Chitosan Coatings Research Articles

The Importance of Chitosan Coatings in Dentistry.

A Chitosan is a copolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucose amine and D-glucose amine that can be easily produced. It is a polymer that is widely utilized to create nanoparticles (NPs) with specific properties for applications in a wide range of human activities. Chitosan is a substance with excellent prospects due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, haemostatic, analgesic, mucoadhesive, and osseointegrative qualities, as well as its superior film-forming capacity. Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) serve a variety of functions in the pharmaceutical and medical fields, including dentistry. According to recent research, chitosan and its derivatives can be embedded in materials for dental adhesives, barrier membranes, bone replacement, tissue regeneration, and antibacterial agents to improve the management of oral diseases. This narrative review aims to discuss the development of chitosan-containing materials for dental and implant engineering applications, as well as the challenges and future potential. For this purpose, the PubMed database (Medline) was utilised to search for publications published less than 10 years ago. The keywords used were "chitosan coating" and "dentistry". After carefully selecting according to these keywords, 23 articles were studied. The review concluded that chitosan is a biocompatible and bioactive material with many benefits in surgery, restorative dentistry, endodontics, prosthetics, orthodontics, and disinfection. Furthermore, despite the fact that it is a highly significant and promising coating, there is still a demand for various types of coatings. Chitosan is a semi-synthetic polysaccharide that has many medical applications because of its antimicrobial properties. This article aims to review the role of chitosan in dental implantology.

Development of famotidine-loaded lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles for prolonged and efficient anti-gastric ulcer activity

Lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles (LCNPs) represent an appealing nanocarrier for the oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Negatively charged lecithin and positively charged chitosan were permitted to interact to create LCNPs. Their distinctive features enable drugs to be encapsulated into the lipophilic lecithin core while improving their retention in gastric mucosa by the chitosan coat. Famotidine (FMD), a hydrophobic H2-receptor antagonist drug with a short half-life (2.5–4 h), was loaded into LCNPs to enhance its therapeutic efficacy in gastric ulcers through achieving good mucoadhesion and subsequent absorption. The optimal formula with a lecithin to chitosan ratio of 10:1 was selected and exhibited a particle size of 178.5 ± 9.5 nm, a zeta potential of 43.7 ± 2 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 75.81 ± 2.5 %. It displayed a prolonged in vitro release profile (75.72 % over 24 h) and considerable mucoadhesive properties. FMD-LCNPs were also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and stability studies. The in vivo study was performed on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in a rat model, and the anti-gastric ulcer effects of FMD-free, FMD-marketed product, and FMD-LCNPs were determined by assessing the ulcer severity, antioxidant biomarkers, eNOS levels in addition to histopathological examination. FMD-LCNPs administration resulted in a percentage of protection from gastric severity of 96.25 % and an exceptional ameliorative effect on oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH; 162.36 % increase and MDA; 71.91 % decrease) as compared to other FMD forms. Additionally, FMD-LCNPs showed the strongest eNOS level improvement (130.34 %), which indicated the best healing impact and was confirmed by restoring the gastric mucosa to normal architecture.

Layer by layer application of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose coatings delays ripening of mango fruit by suppressing cell wall polysaccharides disassembly

Mango is a climacteric fruit that ripens quickly after harvest due to its climacteric nature. Edible coatings have been reported to delay the ripening of various harvested fruit. The efficacy of the applied edible coatings could be improved by using in combination as a layer-by-layer (LBL) approach. So, the influence of LBL application of chitosan (CH) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was studied on mangoes during postharvest storage at 15 °C for 20 days. Mangoes were coated with monolayers of CH (1 % w/v) and CMC (1 % w/v) as well as LBL application of CH and CMC and were compared with control. The treatment of mangoes with CH and CMC-based LBL treatment resulted in lower decay percentage and weight loss along with higher total chlorophyll pigments and suppressed total carotenoid accumulation. The LBL application of CH and CMC showed lower activity of chlorophyll degrading such as chlorophyllase (CPS), pheophytinase (Phe), Mg-dechalatase (MGD) and chlorophyll degrading peroxidase (Chl-POD) enzymes as well as reduced changes in b*, a* and L* along with a suppressed increase in ethylene (EP) and CO2 production (CPR) rates having higher antioxidant such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activity. In addition, mangoes coated with LBL treatment of CH and CMC exhibited lower water-soluble pectin (WSP) and higher protopectin (PP) having higher concentrations of chelate soluble (CSP) and sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (SCP). Similarly, LBL-coated mangoes showed significantly higher hemicellulose (HCLS) and cellulose (CLS) contents in contrast with control. It was observed that mangoes coated with CH and CMC-based LBL coating exhibited higher flesh firmness and showed suppressed cellulase (CS), pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and β-galactosidase (β-Gal) enzymes activity. The concentrations of total soluble solids and ripening index were markedly lower and titratable acidity was higher in the LBL-based coating treatment in comparison with control. In conclusion, LBL treatment based on CH and CMC coatings could be used for the delay of ripening and softening of harvested mangoes.

Prolonging the shelf life of fresh-cut guava (Psidium guajaya L.) by coating with chitosan and cinnamon essential oil

This study investigated the effect of a coating of chitosan (CH) and cinnamon essential oil (CEO; 0−1 %) on the quality attributes of fresh-cut guava (Psidium guajaya L.) during storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 17 days, with uncoated fresh-cut guava used as control. The CH coating significantly (p < 0.05) delayed changes in weight loss, firmness, colour, total soluble solids and titratable acidity compared to the control sample. Furthermore, the effects were more prominent with the incorporation of higher CEO concentrations. The bacterial, yeast and mould counts were also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the CH-coated samples than in the control, with the coating containing 1 % CEO exhibiting the best quality preservation effect. In addition, CH and CEO coatings extended the shelf life of fresh-cut guava up to 17 days compared to the control sample (shelf life of only 3 days). In conclusion, combining CH and CEO as a coating matrix effectively preserves the quality and enhances fresh-cut guava's shelf life.

Titanium-Dioxide-Nanoparticle-Embedded Polyelectrolyte Multilayer as an Osteoconductive and Antimicrobial Surface Coating

Bioactive surface coatings have retained the attention of researchers and physicians due to their versatility and range of applications in orthopedics, particularly in infection prevention. Antibacterial metal nanoparticles (mNPs) are a promising therapeutic, with vast application opportunities on orthopedic implants. The current research aimed to construct a polyelectrolyte multilayer on a highly porous titanium implant using alternating thin film coatings of chitosan and alginate via the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, along with the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs), for antibacterial and osteoconductive activity. These mNPs were characterized for their physicochemical properties using quartz crystal microgravimetry with a dissipation system, nanoparticle tracking analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Their cytotoxicity and osteogenic differentiation capabilities were assessed using AlamarBlue and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, respectively. The antibiofilm efficacy of the mNPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The LbL polyelectrolyte coating was successfully applied to the porous titanium substrate. A dose-dependent relationship between nanoparticle concentration and ALP as well as antibacterial effects was observed. TiO2NP samples were also less cytotoxic than their AgNP counterparts, although similarly antimicrobial. Together, these data serve as a proof-of-concept for a novel coating approach for orthopedic implants with antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties.

Effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on storage quality and fungi inhibition of mini-cucumber

The effect of low (LWC, 30 kD), medium (MWC, 150 kD) and high molecular weight chitosan (HWC, 300 kD) coatings on storage quality and fungi inhibition of mini-cucumber was evaluated. Chitosan coatings significantly reduced the weight loss, and delayed the color change and sensory score of mini-cucumber when compared with the control. Chitosan coatings significantly retarded the decrease of DPPH free radical scavenging rate and total phenol content, and inhibited the total number of bacterial colonies and the viable numbers of yeast and molds in mini-cucumber. Chitosan coatings also significantly reduced the disease incidence and disease severity of mini-cucumber artificial inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. LWC coating showed superior preservation effectiveness and antifungal activity to MWC and HWC coating. Compared with the control, LWC coating prolonged the shelf life by 6 days which was evaluated by sensory score, and reduced the total number of bacterial colonies and viable numbers of yeast and molds in mini-cucumber by 4.20 log10 CFU/g and 2.72 log10 CFU/g, respectively. These results suggested that chitosan molecular weights affected preservation effectiveness and antifungal activity against B. cinerea and LWC could be used to prolong the shelf life of mini-cucumber and maintain its quality after harvest.

Edible chitosan-alginate based coatings enriched with turmeric and oregano additives: Formulation, antimicrobial and non-cytotoxic properties.

In our study we developed the edible chitosan and alginate coatings with turmeric or oregano additives. The objective of the research was to evaluate the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of films. In cell line studies on HepG2 and BJ cells, they were shown to be non-cytotoxic materials (IC50% was not reached). For HepG2 increase in cell proliferation was observed for 3, 4, and 7mg/mL of OS3 (124,79±9,21; 162,4±10,46; 165,37±18,44) after 72h. In BJ cells, no significant decrease in proliferation was noted after 24- and 48-hour exposure to OS0 and OS1 (1-7mg/ml). The addition of oregano (1% v/v) resulted in films with higher elongation at break and 40% higher tensile strength compared to the base (OS0) film. Use of additives significantly increased the thermal stability of the complexes (by an average of 10°C). Coatings were tested on tofu and had proven potent antimicrobial properties.

A Comparison of Chitosan Adhesion to KOH and H2O2 Pre-Treated Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Nanofibers

Chitosan coatings could effectively increase the biostability and biocompatibility of biomaterials while maintaining their structural integrity. In this study, electrospun fibrous polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) membranes were pre-treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and then modified with dopamine (DA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve their adhesion with chitosan (CS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angles (WCA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to demonstrate the successful generation of DA and GA-modified PHB fibers. KOH pre-treated PHB membranes exhibited superior binding efficiency with CS at low concentrations compared to their H2O2 pre-treated counterparts. The thermal analysis demonstrated a considerable decrease in the degradation temperature and crystallinity of KOH pre-treated membranes, with temperatures dropping from 309 °C to 265.5 °C and crystallinity reducing from 100% to 25.59% as CS concentration increased from 0 to 2 w/v%. In comparison, H2O2 pre-treated membranes experienced a mild reduction in degradation temperature, from 309 °C to 284.4 °C, and a large decrease in crystallinity from 100% to 43%. UV-vis analysis using Cibacron Brilliant Red 3B-A dye (CBR) indicated similar binding efficiencies at low CS concentrations for both pre-treatments, but decreased stability at higher concentrations for KOH pre-treated membranes. Mechanical testing revealed a considerable increase in Young’s modulus (2 to 14%), toughness (31 to 60%), and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) (14 to 63%) for KOH-treated membranes compared with H2O2 pre-treated membranes as CS concentration increased from 0 to 2 w/v%.

Bactericidal Activity of Silver-Doped Chitosan Coatings via Electrophoretic Deposition on Ti6Al4V Additively Manufactured Substrates.

Prosthetic reconstruction can serve as a feasible alternative, delivering both functional and aesthetic benefits to individuals with hand and finger injuries, frequent causes of emergency room visits. Implant-related infections pose significant challenges in arthroplasty and osteosynthesis procedures, contributing to surgical failures. As a potential solution to this challenge, this study developed a new class of silver (Ag)-doped chitosan (CS) coatings via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on osseointegrated prostheses for infection therapy. These coatings were successfully applied to additively manufactured Ti6Al4V ELI samples. In the initial phase, the feasibility of the composite coating was assessed using the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) techniques. The optimized structures exhibited impressive water uptake in the range of 300-360%. Codeposition with an antibacterial agent proved effective, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the coating morphology. Biologically, CS coatings demonstrated cytocompatibility when in direct contact with a fibroblast cell line (L929) after 72 h. When exposed to the Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (ATCC 12228), these coatings inhibited bacterial growth and biofilm formation within 24 h. These findings underscore the significant potential of this approach for various applications, including endoprostheses like hip implants, internal medical devices, and transcutaneous prostheses such as osseointegrated limb prosthetics for upper and lower extremities.

Electrophoretic deposition of moringa loaded chitosan coatings on Mg: A study on antibacterial properties and degradation kinetics

Moringa loaded chitosan coatings (coating thickness ∼10 µm) were deposited on Mg substrate via electrophoretic deposition (applied electric field = 15 V/cm and deposition time = 20 min). Scanning electron microscopy images of chitosan/moringa coatings confirmed that the deposited coatings are densely packed and uniform. The presence of chitosan and moringa in the coating was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The corrosion studies revealed that the degradation rate of bare Mg decreased ∼7 order of magnitude upon coating deposition. Furthermore, the potential release of moringa from coatings inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The moringa loaded chitosan coatings presented suitable morphology, electrochemical properties, and antibacterial properties for potential application in orthopedic devices.

Effect of a Chitosan Coating Enriched with an Olive Leaf Extract on the Characteristics of Pork Burgers.

Chitosan coatings have been investigated for improving food shelf-life. The addition of an olive leaf extract could enhance its beneficial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an olive leaf extract added to a chitosan coating in delaying deterioration in refrigerated pork burgers without additives packaged under a 40% oxygen and 60% carbon dioxide modified atmosphere. Some general parameters (microbial counts, instrumental color and texture, and lipid and protein oxidation) were measured over the storage of pork burgers without coating (Control), with a chitosan-based coating (Chitosan) and with a chitosan-based coating enriched with an olive leaf extract (Chitoex). The coating impacted the effect of the storage time on most parameters. Both coatings were especially effective at limiting the changes that occur over time in the headspace gases, some texture parameters (hardness, gumminess, and chewiness) and lipid oxidation, although the effect on the microbial counts was weak. Chitoex was more effective than Chitosan at preventing changes in the headspace gases on day 11 and in lipid oxidation on all the sampling days. In conclusion, the Chitoex coating could be useful for prolonging the storage of pork burgers by preventing changes in texture and reducing lipid oxidation.

Innovative Integration of Arrayan (Luma apiculata) Extracts in Chitosan Coating for Fresh Strawberry Preservation.

Strawberries are a rich source of vitamins and antioxidants, among other nutrients, but they are highly susceptible to mechanical injuries, dehydration, and microbial spoilage, and thus have a limited post-harvest shelf-life. Bioactive edible coatings have been studied to decrease or prevent these damages. In this study, ethanolic extracts of Arrayan (Luma apiculata), a traditional berry from the south of Chile, were used to enrich a chitosan-based edible film and coat fresh strawberries. A long-term storage (10 °C) study was conducted to determine the strawberries' weight loss, microbial stability, fruit firmness impact, and antioxidant activity. Later, a sensory panel was conducted to determine overall consumer acceptance. Our results show that the bioactive coating inhibited the growth of different pathogenic bacteria and spoilage yeast. In the stored strawberries, the weight loss was significantly lower when the bioactive coating was applied, and the samples' firmness did not change significantly over time. Microbial growth in the treated strawberries was also lower than in the control ones. As expected, the antioxidant activity in the coated strawberries was higher because of the Arrayan extract, which has high antioxidant activity. Regarding sensory qualities, the covered strawberries did not show significant differences from the uncoated samples, with an overall acceptance of 7.64 on a 9-point scale. To our knowledge, this is the first time an edible coating enriched with Arrayan extracts has been reported as able to prevent strawberries' decay and spoilage.

Application of Konjac Glucomannan with Chitosan Coating in Yellow Alkaline Noodles.

To improve the quality of the characteristics of yellow alkaline noodles and enrich their nutritional value, konjac glucomannan (KGM) with or without chitosan coating were added to noodles, and their application effects were investigated in terms of color, texture, water absorption, starch digestion, total plate count (TPC) and microstructure. Chitosan-konjac glucomannan (CK) complex was firstly prepared by embedding konjac powder with chitosan sol. After embedding, the hydrophilicity of KGM decreased significantly. Then, either CK or native KGM were mixed evenly with flour before saline water, and soda was subsequently added to produce noodles. Compared with native KGM, CK provided the noodles with a higher brightness and a lighter yellow color. In terms of texture properties, although the firmness of CK noodles was weaker than that of KGM noodles, the tensile properties were enhanced. After embedding, the water absorption of CK noodles decreased and the content of resistant starch (RS) in the noodles increased. During storage, the TPC in CK noodles was significantly lower than that in KGM noodles. At a CK content of 5%, the noodles presented a lightness of 87.41, a b value of 17.75, a shear work of 39.9 g·cm, a tensile distance of 84.28 cm, a water absorption of 69.48%, a RS content of 17.97% and a TPC of 2.74 lg CFU/g at 10 days. In general, KGM with chitosan coating could improve the physicochemical qualities of noodles and extend their shelf life to a certain extent.

The protective combined effect of chitosan and essential oil coatings on cheese and cured meat against the oviposition of Piophila casei

This study investigated the effect of chitosan (CHT) incorporated with essential oils (EOs) from three plants: Laurus nobilis L. (bay leaf), Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (cinnamon) on fresh foods. A panel of expert sensory analysts selected the best EO olfactory profile to be used with cheese and cured meat. The components of EOs were studied by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bay leaf EO was mainly rich in 1,8-cineole (28.1%), while black pepper was mainly characterized by β-caryophyllene (45.7%) and cinnamon was dominated by (E)-cinnamaldehyde (85.5%). The food samples were divided into four groups and subjected to the following treatments: control, chitosan (CHT), EO, and CHT + EO at different concentrations to determine their influence on the oviposition behavior of Piophila casei over time. Under those conditions, the best concentration of EO to be used to control the P. casei oviposition was assessed. The samples coated with CHT + EOs showed the highest efficacy in controlling the oviposition behavior of P. casei as the treatment was able to decrease the oviposition percentage from 40 to 80% (control) to 5–10%. The EOs of bay leaf (1%) and black pepper (0.5%) were pinpointed as the best choices because they totally controlled the oviposition. Besides, the panelists accepted their sensory profile, overall pleasantness, and hedonic index with the highest scores. Therefore, the use of a CHT mixed with EOs was the most effective solution to repel P. casei without negatively affecting the organoleptic qualities of the treated foods.

Effects of High Pressure Treatment and Chitosan Coating on Selected Enzymatic Activities and Quality Indices of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Muscle

ABSTRACT Three different treatments: pressurization at 200 MPa for 3 min (HPP), chitosan coating and then pressurization (CHPP), and chitosan coating (CHI) were used on barramundi muscle to investigate quality indices and enzymatic activities during chilled storage (4 ± 1°C). HPP significantly improved texture and reduced proteolytic activity and drip loss of barramundi muscle compared to CHI. Chitosan coating significantly reduced microbial growth as compared to HPP. CHPP treatment improved texture and reduced protease activity, total volatile basic nitrogen formation, drip loss, and microbial growth, but it accelerated lipid oxidation. Thus, HPP is the most favorable for improving barramundi muscle quality during chilled storage up to 23 days.

A Study of the Properties of Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration Modified with Gel-like Coatings of Chitosan and Folic Acid.

The research has been conducted to obtain scaffolds for cancellous bone regeneration. Polylactide scaffolds were made by the phase inversion method with a freeze-extraction variant, including gelling polylactide in its non-solvent. Substitutes made of polylactide are hydrophobic, which limits cell adhesion. For this reason, the scaffolds were modified using chitosan and folic acid by forming gel-like coatings on the surface. The modification aimed to improve the material's surface properties and increase cell adhesion. Analyses of obtained scaffolds confirmed the effectiveness of performed changes. The presence of chitosan and folic acid was confirmed in the modified scaffolds, while all scaffolds retained high open porosity, which is essential for proper cell growth inside the scaffold and the free flow of nutrients. Hydrostatic weighing showed that the scaffolds have high mass absorbability, allowing them to be saturated with biological fluids. There were also cytotoxicity tests performed on 24 h extracts of the materials obtained, which indicated a lack of cytotoxic effect.

The thermo-therapeutic applications of Chitosan- CTAB coated Nickel Ferrite (NiFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles

In this study, we used a hydrothermal-assisted co-precipitation method to synthesize the nickel ferrite (FN), Chitosan coated nickel ferrite (FN-Ch) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coated nickel ferrite (FN-CT) nanoparticles with small sizes and good biocompatibility. These nanoparticles were then evaluated for their potential use in magnetic hyperthermia. The particles were characterized using a variety of techniques, including x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), magnetic characterization (VSM), zeta potential analysis, and in vivo studies (blood hemolysis and MTT test). The results of the x-ray diffraction analysis showed that the nanoparticles had a spinel phase of NiFe2O4. TEM analysis revealed that all three samples contained particles with nearly quadrilateral and hexagonal shapes. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Chitosan and CTAB coatings on the particle surface. Magnetic hysteresis curves showed that all of the synthesized samples exhibited superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The findings from the ICP analysis indicated that the FN-Ch and FN-CT nanoparticles contained iron and nickel, while no substantial quantities of other trace elements were identified in either of the samples. Blood hemolysis and MTT tests were used to assess the toxicity of the nanoparticles when in contact with red blood cells, fibroblast cells, and MCF7 cancer cells. Overall, our findings suggest that FN-Ch and FN-CT nanoparticles have potential for use in cancer diagnosis and treatment as part of a new nano-carrier system. Furthermore, combining hyperthermia with other treatment methods could enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapy.

Application of a Chitosan-Cinnamon Essential Oil Composite Coating in Inhibiting Postharvest Apple Diseases.

The purpose of this study was to explore the film-forming properties of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and chitosan (CS) and the effect of their composite coating on postharvest apple diseases. The results demonstrated that the composite coating exhibits favorable film-forming properties at CEO concentrations below 4% (v/v). The effectiveness of the composite coating in disease control can be attributed to two factors: the direct inhibitory activity of CEO against pathogens in vitro and the induced resistance triggered by CS on the fruits. Importantly, the incorporation of CEO did not interfere with the induction of resistance by CS in harvested apples. However, it is noteworthy that the inhibitory effect of the CS-CEO composite coating on apple diseases diminished over time. Therefore, a key aspect of enhancing the preservation ability of fruits is improving the controlled release properties of CEO within CS coatings. This will enable a sustained and prolonged antimicrobial effect, thereby bolstering the fruit preservation capabilities of the composite coatings.

Nanoscale hydroxyapatite/chitosan polymer coatings: Synthesis and characterization

AbstractThe present work involves the coating synthesis of nano‐hydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) on a Mg‐2 wt% Zn scaffold with the pulse electrodeposition (PED) technique. In practice, to render coatings more corrosion‐resistant and biocompatibility in simulated body fluids, the impact of PED factors, such as mean current density (j), a duty cycle, and coating duration (t), was investigated. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, x‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersion spectrometer, and water contact angle (WCA) were studied to characterize coatings. The corrosion resistance of coatings was investigated by impedance evaluations and potentiodynamic polarization. The results obtained from analyses revealed that the optimum conditions for synthesizing the nHA/CS coating were achieved when applying j = 20 mA/cm2, a duty cycle = 0.4, and a duration of 60 minutes. The coatings' microstructure and Ca/P ratio were influenced by PED factors, which included nano spherical‐shaped and 1.65. Furthermore, the corrosion rate was decreased from 19.603 to 1.492 mm yr−1 after being modified by optimum coating. Moreover, the high hydrophilic properties are assigned to this coating with a WCA of 29.9 compared to other coatings and the Mg scaffold. The biological properties of the optimum coating were assessed through in‐vitro experiments involving MG63 cells, which included the evaluations of cell adhesion and cytotoxicity. The results obtained from the corrosion and in‐vitro experiments indicate that the nanocomposite coating, upon optimization, holds potential as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.Highlights Using Mg‐2 wt% Zn scaffold as a substrate for nanocomposite coatings. Pulse electrodeposition method for the synthesis of nano‐hydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) coatings. Pulse electrodeposition (PED) method to modify morphology, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Optimum PED parameters: j = 20 mA/cm2, duty cycle = 0.4, and t = 60 min.

Chitosan-Based Sustainable Coatings for Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum in Seawater

Metals are widely used in various industrial applications due to their advantageous properties, but they often exhibit signs of degradation over time because of prolonged exposure to environmental conditions. To prevent corrosion, coatings have gained popularity owing to their practicality in maintaining the original shape and dimensions of the object being protected. Nevertheless, traditional coatings may pose significant toxicological and environmental concerns, leading researchers to explore eco-friendly alternatives such as chitosan-based coatings. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, is abundant in nature and has been extensively studied for its physicochemical properties, including its potential in the development of new materials. Chitosan-based coatings have shown promise as effective corrosion inhibitors, and this study aims to develop a crosslinked chitosan-based coating from shrimp waste as an alternative to expensive, commercial coatings. Chitosan, and chemically modified polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and ammonium paratungstate chitosan coatings of high- and medium molecular weight prepared by the sol-gel technique, were used for the study of corrosion protection of aluminum in 3.5% synthetic seawater. The molecular interactions and structural alterations following cross-linking of chitosan-based coatings was supported by FTIR-ATR. Surface morphology analysis by AFM indicated good coating adsorption on aluminum surfaces. Contact angle measurements showed hydrophilic properties with contact angles &gt;62° and &lt;90°. Physicochemical characterization (molecular weight (kDa), deacetylation (%), humidity (%), and ash (%)) was also carried out. The corrosion inhibition effectiveness was assessed by gravimetric tests after immersion studies, and the results highlighted the MMW-Chi-based coating’s performance.