Chinese Word Research Articles

Phonetic differences between nouns and verbs in their typical syntactic positions in a tonal language: Evidence from disyllabic noun–verb ambiguous words in Standard Mandarin Chinese

This study investigates how word categories, namely noun and verb, influence acoustic realizations (duration, F0, intensity) in Standard Mandarin Chinese, a language having phonemically distinctive tones and a simple morphological system. Noun-verb ambiguous words were selected and presented in the final positions of typical syntactic contexts in order to avoid the interference of prosodic boundary, syntactic complexity, contextual predictability, tonal environment, F0 range and syllable properties (consonant, vowel, tone, syllable length). Linear mixed models were fitted to duration, and generative additive mixed models were fitted to F0 and intensity. The results showed that phonetic differences between nouns and verbs were still evident in duration, F0 and intensity after lexical frequency, speech rate and some other related factors were taken into consideration in the models. The second syllables of nouns were longer than those of verbs, and both syllables of nouns were higher in F0 and greater in intensity than those of verbs. Since the prosodic boundary, frequency and other factors were controlled for, the phonetic differences between nouns and verbs might be attributed to their differences in information load and number of syllables. This study provided evidence that phonetic differences between nouns and verbs might be driven by the grammatical classes themselves and is not an epiphenomenon of other processes.

Analysis of Cultural Connotation Differences of Animal and Plant Words between Chinese and English from the Perspective of Cross-cultural Communication

Cross-cultural communication refers to the communication between people with different cultural backgrounds. Language in the process of communication will reflect a person’s cultural background and thinking. Language is the carrier of culture, while word is the most basic unit and component of language. Nations have formed cultures with their own characteristics in the long history where the connotation of words would be affected by cultural differences. Therefore, to reduce cultural conflicts and misunderstandings, it is necessary to understand the differences between Chinese and English words. Based on the perspective of cross-cultural communication, this paper analyzes the differences in the connotation of animal and plant words in Chinese and Western cultures, aiming to further improve cross-cultural communication awareness and translation ability.

Visual analysis of the current research status and development of burn-related coagulation dysfunction

Objective: To conduct a visual analysis of the literature on burn-related coagulation dysfunction and to explore the current research status, evolution process, hot topics, and future research trends in burn-related coagulation dysfunction at home and abroad. Methods: The bibliometrics method was used. The literature on burn-related coagulation dysfunction which were published in Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet databases from January 1, 1950 to May 1, 2022, and met the inclusion criteria were retrieved for publication volume analysis. The literature on burn-related coagulation dysfunction were retrieved as above in the core collection of Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet databases, and CiteSpace 5.8.R3 software was used to perform co-occurrence analysis, cluster analysis, and literature co-citation analysis of key words. Results: A total of 501 and 235 literature on burn-related coagulation dysfunction were retrieved from Web of Science database and China National Knowledge Internet database, respectively. The literature on burn-related coagulation dysfunction emerged from 1975 and 1950, respectively, in China and abroad, which were gradually increased later. The frequency and centrality of Chinese key words such as , , were high in 235 literature in China National Knowledge Internet database, and the frequency and centrality of key words such as burn, coagulation, and deep vein thrombosis were high in 340 literature in the core collection of Web of Science database. In China National Knowledge Internet database, the top 6 Chinese key words in terms of burst intensity were , , , , , , and the first 3 among which were burst key words in the early stage; and in the core collection of Web of Science database, the key words with higher burst intensity were disseminated intravascular coagulation and pulmonary embolism, which were the burst key words in the early stage. The representative clustering labels in China National Knowledge Internet database were #0 , #1 , and #2 , etc., and the representative clustering labels in the core collection of Web of Science database were #0 risk, #1 surgical patient, and #2 sepsis. Early researches in China National Knowledge Internet database and the core collection of Web of Science database focused on the presence of burn-related coagulation dysfunction itself, while the late researches focused on the relationship between burn-related coagulation dysfunction and inflammation, immunity, coagulation in general, and wounds. From 2010 onwards, there were a large number of core cited literature in the core collection of Web of Science database, and the prevention and treatment of vein thromboembolism was the most popular research direction in recent years. The researches on optimization and standardization of diagnostic methods and the overall mechanism of burn-related coagulation dysfunction would be the main research directions in the future. Conclusions: The research hotspots and evolution processes of burn-related coagulation dysfunction at home and abroad have both similarities and differences, and the current research hotspot is the relationship between coagulation and inflammation, immunity. With researches increasingly deepening, the researches on optimization and standardization of diagnostic methods and the overall mechanism of burn-related coagulation dysfunction will be the main research directions in the future.

Chinese Word Order in the Comparative Sino-Tibetan and Sociotypological Contexts

The present study discusses typology and variation of word order patterns in nominal and verb structures across 20 Chinese languages and compares them with another 43 languages from the Sino-Tibetan family. The methods employed are internal and external historical reconstruction and correlation studies from linguistic typology and sociolinguistics. The results show that the head-final tendency is a baseline across the family, but individual languages differ by the degree of head-initial structures allowed in a language, leading to a hybrid word order profile. On the one hand, Chinese languages consistently manifest the head-final noun phrase structures, whereas head-initial deviants can be explained either internally through reanalysis or externally through contact. On the other hand, Chinese verb phrases have varied toward head-initial structures due to contact with verb-medial languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, before reinstalling the head-final structures as a consequence of contact with verb-final languages in North Asia. When extralinguistic factors are considered, the typological north-south divide of Chinese appears to be geographically consistent and gradable by the latitude of individual Chinese language communities, confirming the validity of a broader typological cline from north to south in Eastern Eurasia.

Chinese Two-Character Word Orthographic Processing and Adjective-Noun Collocation Comprehension in Sentence Reading.

Reading can be regarded as a combination of lexical decoding and linguistic comprehension (Hoover and Gough in Read Writ Interdiscip J 2:127-160, 1990). In Chinese sentence reading, skilled readers' difficulties in phonological processing significantly enhance the 'wrap-up' effect (Li and Lin in J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 25(4):505-516, 2020). To examine how orthographic processing in Chinese two-character word recognition might interact with adjective-noun collocation (ANC) comprehension before the wrap-up effect, two experiments were conducted in the same paradigm as used by Li and Lin (J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 25(4):505-516, 2020). The sentences contained ANCs or semantically inappropriate combinations of adjectives and nouns (nANCs), the adjectives (Experiment 1) or the nouns (Experiment 2) of which were two-character words or corresponding transposed nonwords (T-nonwords). Similar results were obtained in both experiments: difficulties in T-nonword processing and in nANC comprehension collectively lengthened the reading times of the words immediately following. In conclusion, sentence reading likely contains interactions between orthographic processing and linguistic comprehension. As an indication of psycholinguistic significance, skilled readers have to use extra resources to suspend the cognitive vigilance that arises from unexpected demand in lexical decoding, in addition to their main focus of linguistic comprehension.

Similarities and Differences between Chinese and Japanese Onomatopoeic Words and their Implications for the Acquisition Process

Onomatopoeic words refer to words that simulate natural sounds. Based on the Chinese and Japanese corpora, this paper makes an analysis and comparison from three aspects: syllable formation, morphology and semantics, and grammatical functions, trying to explore the similarities and differences between Chinese and Japanese onomatopoeic words, so as to provide enlightening suggestions and thoughts for learners in the process of acquiring Chinese and Japanese onomatopoeic words.

Research on the intelligent path of college students’ network ideological and political education based on big data mining technology

Abstract As big data mining technology is known to directly change the development direction and internal management, and the behaviour of college students’ political wisdom network has also changed significantly, hence the application and analysis of data mining technology becomes indispensable. Bidirectional gated cyclic cell network can solve the gradient disappearance or gradient explosion existing in traditional models, but can also make up for the deficiency of extracting the contextual semantic information of long text effectively. Using the combination of big data-based mining technology and college students’ network ideology and politics, this paper designed a set of BiGRU_Attention framework based on college students’ network ideological wisdom framework and adopted big data mining technology to collect data. First, according to the Internet technology and information collection, design a complete set of college students’ ideological wisdom framework. Then, the GRU structure, BiGRU framework and Attention mechanism combined with BiGRU_Attention model are introduced. Meanwhile, Word2Vec is used to train the Chinese word vector. Finally, the BiGRU_Attention proposed in this paper is compared with several models. Experimental results show that the BiGRU_Attention proposed in this paper has a better accuracy of 96.32% over other models. The experimental results also show that the framework of ideological and political intelligence proposed in this paper can be applied to the campus environment of college students.

Word reading transfer in two distinct languages in reading interventions: How Chinese-English bilingual children with reading difficulties learn to read

PurposeSkills developed from literacy training in L1 are shown to transfer to reading in L2 when both languages involve an alphabetic writing system. However, transfer of literacy skills between a logographic L1 and an alphabetic L2 is less studied. This study examined whether the gain in literacy skills after an 8-week training on 1) Chinese character recognition or 2) English phonics, may generalize across the two languages in Chinese elementary students with reading disabilities. MethodsChinese-speaking students identified with reading difficulties were randomly assigned to the Chinese intervention (Chinese character orthography training), English intervention (English phonics training), and control groups. Their Chinese and English literacy skills were measured before and after the interventions. ResultsThough training on the orthography of Chinese characters significantly improved performance in Chinese word reading and Chinese orthographic awareness, our results did not provide evidence for the generalization of word-decoding skills from L1 Chinese to word reading in L2 English. However, phonics training in L2 English benefitted not only English word reading, but also cross-language word reading in L1 Chinese. ConclusionWe postulated that teaching children analytical skills in decoding words in an alphabetic writing system might likewise benefit their word decoding in a logographic script.

Affective Norms for Chinese Words of Typical Life Scenes Rated by Older Adults (ANCO).

The present study provides an affective norm collected from older adults for 1,050 Chinese words that are closely related to the typical life scenes commonly encountered by older adults. Data were collected for key affective dimensions of valence and arousal using the method of adapted Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) in a paper-and-pencil procedure. The results showed that the current database (ANCO) was of high reliability and validity. Valence and arousal were in an asymmetrically quadratic relationship in the valence-by-arousal space; i.e., older adults rated negative words as the highest arousing, followed by positive and neutral words. In addition, by comparing affective ratings of the shared words between the present norm collected from older Chinese adults and previous norms collected from young Chinese adults (Wang et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2016), we found that compared with young adults, older ones perceived negative words as more negative and more arousing, and perceived positive words as more positive and less arousing. ANCO can serve as a valuable source of information for age-related affective research and help explicate the effects of emotion on linguistic and cognitive processes.

A longitudinal study on sensitivity to symmetry in writing and associations with early literacy abilities

IntroductionYoung children reportedly find symmetrical prints, such as H, easier to copy and produce from memory than asymmetrical ones. Little is known about how sensitivity to symmetry in print relates to early word reading and writing development. We examined this in Chinese, a visually complex writing system featuring symmetrical patterns, such as X or X.MethodsSixty preschoolers in Beijing completed a character decision task (Experiment 1, Mage = 62.16 months) and a character learning task (Experiment 2, Mage = 63.96 months), using stimuli matched on visual complexity and frequency but differing in symmetry, and were assessed on Chinese word reading and word writing abilities twice with a 2-year interval.ResultsChildren were significantly more likely to endorse symmetrical complex stimuli as possible Chinese than asymmetrical complex ones, and they learned to read symmetrical characters significantly better than asymmetrical ones, reflecting their sensitivity to symmetry in Chinese characters. However, with age and nonverbal IQ statistically controlled, sensitivity to symmetry was not uniquely associated with Chinese word reading or word writing abilities at any time; rather, asymmetrical character learning, which necessitates reduced sensitivity to symmetry, was uniquely associated with Chinese word writing concurrently and longitudinally.DiscussionFindings highlight the close relationship between analytic perception of written words and early writing ability.

The lexical processing of Japanese collocations by Chinese Japanese-as-a-Foreign-Language learners: An experimental study by manipulating the presentation modality, semantic transparency, and translational congruency.

Research on collocations has become an essential issue in L2 acquisition and cognitive psychology. Previous studies have mainly focused on phonographic languages such as English, Swedish, and German, and primarily discussed the effect of semantic transparency and translational congruency. However, these studies have lacked (1) an analysis of the interactions between presentation modalities (visual vs. auditory) and the semantic transparency and translational congruency, and (2) a discussion of an ideographic language, such as Chinese and Japanese. We conducted an experiment with 36 Chinese Japanese-as-a-Foreign-Language learners to examine the processing of Japanese collocations. In the experiment, we manipulated the presentation modality, semantic transparency, and translational congruency during a lexical judgment task. Data analysis using linear mixed-effects models revealed the following. (1) In both conditions of semantic transparency and translational congruency, the auditory presentation was associated with longer reaction times than the visual presentation. (2) In the visual presentation condition, neither semantic transparency nor translational congruency showed significant effects. (3) In the auditory presentation condition, the reaction time for collocations with high semantic transparency tended to be longer than that for collocations with medium semantic transparency and significantly longer than that for collocations with low semantic transparency. The reaction time for collocations with congruent translation was longer than that for collocations with incongruent translation. These results support the dual-route model of Japanese collocational processing by Chinese Japanese-as-a-Foreign-Language learners. Our findings suggest that whether the analytic or holistic processing dominates is closely related to the learners' knowledge of Chinese and Japanese Kanji words and strongly influenced by the presentation modality, semantic transparency, and translational congruency.

“Kongqi” Theory and the Aesthetic Spirit of Chinese Film

Abstract Based on the traditional Chinese “kong view” and “qi view” of classical literature and art, this article aims to further construct localized Chinese film theory, by combining methods and approaches to media archeology, and comparing Chinese and foreign literary aesthetics and film art poetics. The ancient Chinese word “dianying” (electric shadow) basically carries the same connotations as the modern word “cinema”, which is internally connected. The “kong view” (empty) and the “qi view” constitute the Chinese aesthetic foundation for the “kongqi” (atmosphere) theory of Chinese film. This theory has been nourished by western aesthetics since the 1920s, absorbing both film spirit theory and film art poetics. With exchanges and dialogues between ancient and modern language, and between China and other countries, this article examines the ways in which the “kongqi” (atmosphere) theory has nurtured a large number of outstanding Chinese film authors, and highlights the aesthetic spirit of “One World One Qi” that is perceived in Chinese films.

Full-Color and Anti-Counterfeit Printings with All-Dielectric Chiral Metasurfaces

Structural color is anticipated to replace pigmented or chemical color due to its superior saturation, resolution, environmental friendliness, and longevity. We achieve a full-color gamut of structural colors and anti-counterfeit functions by an all-dielectric chiral metasurface consisting of half-gammadion-shaped resonators embedded in PMMA and a top TiO2 layer on quartz coated with an ITO layer. The prominent resonance peaks of this embedded chiral metasurface under the cross-polarization condition, which are provided by the polarization conversion features of the chiral structure, lead to extremely saturated structural colors. The color phase mainly depends on the structure’s period, opening up a full-color range well beyond sRGB. Especially, we demonstrate a star with hidden information of the letter “A” and the Chinese word “李龙杰” by taking advantage of the difference in the color phase change under different polarization conditions to decode the information, thus realizing the anti-counterfeiting function. Our proposed embedded chiral metasurface provides dual-function structural colors and is highly promising for micro-display, nanoprinting, anti-counterfeiting, data storage, and information encryption.

Candidate Term Boundary Conflict Reduction Method for Chinese Geological Text Segmentation

Though Chinese word segmentation (CWS) relies heavily on arithmetic power to train huge models and human work to label corpora, models and algorithms are still less accurate, especially for segmentation in a specific domain. In this study, a high-degree-of-freedom-priority candidate term boundary conflict reduction method (HFCR) is proposed to solve the problem of manually setting thresholds on segmentation based on information entropy. We quantify the uncertainty of left and right character connections of candidate terms and then arrange them in descending order for local comparisons to determine term boundaries. Dynamic numerical comparisons are adopted instead of setting a threshold manually and randomly. Experiments show that the average F1-value of CWS for Chinese geological text is higher than 95% and the F1-value for Chinese general datasets is higher than 87%. Compared with representative tokenizers and the SOTA model, our method performs better, which solves the term boundary conflict problem well and has excellent performance on single geological text segmentation without any samples or labels.

Silent Speech Recognition Based on High-Density Surface Electromyogram Using Hybrid Neural Networks

This article presents a silent speech recognition approach based on high-density (HD) surface electromyogram (sEMG) using hybrid neural networks that support anomaly detection. In the hybrid networks, both a convolutional long short-term memory module and an autoencoder module were designed to extract discriminative spatio-temporal features and potentially identify any anomaly patterns, respectively. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, experimental data were recorded using HD-sEMG arrays with 64 channels from 11 subjects subvocalizing 33 Chinese words and articulating 9 anomaly patterns. The proposed method significantly outperformed other comparison methods ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> < 0.05) and achieved the highest anomaly detection rate of 90.61% while maintaining a high level of target word-pattern classification accuracy of 82.30%. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for improving the robustness of the SSR approach based on HD-sEMG recordings against anomaly muscular activities. This article also provides a novel solution for building practical and robust sEMG-based SSR systems with broad applications, such as instant messaging and human-computer interaction.

Civil aviation safety risk intelligent early warning model based on text mining and multi-model fusion

Aviation unsafe events often lead to major casualties and property losses. Aviation safety risk intelligent early warning is an important means to ensure the safe and reliable operation of aircraft. Therefore, an intelligent early warning model is urgently needed to quickly predict the risk level and identify potential risks to take targeted measures to realize the active management of safety. To realize the above process, the text mining method is used to extract key risk information from unsafe event reports and input it into the intelligent early warning model to predict its risk level, further constructing the priority processing index to achieve a rapid decision, and finally realize the intelligent safety management process of features extraction to early warning levels identification and then to priority processing. First, domain dictionary and Chinese stop word list are constructed to process the massive text data in the unsafe event’s report. Further, TF-IDF and TextRank are fused to extract key risk information and convert it into feature vectors. Second, the IHT algorithm is used to alleviate the sample class imbalance problem. After that, input the balanced risk information into an improved stacking multi-model fusion algorithm to accurately identify the early warning level and improve the level of active management and control via priority processing index ranking. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are demonstrated by testing the unsafe event text data of some aircraft maintenance companies and airlines, which promotes the practical application value of text mining technology in the aviation field.

Specialized vocabulary across languages: The case of traditional Chinese medicine

This paper reports on the creation of specialized word lists in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is a discipline using vocabulary across languages (i.e., Chinese and English) and involves learners with different L1 backgrounds. First, a TCM Word List of 2,778 specialized words was established from corpora of TCM textbooks and journal articles. Selection criteria included specialized meaning, keyness in a corpus of general written English compared to the TCM Corpora, and frequency. The resulting TCM list covered 36.65% of the TCM Corpora but had low coverage over corpora of general written English and medical English. The TCM Word List was then divided into three sub-lists based on frequency, and graded into three levels. Level 1 contains high-frequency lexical items in English (e.g., organ, coating); Level 2 contains items that are mid-, low-frequency, or beyond any frequency levels (e.g., pericarpium, metabolism); and Level 3 contains Chinese loan words (e.g., qi, yang). Last, there is an overlap of 309 word families between this list and an earlier TCM list by Hsu (2018), which excludes words from the 1st-3rd 1,000 word families in English. Suggestions for teachers and future research are provided.

A Semantic Study of the Chinese Word “qing” and Its Corresponding Word “light” in English

This article is aimed to analyze a semantic study of the Chinese word &amp;ldquo;qing&amp;rdquo; and its corresponding word &amp;ldquo;light&amp;rdquo; in English according to the framework of Lexical Typology suggested in fran&amp;ccedil;ois (2008). From this article, we can clearly see the different semantic meanings of &amp;ldquo;light&amp;rdquo; in English. It will be shown by empirical observation sand functional properties. And they will be compared with the corresponding Chinese word &amp;ldquo;qing&amp;rdquo;to show similarities and differences of these two totally different language meanings.

중국어 2음절 신체 복합어의 품사 표기 문제

This paper analyzed the partiality of 42 two-syllable body compound words with different parts of speech as verbs and adjectives in various dictionaries through the modification of adverbs of degree. Type A body compound words consist of a subject predicate structure except for three predicate object structures. It is difficult to say that this type of compound word is lexicalized as a typical adjective because it is found that it receives little modification of adverbs of degree. Type B body compound words consist of predicate object structures, and it is a general view that as the internal closeness increases, they have been lexically converted from predicate object phrases into heterologous verbs. Many of these compound words can be seen as verb adjectives and concurrent verbs because they are relatively actively modified by adverbs of degree. The internal closeness of Chinese compound words is generally higher in the predicate object structure than the subject predicate structure. As the lexical progress of the predicate object structure with high internal closeness is more active, it is thought that type B compound words are more formulated by adverbs of degree.

CWSXLNet: A Sentiment Analysis Model Based on Chinese Word Segmentation Information Enhancement

This paper proposed a method for improving the XLNet model to address the shortcomings of segmentation algorithm for processing Chinese language, such as long sub-word lengths, long word lists and incomplete word list coverage. To address these issues, we proposed the CWSXLNet (Chinese Word Segmentation XLNet) model based on Chinese word segmentation information enhancement. The model first pre-processed Chinese pretrained text by Chinese word segmentation tool, and proposed a Chinese word segmentation attention mask mechanism by combining PLM (Permuted Language Model) and two-stream self-attention mechanism of XLNet. While performing natural language processing at word granularity, it can reduce the degree of masking between masked and non-masked words for two words belonging to the same word. For the Chinese sentiment analysis task, proposed the CWSXLNet-BiGRU-Attention model, which introduces bi-directional GRU as well as self-attention mechanism in the downstream task. Experiments show that CWSXLNet has achieved 89.91% precision, 91.53% recall rate and 90.71% F1-score, and CWSXLNet-BiGRU-Attention has achieved 92.61% precision, 93.19% recall rate and 92.90% F1-score on ChnSentiCorp dataset, which indicates that CWSXLNet has better performance than other models in Chinese sentiment analysis.