Chipboard Panels Research Articles

Sound insulation of access floors on CLT

The acoustic performance of access floors resting on concrete slabs has been long investigated. When such flooring solutions are used on lightweight construction systems, estimates of impact sound insulation improvements cannot be transferred without relevant loss of accuracy. To gain understanding on such behaviour, an experimental campaign has been carried out at the Building Envelope Lab of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano on 16 access floors mounted on a 200 mm CLT slab. Three different panels (calcium silicate, encapsulated calcium silicate and encapsulated chipboard panels), two different pedestals (standard and resilient), and three flooring solutions (bare, carpet tiles, acoustic carpet tiles) were studied. Impact sound insulation measurements were carried out using both the tapping machine and the rubber ball as source. The results discuss in detail the outcomes of the measurement campaign as well as the relation between the two impact sources chosen.

Full-scale fire resistance tests of lightweight steel framed floor systems

As cold-formed steel profiles are increasingly used for load-bearing structural systems, their fire design requires specific attention due to their thin-walled nature and high slenderness. In some specific applications such as in storage hall floor systems, these structures are used without sheathing or thermal protection on the fire-exposed side. Yet, there is a lack of data from fire resistance tests on full-scale load-bearing thin-walled steel structures, especially with directly exposed steel. This article describes two standard fire resistance tests on full-scale light gauge steel frame floors made of cold-formed steel lipped channel girders and joists topped by chipboard panels. The experimental program was designed to investigate the fire resistance of the unprotected girders. A specificity of this program was that the girders were subjected to a low load level to probe the ability to achieve without passive fire protection a 30-min fire resistance rating typical for storage hall structures in the Czech Republic. The absence of protection resulted in differences in thermal gradients and bracing compared to common fire tests, as well as a very low degree of utilization leading to an expected failure temperature higher than 800 °C. The results showed that the two floors remained stable during the 30 min with limited deflections, but failed the deflection rate criteria after 24 and 22 min, respectively. Comparison is provided with the calculation methods from the Eurocodes. The presented results provide new data on the response of full-scale, unprotected cold-formed steel floor systems subjected to fire, which can be used to calibrate numerical models and fire design methods outside of the range currently covered by the codes.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ ВОДООХОЛОДЖУВАНИХ ПАНЕЛЕЙ ДУГОВИХ СТАЛЕПЛАВИЛЬНИХ ПЕЧЕЙ ЛИВАРНОГО КЛАСУ

The article outlines the importance of the foundry industry and the role of arc steelmaking furnaces (ASFs) in it. It was noted that water-cooled panels in EAFs are key elements that ensure the structural integrity and safety of furnaces by removing excess heat during steelmaking. An analysis of literature sources has revealed that there are certain issues that characterize the imperfections of certain structural parts of modern water-cooled panels, such as insufficient cooling efficiency, corrosion, and leaks, which lead to a decrease in the performance of the BF and an increase in energy consumption. These factors have been analyzed and some optimization ways have been identified to improve overall efficiency and durability. The article emphasizes that modern technologies can reduce the consumption of energy and refractory materials by reducing the capacity of the steelmaking bath and optimizing the heat balance. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential for modernizing water-cooled panels to improve the efficiency of the steelmaking process. The paper reveals the mechanism of operation of water-cooled chipboard panels as a spatial system of steel tubes connected by means of transition elements and placed with different densities and a layer of thermal insulation material in the intertube space. This determined the need to improve the design of the panels by optimizing their spatial structure to ensure a more efficient heat transfer process. Improving the energy efficiency of chipboard means reducing heat energy losses, which, among other things, ensures more stable operation during melting, reduces component wear and extends the service life of water-cooled panels. The design of the water-cooled panels has been improved by varying the distance between the axes of the water-cooled tubes depending on their diameter and spatial location. This design makes it possible to optimize the layer of heat-insulating material and minimize unproductive heat loss. Failure to comply with the calculated value of the pipe spacing can lead to increased heat loss. The calculations and graphical dependencies demonstrate the efficiency of heat flow distribution and minimization of heat losses. The new design reduces heat loss by 45% and improves the performance of water-cooled panels.

АНАЛИЗ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ И РЕЖИМОВ РАБОТЫ ДИСКОВЫХ РУБИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАШИН

Recently, timber harvesting has increased significantly. As a result of which the volume of felling residues in felling areas and waste in the woodworking industry has also increased. The rapid growth of waste necessitated the processing of large volumes of wood pulp and the creation of new high-performance machines capable of shredding it into chips. Chips are usually used as fuel pellets, as well as for the manufacture of chipboard panels. The operation of chipping wood can be carried out during harvesting or a few days after the trees have been cut down. This article has examined the various types of disc chippers. They were distributed according to distinctive design features. The distinctive features of machines in terms of productivity, power, rotation speed, the number of cutting knives, dimensions and weight of the machine itself, as well as the type and size of the processed wood, the ways of feeding it into the machine and removing chips from it are described. It is shown that disk chippers are widely used in the manufacture of technological chips in the pulp and paper, woodworking, forestry and other industries. The review is based on the study of domestic and foreign material, analysis of the operation of existing machines of various types, as well as on numerous experimental and theoretical studies carried out by various authors. Our review of disc chippers will contribute to a more rational use and modernization of the existing chippers and the creation of new cost-effective equipment for chipping wood into chips, which meets the current level of development of technology and production

OESTADODAARTE DE COMPOSTOS CARBONÍLICOSVOLÁTEISEMAMBIENTES INTERNOS:IMPACTOSÀ SAÚDEEMETODOLOGIAS DEAMOSTRAGEMEANÁLISES

THE STATE OF THE ART OF VOLATILE CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS: IMPACTS TO HEALTH AND SAMPLING METHODOLOGIES AND ANALYSIS. The primary sources of emission of volatile carbonyl compounds (CCs) in indoor environments are chipboard panels, laminate floors, plywood, paints and solvents, household products, fiberglass, gas stoves, heaters and heating systems. Several studies have already confirmed an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio greater than 1 (one) for several CCs, indicating that these compounds are emitted mainly from internal sources. CCs (especially aldehydes and ketones) are easily absorbed into the airways, presenting a considerable mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, this study aimed to review the CCs found in different indoor environments, the effects and impacts of these compounds on human health and the national and international guidelines that establish their maximum exposure limits. The methodologies most used in the literature to analyze CCs in the air were reviewed directly (in real-time) or indirectly (using pre-treatment steps). A detailed review of the sampling techniques: with and without adsorption, with and without derivatization, with adsorption and derivatization simultaneously; using various methodologies employed during the last decades (cartridges, filters, tubes or liquid absorbent-impinger) was carried out. Finally, this work describes the instrumental methods and the advantages and disadvantages of determining CCs individually and simultaneously in the atmosphere.

Определение предельной насыщенности древесными плитами жилых помещений

One of the topical issues of the application of furniture in domestic premises is defining its limiting (maximum) saturation in the premises so that the air in these premises, the allocation of harmful substances does not exceed the maximum allowable level (maximum permissible concentrations - MPC). It is known that in using furniture of wood-based panels (particle Board, Chipboard, wood fiber, MDF) this substance is formaldehyde. Currently, the MoH established the formaldehyde MPC in the air at the level of 0.01 mg/m3. The aim of this work was to determine the limit of saturation with the wood plates in premises, provided that indoor formaldehyde emissions from plates will not exceed the established by the Ministry of health MPC. This definition of the limit of saturation (Ls, m2 of plates/m3 of the premises air) was performed according to our previously derived formula. Calculations were made for furniture (cabinet furniture, tables, beds of panel design, furniture for sitting and lying, beds with soft headboards and elements), floor coverings and wall panels. In the result, it was found that, for example, when using chipboard of E1 formaldehyde emission class in designs of furniture, tables, beds of panel construction value of Ls when the IISP is 1.0 m2/m3 of air (saturation of the volume of air with plates in their testing by chamber method) and MPC=0.01 mg/m3 is 4.03 m2 /room, and when MPC=0.124 mg/m3 (adopted by the countries-participants of the WTO and the World Health Organization) it will make 50.05 m2/room. When using plates of the same emission class, and for the same value of IISP, when MPC=0.01 mg/m3 Ls value is 6.25 m2 /room, when MPC=0.124 mg/m3 it will make 77.63 m2 /room. When using E1 class chipboard panels in the construction of furniture for sitting and lying, beds with soft headboards and elements, Ls value in the IISP is equal to 0.3 m2/m3 air and at MPC=0.01 mg/m3 is of 1.21 m2 /room, and when MPC=0.124 mg/m3 it will make 15.02 m2/room. When using plates of the same emission class, and for the same value of IISP at Mac=0.01 mg/m3 Ls value is 1.88 m2/room, when MPC=0.124 mg/m3 it will make 23.45 m2/room.

Microbes to clean indoor pollutants

Formaldehyde is a dangerous indoor pollutant which is introduced in house by common objects such as furniture. Effective microorganisms have the very interesting ability to degrade some pollutants. Here, we tested the removal of formaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes using effective microorganisms including yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria. Formaldehyde was quantified by GC–MS of formaldehyde dinitrophenylhydrazone. Other aldehydes were analyzed by GC–MS. Results show that effective microorganisms remove 70–100 % of formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and 4-methylbenzaldehyde in about a week. Experiments on chipboard panels indicate the possibility to decrease the amount of formaldehyde emission by furniture. This is the first report on the removal of formaldehyde by effective microorganisms, to our best knowledge.

The “Schinkel’s Legacy” Project at the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin

AbstractIn the Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings) of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (National Museums in Berlin), the collection of the drawings and prints of Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841) is stored in cabinets made of laminated chipboard panels. The works are enclosed in portfolios that sit inside the cabinets on shelves made of bonded beech wood. Oddy tests carried out on the various storage materials showed their high corrosive potential on lead. In particular, the two wood composite materials caused a corrosion rate that was even higher than that of 5% acetic acid or 5% formic acid. The analysis of the air composition inside the storage cabinets confirmed this showing a considerably high concentration of acetic acid (4.7 mg/m

An Analysis of a Method of Asymmetrical Veneering for Furniture Elements, Veneered with Bamboo Mats

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the application of glue, creating an elastic glue-line, on the deformation of wood-based panels asymmetrically veneered on one side with bamboo. The geometrical stability comparisons included multilayer composites used in the production of sliding doors, medium density fibreboard (MDF) panels, and chipboard used in the production of furniture. Chipboard panels retained their shape and stability after asymmetrical veneering, no matter which direction the veneer was placed in relation to the long edge. MDF boards retained their shape and stability only when they were veneered crosswise. The worst results were attained from composite boards, which bent in every case.

Thermal properties of chipboard panels made of sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L)

The sugar cane bagasse is the most abundant agricultural residue produced in Brazil. It can be used for the production of chipboard panels and as constructive components for several types of environments. The substitution of timber for the bagasse minimizes environmental impacts and contributes to the generation of a new product with lower density and lower thermal conductivity which can improve the thermal conditioning of buildings. This study aims at determining the heat flow through chipboard panels made of sugarcane bagasse and comparing these chipboard panels with similar ones made of Pinus and Eucalyptus. The results show that the heat flow during the heating of the panels is lower for the panels made of sugar cane bagasse and the heat accumulation promoted by this panel is greater than by others. Therefore this product may be suitable to be used as liners, between cavity walls, partition walls and more.

Some of the Physical Properties of UV Jet Printed Furniture Surfaces

This study researches some physical properties of furniture surfaces on which UV jet printing is applied. To this end, UV protected digital printing ink was applied on melamine faced chipboard (MFC) and Printpan (Pp) panels and their surface resistance to cold liquids (TS 12720), hot liquids (TS 4980), dry heat (TS EN 12722), wet heat (TS EN 12721), water vapor (TS EN 438-2), glowing cigarette (TS 4756), and abrasion (TS 4755) was identifi ed. As a result, it was found that UV jet printing ink applied on melamine faced chipboard and printpan panels is not resistant to cold liquid, water vapor, glowing cigarette and abrasion but relatively resistant to hot liquid, dry heat and wet heat.

Hybrid chipboard panels based on sugarcane bagasse, urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resin

The expansion of Brazilian agricultural production was very important in the last decade. A number of waste residues were produced showing an enormous potential for industrial crops and products. Sugarcane bagasse is the most important one and it has been investigated for chipboard panel's preparation. In this sense, this work aims to develop, characterize and compare chipboard panels made with sugarcane bagasse with urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins. Panels were obtained with a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and particles, like pine or eucalyptus, with and without paraffin in the formulation. Nine different types of panels have been made, all with 9% in resin mix, under a pressing cycle of 4.0MPacm2, and temperature of 160°C. Under physical tests, the panels complied with the American Standard CS 236-66 for trading chipboards of medium density and, in most cases the results obtained were lower than the ones raised in the literature. Under mechanical tests, that same standard was not complied with and, in most cases the results were close to or higher than those obtained in the literature.

Stabilization of Paraffin Emulsions Used in the Manufacture of Chipboard Panels by Liquid Crystalline Phases

Paraffin emulsions are commonly used in the manufacture of chipboard panels to provide resistance to water and humidity. The quality and performance of chipboards are improved with the use of paraffin emulsions stabilized by mixed surfactant systems, although little is known about the basic colloidal chemistry of such systems and their implications in the manufacturing and processing of the chipboard panels. In the present work, the stability and the phase behavior of paraffin emulsions stabilized by a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants, are described. Stability is studied by applying thermal and ultracentrifugation cycles, and also by rheology (steady state and dynamic determinations). A significant increase of stability is observed at high {anionic surfactant/(anionic surfactant+nonionic surfactant)} ratios. Phase behavior studies have demonstrated the presence of hexagonal liquid crystalline structures at high ionic surfactant/nonionic surfactant ratios and the presence of lamellar structures at low ratios. The stability of emulsions could be related to phase behavior, and, thus, providing a qualitative tool to predict stability.

Time-Dependent Bending Properties of Lumber

Abstract Research related to structural stressed-skin panels (SSP) and their component parts has been ongoing at Chalmers University of Technology. In recent years, attention has been focused on SSP with lumber webs and sheet metal and chipboard panels as tension and compression flanges, respectively. In this study, certain mechanical and rheological properties of structural lumber were evaluated as part of a larger project designed to predict the long-term behavior of SSP under load. In this study, several test series were conducted to evaluate short- and long-term properties of European redwood (called Scotch pine in North America) (Pinus sylvestris). From 22 pieces of lumber measuring 25 by 125 by 4000 mm, specimens were cut for use in several test series to determine solid wood properties. Wood modulus of elasticity (MOE), accounting for the shear effects, was evaluated from initial deflections of long-term tests. Mean MOE values of about 14 500 MPa were obtained. Four series of long-term tests were conducted under different combinations of stress level and distribution, as well as loading history. The results suggested that the magnitude of relative creep was greatest under lower stress levels. Different stress distribution (resulting from center- and third-point loading) proved to have little effect on creep behavior. Two mathematical models, i.e., power functions (Clouser function without exponential terms and power function with exponential terms) [1] were evaluated as predictors of the deformation-time relationship for lumber under constant loading. Differences in accuracy of predicting creep behavior between the two models studied were very modest.

Prediction of Creep Properties of Chipboard Used in Stressed-Skin Panels

Abstract In recent years, attention has been focused on structural stressed-skin panels (SSP) with lumber webs and sheet metal and chipboard panels as tension and compression flanges, respectively, at Chalmers University of Technology. In this study, certain mechanical and rheological properties of structural chipboard were evaluated as part of a larger project designed to predict the long-term behavior of SSP under load. Several series of tests were conducted to evaluate short- and longterm properties of urea-formaldehyde bonded chipboard. From eight full-sized panels, specimens were fabricated for use in the determination of chipboard properties. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were evaluated from short-term tests. Average strength and MOE values of 20 and 4100 MPa, respectively, were obtained. The MOE value was virtually identical to that obtained from initial deformations found in subsequent creep tests, indicating that test method had no effect on MOE. Three series of long-term (11 000-h) tests were conducted under constant and similar environmental conditions and different combinations of stress-level and loading history. The results suggested that the magnitude of relative creep was greatest under lower stress levels. Two empirical models, a Clouser function without exponential terms and a power function with exponential terms (Clouser, W. S. “Creep of small wood beams under constant bending load,” FPL Report 2150, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI., 1959), were evaluated as predictors of the deformation-time relationship for chipboard under constant loading. The power function with the exponential terms proved to be superior at extrapolating short-term results to long-term predictions. However, both functions were relatively similar with respect to describing the long-term behavior of chipboard as the compression flange in a SSP. Measuring methods and definition of the initial deformation were found to be important, especially for predicting the relative creep factor for chipboards under different load histories.

An electron beam curing facility for paint coating of chip-board panels

An electron beam curing facility for paint coating of chip-board panels