Chitosan Capsules Research Articles

A Review on Nano Chitosan and Bio Capsules on Growth Yield and Quality of Strawberry

The properties of utilizing biocapsules with accommodating microorganisms and eco-accommodating and acceptable nano chitosan were the subject of the exploration. Higher growth limits, increased fruit yields, and greater fruit excellence, including flavor and nutritional value, suggest that strawberry plants performed better. It might be doable to make a more viable and capable strawberry development system by utilizing biocapsules and nano chitosan, and the mix of nano chitosan and bio containers with gainful microorganisms can offer a reasonable and further developed development framework for strawberries, with beneficial outcomes on development, yield, and organic product quality.

Effect of nano chitosan, nano micronutrients and bio capsules on growth and flowering attributes of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

Effect of nano chitosan, nano micronutrients and bio capsules on growth and flowering attributes of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

Effect of adding chitosan capsules produced by ionotropic gelation on the mechanical properties of mortars

Effect of adding chitosan capsules produced by ionotropic gelation on the mechanical properties of mortars

Vapor Phase Antimicrobial Active Packaging Application of Chitosan Capsules Containing Clove Essential Oil for the Preservation of Dry Cakes

Vapor Phase Antimicrobial Active Packaging Application of Chitosan Capsules Containing Clove Essential Oil for the Preservation of Dry Cakes

Encapsulation Reduces the Deleterious Effects of Salicylic Acid Treatments on Root Growth and Gravitropic Response.

The role of salicylic acid (SA) on plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses is well documented. However, the mechanism by which exogenous SA protects plants and its interactions with other phytohormones remains elusive. SA effect, both free and encapsulated (using silica and chitosan capsules), on Arabidopsis thaliana development was studied. The effect of SA on roots and rosettes was analysed, determining plant morphological characteristics and hormone endogenous levels. Free SA treatment affected length, growth rate, gravitropic response of roots and rosette size in a dose-dependent manner. This damage was due to the increase of root endogenous SA concentration that led to a reduction in auxin levels. The encapsulation process reduced the deleterious effects of free SA on root and rosette growth and in the gravitropic response. Encapsulation allowed for a controlled release of the SA, reducing the amount of hormone available and the uptake by the plant, mitigating the deleterious effects of the free SA treatment. Although both capsules are suitable as SA carrier matrices, slightly better results were found with chitosan. Encapsulation appears as an attractive technology to deliver phytohormones when crops are cultivated under adverse conditions. Moreover, it can be a good tool to perform basic experiments on phytohormone interactions.

Effects of Nano Chitosan and Bio Capsule on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in Poly-House Condition

A field experiment was designed in a Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments replicated thrice on Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under poly-house condition. The Experiment examined the effect of nano chitosan, bio capsule and NPK @RDF application on growth, yield and quality of chilli and to work out the economics of various treatments. Various treatment combinations were prepared using different doses of Nano chitosan and Bio capusles in combination. It was observed that the treatment T8 (NPK + Nano chitosan 120 ppm + Bio capsule 120 ppm) was superior over other treatments in terms of growth, yield and quality of Chilli i.e., plant height (63.73 cm), fruit yield per 200m2 (3.27q), T.S.S. (9.67 0 Brix) and ascorbic acid (143.96 mg/100 g). Therefore, use of Nano chitosan @ 120 ppm along with 500 ppm Bio capsule could be used for getting better yield in chilli. Moreover, application of nano chitosan and bio capsule on nutritional quality of chilli could be studied in details further.

Improved adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution using alkali-treated goethite impregnated chitosan hydrogel capsule

Goethite impregnated chitosan hydrogel capsules (GS5) were treated with an alkali solution and the effect of alkali treatment on the adsorption performance of the treated capsules for Congo red (CR), and the changes in physico-chemical properties, morphology, and mechanical stability of the capsules were studied. The goethite particles were synthesized via the co-precipitation method from ferric chloride hexahydrate solution and NaOH. The as-obtained goethite nanoparticles were successfully impregnated into chitosan capsules via an anionic surfactant gelation approach. The alkali treatment of GS5 with 0.02 N alkali solution (GSN5) increased adsorption capacity from 1040.54 mg/g (GS5) to 1641.96 mg/g as obtained by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The goethite impregnated chitosan capsules more closely followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm than the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model suggesting heterogeneous adsorption sites on the capsules, and both varieties of the capsules showed a better fit to first-order-kinetic rate model. Elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy clearly indicated that alkali treatment completely removed SDS from the capsules and also, caused some morphological changes in the structural network of capsules as obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical stability study indicated that alkali treatment caused slightly more weight loss of the capsules under mechanical agitation.

Potential of Vicenin-2 in Chitosan Encapsulated Basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) Leaf Extract as A Therapeutic Alternative Medicine for Non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer

This study aimed to analyze the production of chitosan-encapsulated vicenin-2 extracted from basil leaves and its effect on non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer. Vicenin-2 Extract from Chitosan-Encapsulated basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract is produced by library research and laboratory practice. In non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer, vicenin-2, one of the components in basil leaves, and chitosan capsules, which are deacetylated chitin, had a substantial anticancer effect. It is required to investigate the effectiveness and safety of basil leaf powder containing mostly vicenin-2 and encapsulated in chitosan capsules.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF CHITOSAN CAPSULE FOR COLON SPECIFIC DELIVERY OF CAPECITABINE

The prime objective of the present study was to develop enteric coated chitosan capsule containing capecitabine for targeting colorectal cancer cells. The study describes a new colonic drug delivery system utilizing capsule shells prepared from chitosan. Coating of drug filled chitosan capsule with pH dependent enteric polymer like HPMC K4M / Cellulose acetate phthalate provides it a special feature of releasing drug at colonic pH. The complex formation between HPMC K4M, cellulose acetate phthalate and chitosan capsule gives extended release of drug over longer period. The disintegration time of the developed enteric coated capsule (Batch F2) was found to be 78±0.86 min and drug release was observed to be 97 % at the end of 9 h in pH 8.5 buffer solution simulating the colon fluid. All the prepared batches exhibited no release of drug in the first 3 h in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 and intestinal fluid pH 6.8. Thus, the enteric coated chitosan capsule proved to be efficient to deliver the drug at colon in colorectal cancer disease, which minimizes the side effects, of anticancer drug in stomach and upper intestine.

Development of ionic liquid filled chitosan capsules to remove Cr(VI) from acidic solution: Adsorption properties and mechanism

Cr(VI)-contaminated water poses a serious threat to the environment. In this study, capsule-type biosorbent Aliquat-336-filled chitosan capsules (AFCCs) were prepared by a simple and gentle method for more efficient and eco-friendly removal of Cr(VI). The experimental results show that the uptake of Cr(VI) by AFCCs increased with increasing Aliquat-336 content. The AFCCs show excellent stability under acidic conditions, and the maximum adsorption capacity was reached at a pH of 2. The maximum adsorption capacity of AFCCs for Cr(VI) was 110.94 ± 5.07 mg/g at 20 °C, which was calculated based on the Langmuir model. The kinetic results show that the adsorption rate control process changed from liquid film diffusion to a chemical reaction with increasing shaking rate. In addition, the AFCCs and adsorption-reduction mechanism of Cr(VI) were characterized by digital photography, electron microscope, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the electrostatic attraction between quaternary amine groups in Aliquat-336 and Cr(VI) anions plays a major role in the removal of Cr(VI). Subsequently, the adsorbed Cr(VI) obtained electrons from CC/CH and NH3+/NH2+ were reduced to Cr(III), while CC/CH and NH3+/NH2+ were oxidized to CO, CO, =NH+, =N and NO, respectively.

Antimicrobial and indicator properties of edible film containing clove bud oil-loaded chitosan capsules and red cabbage for fish preservation

For safe preservation and consumption of fish, freshness monitoring and antimicrobial control is crucial. Edible films comprising natural antimicrobial and spoilage indicator agents represent a convenient method for such preservation. Edible chitosan-based films were prepared using red cabbage (RC) and clove bud oil (CBO)-loaded chitosan/carrageenan capsules as spoilage indicator and antimicrobial agents, respectively. CBO-loaded capsules were prepared by the ionic gelation of chitosan and carrageenan. Films containing CBO capsules exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity than films containing non-encapsulated free CBO, as confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration and time-kill assays. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in the largest capsules (1.7 μm). After incubation for 48 h, the pH of fish peptone agar containing Pseudomonas fluorescens increased from approximately 6.0 to 9.0, and a color change from purple to deep blue was clearly observed during the growth of fish-spoiling bacteria. Thus, our results suggested that edible films containing CBO-loaded capsules and RC showed the potential to inhibit microbial growth in fish and to visibly indicate fish freshness.

Exogenous proteases from seafood processing waste as functional additives in rainbow trout aquaculture

Previous studies about enzyme additives for salmonids employed commercial proteases from bacteria, but research obtaining such enzymes from other organisms are scarce. We aimed to increase digestive protease activity in Oncorhynchus mykiss, by analysing potential sources of exogenous proteases generated from different seafood processing waste. To date, there is no information regarding the influences that exogenous enzymes have on the activity and integrity of endogenous enzymes in salmonids. The compatibility and interaction between endogenous and exogenous proteases were evaluated through protein hydrolysis and electrophoresis. We also evaluated the capacity of two types of microcapsules (Alginate–Chitosan and Alginate–Chitosan–Bentonite) to protect the protease activity after being exposed to the gastric environment of trout. The seafood wastes had activities around 0.23–2.53 U/ml at 15°C. Among all the exogenous proteases evaluated, P. granulosa's extract showed the best performance, followed by L. santolla's extract. Such extracts increased the protein hydrolysis to equal or higher levels than the commercial protease and did not alter the integrity of trout proteases. The optimal catalytic function at low temperatures of these extracts might be linked to the habitat of these arthropods. Alginate–Chitosan–Bentonite microcapsules are recommended in preference to Alginate–Chitosan capsules for delivery of enzymes in salmonids because they ensure the activity of exogenous proteases for longer in acid pH (6 vs. 4 h). This research promotes a re-evaluation of seafood processing wastes through the production of a potentially functional additive that may improve trout protein digestion.

Effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus Oil Encapsulated in Chitosan on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolated from Capsicum annuum.

One of the principal etiological agents associated with losses in horticultural crops is the fungus Colletotrichum sp. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of the essential oil (EO) from Cymbopogon citratus in chitosan supports for the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from sweet pepper plants. Methods: The extraction and phytochemical analysis of the EO of C. citratus were performed along with its encapsulation in chitosan-agar in order to compare it with other techniques and determine its effect on C. gloeosporioides. Results: The EO from the citral chemotype (58%) encapsulated in the chitosan-agar, with an 83% encapsulation efficiency in mass percentage, resulted in the total inhibition of mycelial growth at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1370 ppm. This concentration was effective in controlling the disease under greenhouse conditions. The effectivity of the capsules containing EO was superior to that of other controls using EO evaluated in vitro. The capsules demonstrated an effective period of 51 days, with an additional 30 days of effectiveness after a reinfection cycle, thus providing similar results to the control with Trichoderma sp. Conclusions: Chitosan capsules present a promising strategy in the use of C. citratus EO on C. gloeosporioides, and they are highly effective and stable under in vitro and field conditions

Chitosan capsules with hydrogel core for encapsulation and controlled-release of small molecule materials

Chitosan capsules have an important application value in encapsulation and controlled-release of active substances. However, applications of chitosan capsules have been restricted by the leakage of small molecules (molecular weights below 1000) from the capsules during storage. The purpose of the study is to prepare a novel core–shell chitosan capsule which allows small molecular to be less or not leaked during storage and controlled release in delivery. Here, we prepared chitosan sustained release capsules with chitosan/β-Glycerol phosphate disodium (CS/β-GP) hydrogel as a core and chitosan/ sodium dodecyl sulphate (CS/SDS) as a shell. The structure and morphology of the sustained release chitosan capsules were characterized. The release behaviors of the capsules were investigated against three dyes (molecular weights below 1000). The release results showed that the core–shell capsules exhibited good pH stability and a low release leakage of small molecules. The controlled-release of the core–shell capsules was realized through the stimuli-responsiveness to α-CD.

A novel strategy for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution via CYPH@IL101/chitosan capsule

A novel adsorbent, chitosan capsule with filler of CYPH@IL101 (CYPH@IL101/chitosan capsule), was prepared using a summary process for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The effects of CYPH@IL101 content, pH, contact time, rotational speed and Cr(VI) concentration on the adsorption were studied. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the chitosan capsule was benefit from the increase of CYPH@IL101 content. Besides, solution pH also played an important role in the adsorption process and the maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at pH 3. Kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption rate was controlled by the diffusion step at low rotational speed (50 r/min), but was controlled by chemical reaction at high rotational speed (150 and 250 r/min). Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms were studied by using Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, and Temkin models. The results demonstrated that the adsorption process fit Langmuir and TemKin models better, which indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto CYPH@IL101/chitosan capsule mainly depended on chemisorption and the active sites were uniformly distributed on the adsorbent surface. While, the maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir model was 104.38 mg/g. Finally, XPS and FTIR analyses revealed that Cr(VI) was adsorbed and then reduced to Cr(III) by CYPH@IL101/chitosan capsule.

Microfluidic Synthesis of Vinblastine-Loaded Multifunctional Particles for Magnetically Responsive Controlled Drug Release.

Vinblastine (VBL) is a major chemotherapeutic drug; however, in some cases, it may cause severe side effects in patients with cancer. Designing a novel VBL pharmaceutical formulation is a crucial and emerging concern among researchers for reducing the use of VBL. This study developed a stimuli-responsive controlled VBL drug release system from magnetically sensitive chitosan capsules. A magnetically responsive controlled drug release system was designed by embedding superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (NPs) in a chitosan matrix and an external magnet. In addition, droplet microfluidics, which is a novel technique for producing polymer spheres, was used for manufacturing monodispersed chitosan microparticles. The prepared VBL and SPIO NPs-loaded chitosan microparticles were characterized and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, a superconducting quantum interference device, and a biocompatibility test. The drug encapsulation efficiency was 67%–69%. The in vitro drug release test indicated that the VBL could be 100% released from chitosan composite particles in 80–130 min under magnetic stimulation. The pulsatile magnetically triggered tests showed individual and distinctive controlled release patterns. Thus, the timing and dose of VBL release was controllable by an external magnet. The results presume that using a magnetically responsive controlled drug release system offers a valuable opportunity for VBL drug delivery, where the delivery system is an active participant, rather than a passive vehicle, in the optimization of cancer treatment. The proposed actively targeted magnetic drug delivery system offers many advantages over conventional drug delivery systems by improving the precision and timing of drug release, easy operation, and higher compliance for pharmaceutical applications.

Microstructures containing nanocapsules of unsaturated fatty acids with biopolymers: Characterization and thermodynamic properties

Unsaturated fatty acid concentrates (UFAC) were nanoencapsulated by emulsification/lyophilization using chitosan:gelatin matrices as wall material. Nanoemulsions presented droplets size between 40 and 280 nm. There was a decrease in droplets size due to gelatin addition, resulting in a decrease of encapsulation efficiency and an increase in porosity and pores volume. UFAC oxidation in chitosan capsules was slower than in free oil. Sorption isotherms were performed at 4 and 25 °C, and GAB model showed the best fit to experimental data. Differential enthalpy and entropy increased with the moisture content decrease, and the adsorption process was spontaneous. Pores radius increased with the increase of gelatin in the microstructures. The critical storage conditions of the microstructures were calculated. The range of water activity, which represents the maximum stability zone, was of 0.65–0.75 at 4 °C and of 0.73–0.85 at 25 °C. This zone hinders the oxygen diffusion through the pores, retarding oxidation.

The Drop-in-Drop Encapsulation in Chitosan and Sodium Alginate as a Method of Prolonging the Quality of Linseed Oil.

Nowadays, the encapsulation of sensitive products by various techniques has become popular as a promising preservation method. In particular, this applies to oils with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids and a high susceptibility to deterioration. This work presents the possibility of using a chitosan and sodium alginate in the form of a hydrogel membrane to protect food ingredients such as linseed oil, which is stored in an aquatic environment. The obtained results showed the high efficiency of the coaxial method encapsulation, which did not affect the quality of the oil measured after encapsulation. The greatest protective effect was observed in the linseed oil–chitosan membrane system, in which the primary and secondary oxidation products content were 88% and 32% lower than in the control sample, respectively. The smallest changes of the fatty acid profile, conjugated dienes, and trienes were observed in the chitosan capsules with linseed oil compared to the control sample.

Nanoparticle-Patterned Multicompartmental Chitosan Capsules for Oral Delivery of Oligonucleotides.

Orally administered antisense therapy has been introduced as an effective approach for treating cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. However, its practical application has been limited by the instability of oligonucleotides and their inefficient delivery. To overcome these problems, we synthesized size-dependent, oligonucleotide nanoparticle-patterned chitosan/phytic acid (ODN/CS/PA) capsules with protective shields via a three-step process of self-assembly, nanoparticle encapsulation, and shell formation. The multicompartmental capsule size and oligonucleotide nanoparticle-loading pattern were controlled by applying different potentials during the electrostatic extrusion process used for nanoparticle encapsulation. Over 95% of encapsulated oligonucleotides were protected from nuclease digestion (DNase I) and, depending on their size, showed 40-75% protection against simulated gastric fluid. Their controlled release from capsules correlated with the cellular delivery of released nanoparticles and the inhibition of protein expression in cancer cells. Specifically, large capsules showed approximately 32-fold greater delivery to cancer cells than nonencapsulated nanoparticles. We also confirmed delivery of oligonucleotide nanoparticles to the small intestine and colon of rats following oral administration. These findings demonstrate that the multicompartmental ODN/CS/PA capsules can facilitate efficient oral delivery of oligonucleotides for cancer treatment.

N-acetylglucosamine affects Cryptococcus neoformans cell-wall composition and melanin architecture.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus that belongs to the phylum Basidiomycetes and is a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The ability of C. neoformans to produce melanin pigments represents its second most important virulence factor, after the presence of a polysaccharide capsule. Both the capsule and melanin are closely associated with the fungal cell wall, a complex structure that is essential for maintaining cell morphology and viability under conditions of stress. The amino sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a key constituent of the cell-wall chitin and is used for both N-linked glycosylation and GPI anchor synthesis. Recent studies have suggested additional roles for GlcNAc as an activator and mediator of cellular signalling in fungal and plant cells. Furthermore, chitin and chitosan polysaccharides interact with melanin pigments in the cell wall and have been found to be essential for melanization. Despite the importance of melanin, its molecular structure remains unresolved; however, we previously obtained critical insights using advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and imaging techniques. In this study, we investigated the effect of GlcNAc supplementation on cryptococcal cell-wall composition and melanization. C. neoformans was able to metabolize GlcNAc as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, indicating a capacity to use a component of a highly abundant polymer in the biospherenutritionally. C. neoformans cells grown with GlcNAc manifested changes in the chitosan cell-wall content, cell-wall thickness and capsule size. Supplementing cultures with isotopically 15N-labelled GlcNAc demonstrated that the exogenous monomer serves as a building block for chitin/chitosan and is incorporated into the cell wall. The altered chitin-to-chitosan ratio had no negative effects on the mother-daughter cell separation; growth with GlcNAc affected the fungal cell-wall scaffold, resulting in increased melanin deposition and assembly. In summary, GlcNAc supplementation had pleiotropic effects on cell-wall and melanin architectures, and thus established its capacity to perturb these structures, a property that could prove useful for metabolic tracking studies.