filtration with chitosan B also revealed better reduction compared to chitosan A. The study established that irrespective of the crude method applied in the extraction of the chitosan from indigenous crabs, its efficacy in treating crude oil-polluted Ochani River was highly impactful.

Polysaccharides derived from Ganoderma lucidum applied to the extraction chitosan and development of electrochemical sensor based on extracted chitosan and graphitic carbon nitride modified electrode for determination nitrite in food samples

The current study focused on extracting chitosan from polysaccharides generated from Ganoderma lucidum and applying it to the construction of electrochemically modified electrodes based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the measurement of nitrite in water and food samples. Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharides were isolated and characterized. The chitosan was then isolated enzymatically from the polysaccharides using a chemical technique. The isolated chitosan and g-C3N4 were used to modify a GCE (chitosan/g-C3N4/GCE). The structural investigations employing FT-IR, SEM, and XRD show that chitosan successfully interacted with g-C3N4 in the chitosan/g-C3N4 sample. Electrochemical evaluation using cycle voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and amperometry revealed that the chitosan/g-C3N4/GCE electrode has good sensitivity and selectivity for determining nitrite. The use of chitosan and g-C3N4 in electrode surface modification improved nitrite electro-oxidation performance by allowing for more effective adsorption and electron transport processes. DPV measurement showed that the sensor had a sensitivity of 0.12103 μA/μM, a linear range of 40 to 2000 μM, and a limit of detection of 21 nM, and amperometry measurement showed the sensor's sensitivity of 0.15487 μA/μM, linear range of 20 to 4230 μM, and an LOD of 10 nM. These findings indicated a more sensitive and wide range of sensor performance using amperometry with respect to the DPV technique. The method's validity and accuracy in determining nitrite in prepared genuine samples (water, milk, apple juice, orange juice, Aloe vera, and tomato juice) were investigated. RSD values (3.19 % to 4.75 %) and recovery values (80.00 % to 98.33 %) were found to be satisfactory. The data also revealed that there were no substantial matrix interferences, demonstrating the accuracy and applicability of the proposed approach for detecting nitrite in food samples. Therefore, the proposed sensor design has several advantages that make it a promising candidate for various applications. Its reusability, stability, wide linear range, accuracy, and low cost make it an attractive option for many industries.

Environmentally friendly strength bio-composite preparation by grafting of HEMA onto shrimp chitosan without destroying original microstructure to enrich their physicochemical, thermomechanical, and morphological properties

Shrimp shell is the most significant chitin source among bio-based materials since a huge quantity of crustacean wastes has been expelled out as a waste material from various shrimp processing industries/zones. The carapaces were treated by 2 M HCl for demineralization (DM), 2 N NaOH for deproteinization (DP), and 50 % NaOH for deacetylation (DA) to extract chitosan, without destroying the inherent microstructure of native shells. Then grafting was carried out by 2‑hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by using a redox initiator K2S2O8/FeSO4 to produce environmentally friendly strength bio-composite. Meanwhile, maximum yield was found when the concentration of monomer and initiator were 2.55 × 10−1 mol/L, 8.48 × 10−3 mol/L, at 70°C whereas the value has been recorded around 73.33±0.03 %. Besides the honeycomb microstructure of chitosan could enhance the overall properties of the fabricated biocomposites by using mechanical interlocking mechanism during compounding. The samples were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS-NMR) and tensile strength (TS) techniques. The microstructure and thermo-mechanical profile exhibited noteworthy changes on the bulk property of the CS-g-HEMA composites. Result suggested that the shrimp waste shell would be an attractive source of strength bio-composites that retains outstanding physicochemical, thermomechanical, morphological properties. Thus the grafted products would be significantly utilized in various engineering, and bulk scale industrial applications as a suitable replacement of fossil based synthetic ones for the sustainable environmental protection.

UTILIZATION OF MANGROVE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI AS A SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY SOURCE OF CHITOSAN

Chitosan is an important biopolymer that is used as a raw material in several industries, but the manufacturing process has the potential to harm the environment. This study aimed to exploit chitosan in mangrove endophytic fungi and to characterize it. The four fungi isolates used were 20BB0501, 20CB07, 20BA04, and 20BA0502. Fungi were obtained from mangrove plants and identified macroscopically and microscopically using the coverslip method. After performing fungal maintenance on MEA media, fungi cultivation was done on rice media for 14 days. A chitosan extract was made by isolating and extracting the chitosan from the fungal biomass. FTIR was used to characterize the isolated chitosan extract. Macroscopic examinations revealed that each of the four strains had a delicate structure and was white. According to the extraction results, the yield of chitosan from the fungal biomass was 7.5%, 16.7%, 1.6%, and 11%, respectively. According to the FTIR data, showed the degree of deacetylation reached 85.02%, 97.78%, 88.7%, and 85.02%. It can be concluded that mangrove endophytic fungi can be used in the manufacture of chitosan, which produces a high degree of deacetylation using a more environmentally friendly process. The results of this study indicate that marine fungal strains can be used as a source of chitosan. This basis can be developed for the production of bio surfactants, enzymes, and the discovery of new bioactive compounds has pharmacological and biotechnological potential.

Insect residues as an alternative and promising source for the extraction of chitin and chitosan

This work aimed to obtain and characterize chitin and chitosan extracted from the rearing residues of Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio, and Blaptica dubia insects in different growth stages in the same rearing cycles chitin and chitosan yielded 11.21 %–20.89 % and 6.26 %–7.07 %, respectively. The deacetylation degrees of chitosan ranged from 75.75 %–89.21 %, and the solubilities from 69.88 %–94.39 %. Infrared spectroscopy corroborated the acquisition of chitin and chitosan and can be used as a semi-quantitative technique for determining the degree of chitosan deacetylation. The X-ray diffraction profiles revealed the presence of α-chitin, and the relative crystalline indices ranged from 65.9 %–89.2 %. Typical TG profiles with two thermal events are observed for chitin and chitosan samples with different residue contents from the extraction procedure. The chitosan solutions exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with apparent viscosities ranging from 195.96 to 249.86 mPa.s. The characterization results of the biopolymers extracted from insect residues were similar to those obtained from conventional sources. The growth stage influenced the chitin yield and crystallinity index. The results of this study reinforce the feasibility of using alternative sources of chitin and chitosan, providing the use of waste from insect farms and contributing to sustainability and a circular economy.

Extraction and characterization of marine chitosan from sea shrimp shell and its biomedical applications

Biopolymer "Marine Chitosan" (MC) was extracted from the chitin of sea shrimp shells using standard protocol and was investigated for its morphological, elemental and biomedical applications. The extracted chitosan powder was first characterised by analytical techniques viz. XRD, FTIR, FESEM and UV-Vis/NIR spectroscopy. Then, the material was tested for its in vitro anti-oxidant assay using KMnO4 method with the highest mean inhibition of 96.94% at 1 mg/mL. MC showed a semi-crystalline phase investigated through XRD analysis and the FESEM presented non-spherical morphology with a mean particle size of 293 nm. The FTIR spectrum showed functional groups with O-H, N-H and C-O stretching. The anti-cancer activity determined on MCF-7 cell lines with an IC50 of approximately 71.45 μg and the optical property of MC-TiO2 composite with 19.16% higher absorbance than pure TiO2 at wavelength 808 nm could be applicable for photodynamic and photothermal therapy.

Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Preparation and Antibacterial Properties.

This comprehensive review illuminates the various methods of chitosan extraction, its antibacterial properties, and its multifarious applications in diverse sectors. We delve into chemical, physical, biological, hybrid, and green extraction techniques, each of which presents unique advantages and disadvantages. The choice of method is dictated by multiple variables, including the desired properties of chitosan, resource availability, cost, and environmental footprint. We explore the intricate relationship between chitosan's antibacterial activity and its properties, such as cationic density, molecular weight, water solubility, and pH. Furthermore, we spotlight the burgeoning applications of chitosan-based materials like films, nanoparticles, nonwoven materials, and hydrogels across the food, biomedical, and agricultural sectors. The review concludes by highlighting the promising future of chitosan, underpinned by technological advancements and growing sustainability consciousness. However, the critical challenges of optimizing chitosan's production for sustainability and efficiency remain to be tackled.

Extraction and characterization of Chitosan from Shell of Borassus flabellifer and their antibacterial and antioxidant applications

Chitosan is a bio-polymer made up of repeating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine joined together by (1–4)-glycosidic linkages. Various bioresources have been used to develop bioactive materials that have a wide range of applications in different fields, including industry and medicine. Borassus flabellifer is a well-known source of chitin in the sub-Indian continent and is used in digestion, pharmaceuticals, and other applications. Chitin can be extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells through demineralization and deproteinization and then converted into chitosan through deacetylation. This study aimed to investigate the biological activity of chitosan extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells and to analyze its molecular structure using FT-IR analysis. Results showed the presence of NH, OH, and CO stretching, indicating the presence of various functional groups in chitosan. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed the topography of the chitosan. Well-diffusion and MIC tests showed that chitosan exhibited activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The chitosan extract also exhibited potential antioxidant polymer by scavenging free radicals.

Harvesting Mycelial Biomass of Selected Basidiomycetes for Chitosan Biopolymer Extraction.

This study investigates the mycelial biomass production and chitosan extraction potential of various Basidiomycota strains, including Heterobasidion annosum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, and Lentinus lepideus. Both submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) methods were employed. The chitosan yield in basidiocarps of Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, and Ganoderma applanatum was also evaluated as a reference material. The chitosan extracted from fungal cells was characterized using elemental analyses and FTIR spectroscopy. Among the cultivated strains, P. chrysosporium exhibited the highest mycelial biomass concentration in SF (1.03 g 100 mL-1) after 14 days, while T. versicolor achieved the highest biomass concentration in SSF (3.65 g 100 mL-1). The highest chitosan yield was obtained from the mycelium of P. chrysosporium (0.38%) and T. versicolor (0.37%) in shaken SF. Additionally, commercially cultivated A. bisporus demonstrated the highest chitosan yield in fungal fruiting bodies (1.7%). The extracted chitosan holds potential as a functional biopolymer additive for eco-friendly materials, serving as an alternative to synthetic wet and dry strength agents in packaging materials.

Adsorbents Characterization and Effect of Reaction Indices on The Uptake of Cadmium (II) and Chromium (VI) Ions From Wastewater

The effect of reaction variables on the uptake of heavy metals from wastewater using modified chitosan and plantain peels carbon based adsorbents was explored in this study. Plantain peels were carbonized, activated with phosphoric acid and the activated carbon was separated into various proportions and impregnated with various percentages of chitosan to make the composite biosorbents. Deproteinization, deminerization, and deacetylation techniques were used to extract chitosan from a snail shell. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to analyze the adsorbents. Effects of process parameters: pH of wastewater, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial concentration and contact time were determined. In the blending ratios of the biosorbents, 75% oxalic acid modified chitosan-25% activated plantain peel (CHT-APP5) was best blend and the optimum process variables for the removal efficiency were time (60-65mins), adsorbent dosage (2-2.125g/dm3), pH(6-6.5), initial concentration of wastewater(20-85mg/dm3) and temperature (308-325K). The results obtained showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of 90.9090, 55.5556 and 142.8571mg/g for Cr(VI) while 62.500, 83.3333 and 43.4783mg/g Cd(II) were obtained for CHT, APP1 and CHT-APP5 respectively. The results showed that blends have the potential to be used as alternative efficient low-cost biosorbent in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

Use of Insect-Derived Chitosan for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater: Process Optimization Using a Central Composite Design.

Insects are a readily available source of chitosan due to their high reproductive rates, ease of breeding, and resistance to changes in their ecosystem. This study aimed to extract chitosan from several widespread insects: Blaps lethifera (CS-BL), Pimelia fernandezlopezi (CS-PF), and Musca domestica (CS-MD). The study was also extended to using the obtained chitosans in removing methylene blue dye (MB) from wastewater. The source of the chitosan, the initial concentration of MB dye, and the reaction time were chosen as the working parameters. The experiments were designed using a central composite design (CCD) based on the dye removal efficiency as the response variable. The experimental work and statistical calculation of the CCD showed that the dye removal efficiency ranged from 35.9% to 88.7% for CS-BL, from 18.8% to 47.1% for CS-PF, and from 10.3% to 29.0% for CS-MD at an initial MB concentration of 12.79 mg/L. The highest methylene blue dye removal efficiency was 88.7% for CS-BL at a reaction time of 120 min. This indicates that the extraction of chitosan from insects (Blaps lethifera) and its application in dye removal is a promising, environmentally friendly, economical, biodegradable, and cost-effective process. Furthermore, the CCD is a statistical experimental design technique that can be used to optimize process variables for removing other organic pollutants using chitosan.

Extraction of Chitosan from <i>L. squarrosulus</i> (Mushroom) and <i>C. africana</i> (Shrimp) Based and Production of Film Polymer

The deacetylated form of chitin presents enormous areas of application. The research work was aimed at the production of polymer film by the extraction of chitosan from Lentinus squarrosulus (mushroom) and Caridina africana (shrimp) using a chemical process involving deproteinisation, demineralisation, and deacetylation. The two samples were thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove impurities, then dried at room temperature for three days. The mushroom was grounded to powder, deproteinised at varying concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 M) and temperatures (60, 80, and 100 °C). The emanating products were now demineralised and deacetylated at 3 M and 60 °C. Biuret test analysis was carried out on 3 M, 60 °C and 4 M, 100 °C of L. squarrosulus chitosan and C. africana with the later showing a clearer positive result for the application. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of chitosan composite films of C. africana and gelatinous composition (CS30: G70, CS50: G50, and CS70: G30) plasticised with glycerol were studied. The chitosan composite films, L. squarrosulus (3 M, 60 °C), and C. africana were characterised by FT-IR. The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups associated with the various bands, intensities, and stretching established that the samples were chitosan. The results of the flexibility and refractive index analysis indicated that the higher chitosan films were more flexible and refractive, finding a much greater application in the manufacture of lenses of higher magnification. The FTIR spectra of the compact films of the homogeneous structure showed that there was a reaction in C. africana chitosan. The SEM analysis of chitosan in C. africana showed morphological differences of ×300, ×500, ×1000, and ×1500.

Pre-treatment of Lobster Shell Using Hydrochloric Acid for Nanochitosan Production

Lobster shells are a by-product that can be used as a raw material for making chitin and chitosan. However, lobster shells contain a high amount of minerals that cover the chitin polymer on the shell. This chitin can be converted into chitosan by deacetylation process. Efforts that can be made to increase the efficiency of the chitosan extraction process from lobster shells are by pre-treatment using hydrochloric acid. The purpose of this study was to determine the pre-treatment time of lobster shells with hydrochloric acid and to produce nanochitosan from lobster shells. The results of this study indicate that the pretreatment time has a significant effect on the yield value of chitosan. The highest yield of chitosan was produced from the acid pre-treatment with a soaking time of 120 hours with a value of 15,6%. The quality of lobster chitosan from the best treatment has met the quality requirements based on SNI. Nanochitosan was successfully synthesized by ionic gelation method with a particle size of 357,76 nm and spherical shape based on SEM photos. Lobster nanochitosan has the potential to be applied in various fields, such as food, agriculture,and biomedical.

Chitin and chitosan extraction: A comparison of three crab species from fresh, brackish and marine water environments

Chitin was extracted from three species of crab obtained from biowastes of marine crab (Portunus. pelagicus), brackish water crab (Scylla sp.), and freshwater crab (Gecarcinucidea sp.). The chemical isolation involved 1 M NaOH and 1 M HCl for demineralization and deproteinization, respectively. 50 % NaOH deacetylated chitin to chitosan at 100 °C for 2 h. Highest chitin yield (15.11 %) was obtained from freshwater crab while no significant difference existed between brackish and marine. Chitosan from freshwater exhibited lowest ash content but highest solubility (65.94 %) and DDA (81.17 %). FTIR revealed functional groups peculiar to chitosan and further confirmed its α – group. XRD, SEM as well as bulk and tapped densities showed the smooth and porous nature of the chitosan. It was concluded that the variability of crabs' environment affected their shell formation and development which further impacted on chitin deposit. High solubility and DDA of freshwater crab chitosan makes it suitable as coagulant.

Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Green Mussel Shells (Perna viridis): A Comparative Study.

Green mussel shells (Perna viridis) are generated in huge amounts and discarded as waste materials. Such waste may be used to produce biopolymer materials such as chitosan. The physicochemical properties of chitosan prepared from different sizes of green mussel shells (small size (CHS): ≤5.00 cm in length and big size (CHB): >5.01 cm in length) were characterized and compared with commercial chitosan (CH). Furthermore, the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the blended films were also investigated. The results of the physicochemical properties showed that CHS and CHB were quite different from CH. The degree of deacetylation of CHS, CHB, and CH was found to be 32.71%, 52.56%, and 70.42%, respectively (p < 0.05). The water- and fat-binding capacities of CH were higher than those of CHS and CHB. Structural differences between CHS, CHB, and CH were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Significant increases in thickness, water vapor permeability, and strength of the blended films were found when the extracted chitosan was added (p < 0.05). However, further study is needed to improve the chitosan extraction process, which can enhance the physicochemical properties of the obtained chitosan and be widely used in many industries.

Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of an Environmentally Friendly Biopolymer: Chitosan for Composite Matrix Application

Chitosan, which is a derivative of chitin, is particularly popular due to its biodegradable and renewable nature. However, the properties of chitosan can be inconsistent due to the extraction process and its natural origin, which poses a challenge to its use in composite materials as a matrix. The properties of chitosan can be tuned by controlling the degree of deacetylation (the extent to which acetyl groups are removed from chitin to form chitosan) and molecular weight. This paper presents a detailed study on the extraction and characterization of chitosan from shrimp shells. The structural thermal and mechanical characterization were studied using several techniques: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The intrinsic viscosity and deacetylation degree were determined using various methods. The results showed an average degree of deacetylation of 77%. The chitosan films exhibited a high tensile strength of 43.9 MPa and an elongation at break of 3.14%. The thermal analysis revealed that the films had a glass transition temperature of 88 °C and a maximum thermal degradation temperature of 320 °C. The findings of this research could contribute to the development of chitosan-based materials with improved properties, leading to its wider adoption in the future for composite matrix application. The simple and efficient method used for the extraction and purification of chitosan from shrimp shells makes it a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic polymers.

Extraction of chitosan from biologically-derived chitin by bacterial chitin deacetylase: Process optimization and product quality assessment

Commercial chitosan manufacturing process relies on strong chemical treatment on chitin that generates chitosan with undesirable properties and leads to environmental pollution. To overcome the adverse consequences, enzymatic chitosan preparation from chitin was undertaken in the current study. A potent chitin deacetylase (CDA) producing bacterial strain was screened and subsequently identified as Alcaligens faecalis CS4. After optimization 40.69 U/mL of CDA production was achieved. By treating the organically extracted chitin with partially purified CDA chitosan yield of 19.04 % was attained having 71 % solubility, 74.9 % degree of deacetylation, 21.16 % crystallinity index, 246.4 kDa molecular weight and 298 °C highest-decomposition temperature. FTIR and XRD analysis revealed characteristics peaks respectively within 870–3425 cm−1 wavenumber and 10°-20°, for enzymatically and chemically extracted (commercial) chitosan that endorses their structural similarity which validated through electron microscopic study. At 10 mg/mL chitosan concentration 65.49 % DPPH radical scavenging activity endorsed its antioxidant potential. Minimum inhibitory concentration of chitosan was 0.675, 1.75, 0.33 and 0.75 mg/mL for Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Vibrio sp., respectively. Mucoadhesiveness and cholesterol binding properties were also exhibited by extracted chitosan. The present study opens a new vista for eco-friendly extraction of chitosan from chitin that is proficient and sustainable in environmental perspective.

Extraction, characterization and functionality assessment of Aloe vera, chitosan and silk sericin

Aloe vera, chitosan, and silk sericin have been investigated for their physicochemical properties as well as functional characteristics such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV resistance. Aloe vera was extracted by methanol as a solvent. Silk sericin was prepared from a boiled water solution of silk cocoons through ethanol precipitation, while chitosan was synthesized by deacetylation of chitin. FT-IR, TGA, DSC, EDX, UV–vis, and XRD were used to characterize the extracted Aloe vera, chitosan, and sericin. Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity and UV protection factors were also investigated. The TGA graph revealed that the significant weight loss at 400 °C was 39%, 51%, and 52%. for Aloe vera, chitosan, and sericin, respectively. For E. coli, Aloe vera, chitosan, and silk sericin, the zones of inhibition were 2.5 mm, 3 mm, and 1 mm, respectively, whereas for S. aureus, the zones of inhibition were 4 mm, 5 mm, and 1.5 mm. The free radical scavenging activity of 10 mg/ml Aloe vera, chitosan and sericin was 93%, 53% and 52%, respectively. All three UV radiation zones were absorbed by an Aloe vera solution. Chitosan and silk sericin solution exclusively absorbed UV-C rays. These almost priceless natural resources can contribute to health-related beneficial issues.