Translated Chinese Version Research Articles

Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the empowerment scale for pregnant women.

Empowering pregnant women is a crucial process that healthcare providers should evaluate, as empowerment is a meaningful indicator that can reflect the impact of health promotion and education in antenatal care. The Empowerment Scale for Pregnant Women (ESPW) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring empowerment. The cross-sectional study was conducted to translate and validate the psychometric properties of the ESPW among 526 pregnant women in China. The forward-backward method was used to translate the English version of the ESPW into the Chinese version. Reliability was examined with the internal consistency and test-retest coefficients. Validity was analyzed with structural, dimensionality, convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. The Cronbach's α value of 0.97 and the intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], [0.96, 0.99]) demonstrated excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that five factors with eigenvalues > 1 explained 68.41% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis verified an acceptable model that fit the data exceptionally. The Chinese-translated version of the ESPW (CV-ESPW) had acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Concurrent validity was supported by the correlation between the total scores of the CV-ESPW and the Chinese version of the Patient Perceptions of the Empowerment Scale (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). The CV-ESPW is a valid and reliable assessment tool for measuring pregnant women's empowerment in China and can potentially contribute to evaluating the effectiveness of programs that empower pregnant women.

Validity of OSDI-6 questionnaire in a Chinese adult population

This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the Chinese translation version of OSDI-6 (C-OSDI-6) using a virtual set-up questionnaire for dry eye disease. A total of 270 participants (136 males, 50.4% and 134 females, 49.6%) with a mean age of 28.22 ± 9.01 years were assessed, diagnosed under the criteria put forth by Dry Eye Workshop completed the Chinese translated version of the OSDI-12 questionnaire (C-OSDI-12). Validity and psychometric properties were analyzed using the study data on the selected items (a new approach called virtual validation). The six items were extracted from the C-OSDI-12 as suggested by the authors of OSDI-6 and compared. The total scores of C-OSDI-12 and C-OSDI-6 were 30.27 ± 13.19 and 6.95 ± 3.53, respectively. Significant reliability was found between the total C-OSDI-6 score and the total C-OSDI-12 score (r = 0.865, p < 0.001). Infits and outfits of the C-OSDI-6 were between 1.26 and 0.78.The C-OSDI-6 proved valid and psychometrically responsive in Chinese adult dry eye participants. The findings of this virtual validation study need to be confirmed in a longitudinal validation study on real-world use.

A Study on English-to-Chinese Translation Strategies of Country Driving from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation

Country Driving is one of the China trilogy by American writer Peter Hessler. Based on what he saw and heard in his driving around mainland China, he presents with concise language and rich cultural connotations. Its simplified Chinese version was translated by the translator Li Xueshun. Since its publication, it has been well-received by the majority of readers, which proves its literary and documentary value. Country Driving is a typical non-fiction literature work. Based on Newmark’s theory, this paper will analyze the Chinese translation version of Country Driving under the guidance of communicative translation and semantic translation in terms of language structure, rhetoric, culture-loaded words, and special language forms. It is hoped that this paper will enrich the research on the translation of non-fiction Chinese translation literary works and provide some references for future translation practice of documentary literature from the perspective of Newmark’s translation theory.

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the service user psychological empowerment scale in a sample of youth service users

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Chinese version of the Service User Psychological Empowerment Scale (C-SUPES) in a youth service setting in Hong Kong. Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey of 381 youth residing in Hong Kong and participating in services provided by community-based children and youth services centres. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicate a good fit for the proposed threefold factor structure with the original Positive Attitude and Involved Attitude subscales combined. The scale’s criterion validity was supported by significant correlations between creative self-efficacy, youth – adult partnerships, and civic engagement in the community, and its internal consistency reliability was satisfactory. Overall, youth service users with a higher level of participation in youth services reported a higher level of psychological empowerment. Altogether, the results suggest that C-SUPES is a reliable, valid instrument for measuring psychological empowerment among youth service users in Hong Kong.

Reliability and validity of the translated Chinese version of comprehensive assessment of acceptance and commitment therapy processes (CompACT-C) in breast cancer survivors

PurposeThis study aimed to translate and validate a Chinese version of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT-C), a 23-item questionnaire for measuring an individual's level of psychological flexibility among Chinese breast cancer survivors for utilisation of Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based interventions in breast cancer patients. MethodsSix translators translated the original English version into Chinese according to Brislin's Translation Model. Psychometric properties tests were conducted on the CompACT-C, including internal consistency, test–retest reliability (two-week interval), face validity, content validity, convergent validity with experiential avoidance, and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). Results308 Chinese breast cancer survivors with mastectomies were conveniently recruited. The translated scale showed satisfactory test–retest reliability (two-week interval, r = 0.53–0.72, p < 0.001), face validity, and content validity (CVI-Scale/CVS-Item = 1.00). According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, the final Chinese version remained the 23 items and three dimensions, with the modification of item six from the dimension of openness to experience to behavioural awareness for better model fitness [structural equation model analysis, χ2 = 559.486, df = 226, NC (χ2/df) = 2.476, RMSEA = 0.069, CFI = 0.834, TLI = 0.815, SRMR = 0.079] and satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.71), convergent validity with AAQ-2 (r = −0.57, p < 0.001) in these breast cancer patients. ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the CompACT showed good reliability and validity among Chinese breast cancer patients. Future research is suggested to confirm its psychometric properties with diverse breast and other cancer groups.

Rates and correlates of medication non-adherence behaviors and attitudes in adult patients with early psychosis.

Literature on antipsychotic medication adherence in early psychosis primarily assessed adherence behaviors and focused on young patients. There is a paucity of research investigating negative medication attitude and its determinants in the early illness course, particularly in older-aged sample. We aimed to examine prevalence and correlates of medication non-adherence behaviors and negative medication attitudes separately in adult patients with early psychosis. One hundred ninety-nine Chinese early psychosis patients aged 26-55years who had received three-year treatment for first psychotic episode in Hong Kong were examined. Assessments encompassing socio-demographics, premorbid adjustment, clinical and treatment profiles, self-stigma and therapeutic alliance were conducted. Patients were evaluated with Medication Compliance Questionnaire, which is a modified Chinese-translated version of Medication Adherence Rating Scale and includes items measuring adherence behaviors and attitudes towards medications. Rates of medication non-adherence and negative attitude towards medications were 38.7% and 50.8%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that more severe positive symptoms, greater self-stigma and negative medication attitude were independently associated with medication non-adherence. Negative attitude towards medications was significantly associated with younger age, higher educational attainment, diagnosis of other psychotic disorders, poorer insight, greater self-stigma and less satisfaction with communication with healthcare staff, which represented an index reflecting suboptimal therapeutic alliance. Antipsychotic non-adherence and negative medication attitudes are frequently observed in adult early psychosis patients. Our findings indicate that poor insight, elevated self-stigma and suboptimal therapeutic alliance may constitute potential treatment targets for promoting medication adherence and rectifying negative medication attitudes in the early illness stage.

Discussion on the location of Dazhui (GV 14) and Yaoyangguan (GV 3)

Since the anatomical location of acupoints was recorded in The latest Practice of Western Acupuncture in 1915, and Lecture Notes on Advanced Acupuncture in 1931, the Japanese acupuncture works of Chinese translation version, the location of Dazhui (GV 14) (under the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra) and Yaoyangguan (GV 3) (under the spinous process of the 4th lumbar vertebra) had rarely been questioned for nearly a century. In order to confirm the above statement, the writers have reviewed ancient literature, combined with the modern anatomical knowledge and searched the evidences from the core arguments of the acupuncture Mingtang chart and the bronze acupuncture statue. It is believed that Dazhui （GV 14） should be positioned under the spinous process of the 1st thoracic vertebra, and Yaoyangguan（GV 3） be under the spinous process of the 5th lumbar vertebra. Accordingly, all of the other acupoints of these meridians should be moved down by 1 vertebra, i.e. those on the governor vessel from Dazhui (GV 14) to Yaoyangguan (GV 3), those on the 1st lateral line of the bladder meridian of foot-taiyang from Dazhu (BL 11) to Baihuanshu (BL 30) and those on the 2nd lateral line of the bladder meridian from Fufen (BL 41) to Zhibian (BL 54).

Translation, adaptation, and initial evaluation of a guided self-help intervention to reduce psychological distress among nurses during COVID-19 in China.

This study aimed to reduce the unprecedented and intense psychological distress that nurses were forced to experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. A Chinese version of the World Health Organization's Self-Help Plus (SH+) intervention guide was adapted and tested among nurses. The objective of this study was to translate and adapt the SH+ guideline into the Chinese version and to test its feasibility in reducing psychological distress among nurses during COVID-19. A staged approach comprising translation, adaptations, initial evaluation by pilot implementation, and a qualitative process evaluation was conducted in two hospitals in Xi'an, China. The translation of the Chinese version was authorized by the World Health Organization. We adapted SH+ for use among clinical nurses working during the pandemic in China through a qualitative process evaluation, which was guided by the descriptive phenomenological study design. The outcomes of the pilot included psychological distress, psychological flexibility, depressive and anxiety symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and subjective psychological wellbeing, which were assessed using the Kessler 6 symptom checklist, the Comprehensive Assessment of ACT Process (CompACT), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and the Index of Wellbeing (IWB), respectively. The SH+ materials, including audio-recorded sessions and an accompanying illustrated manual, were translated into Chinese and adapted in line with feedback from the nurses. An uncontrolled pilot study (n = 28) for 5 weeks showed a statistically significant reduction of psychological distress (mean difference in Kessler 6 score, -2.74; 95% CI [-3.71, -1.78]; p < 0.001). We also found improvements in psychological flexibility (mean difference in CompACT score, 6.89; 95% CI [-12.35, -4.47]; p < 0.001), subjective psychological wellbeing (mean difference in IWB score, 0.86; 95% CI [0.07, 1.65]; p < 0.05), and depressive symptoms (mean difference in PHQ-9 score, -1.52; 95% CI [-2.78, -0.26]; p < 0.05). The process evaluation showed that nurses found the SH+ program very useful but difficult to adhere to. We found that the translated Chinese version of SH+ was applicable and feasible in the Chinese cultural context. There was a potential effect of adapted SH + in reducing nurses' psychological distress during COVID-19 and suggested the value of exploring strategies to increase adherence to the program.

A Chinese version of the communication complexity scale (CCS): psychometric evaluation in children with minimal verbal skills

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the translated Chinese version of the Communication Complexity Scale (C-CCS) in a Chinese sample of preschool-aged children with minimal verbal skills. Methods A total of 120 children with autism spectrum disorders or children with developmental delays aged 2 to 5 years with minimal verbal skills (i.e., produced less than 20 functional words) were recruited to complete the C-CCS. First, we tested the protocol with 20 children and shortened it based on their results. Second, the interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity for 100 participants were examined. C-CCS scores were compared with scores from the Chinese Communicative Development Inventories (CCDI) for concurrent validity. Results Ten C-CCS interactive scripts were administered to 100 participants. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between independent observers were high. The ICCs for overall optimal scores, optimal BR scores and optimal JA scores were 0.978, 0.971 and 0.977 respectively. Agreement for scores within scripted opportunities and communication level were high-Kappa coefficients 0.869 and 1.000 respectively. The test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.911). A moderate correlation was found between the C-CCS and the CCDI (r = 0.401). Conclusions The results indicate that C-CCS could be used as a measurement tool in research and clinical practice to describe communication levels in children with minimal verbal skills in China.

Translation and validation study of the Chinese version of the service user technology acceptability questionnaire

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the translated Chinese version of the Service User Technology Acceptability Questionnaire (C-SUTAQ). MethodsPatients with cancer (n ​= ​554) from a tertiary hospital in China completed the C-SUTAQ. Item analysis, content and construct validity test, internal consistency test, and test-retest reliability analysis were conducted on the instrument to test its applicability. ResultsThe critical ratio of each item of the C-SUTAQ ranged from 11.869 to 29.656; the correlation of each item and subscale ranged from 0.736 to 0.929. The Cronbach's α value for each subscale ranged from 0.659 to 0.941, and the test-retest reliability ranged from 0.859 to 0.966. The content validity index of the scale level and the item level content validity index of the instrument were both 1. Exploratory factor analysis indicated it was reasonable that the C-SUTAQ consists of six subscales after rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good construct validity (χ2/df ​= ​2.459, comparative fit index ​= ​0.922, incremental fit index ​= ​0.907, standardized root mean square residual ​= ​0.060, root-mean-square error of approximation ​= ​0.073, goodness of fit index ​= ​0.875, normed fit index ​= ​0.876. ConclusionsThe C-SUTAQ had good reliability and validity and may be useful to assess Chinese patients’ acceptability of telecare. However, the small sample size limited generalization and there is a need to expand the sample to include persons with other diseases. Further studies are required using the translated questionnaire.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The survey was conducted with a consecutive sampling of 158 Chinese SLE patients attending public hospitals from January to March 2021. We used the translated Chinese version of the MMAS-8 to collect related data. Reliability, item, and factor analyses were used to test the reliability and validity of the MMAS-8 scale in the selected patients. The internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α coefficient. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) in a subset of 30 participants. Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and correlations between the Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS) and related measures. The internal consistency reliability of the Chinese version of the MMAS-8 was high (Cronbach's α = 0.817), and the test-retest reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation = 0.947; P < 0.001). There were significant differences in the F test and t test between the two extreme groups before and after the ranking of 27% of the questionnaire scores (P < 0.001). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of construct validity was 0.860. The spherical test value of Bartlettgers was 417.8822. Factor analysis yielded three components that accounted for 69.375% of the total variance. Exploratory factor analysis identified three dimensions of the Chinese version of the MMAS-8. In terms of criterion validity, the correlation of the MMAS-8 score in SEAMS indicated that the convergent validity was good (r = 0.926; P < 0.001). This study shows that the Chinese version of the Medication Adherence Scale-8 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing medication adherence in Chinese SLE patients. Key Points • Many factors affect medication adherence in SLE patients. • Many questionnaires measure medication adherence levels. • There is a lack of reliable validation of medication adherence questionnaires specifically for SLE patients.

Testing the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of Dyadic Relationship Scale for families of people with hypertension in China

BackgroundInterventions for people with chronic illness have increasingly got involvement and partnership with family members in China and worldwide. The patient-family interactions in chronic illness care can greatly influence not only family dyadic relationship or collaboration in caregiving but also both patient’s and caregiver’s health and well-being. To date, very few instruments have been developed to measure the family dyadic relationship; and none has been found in Chinese language. This study aimed to translate the original English Dyadic Relationship Scales (DRS), including DRS-patient and DRS-caregiver, into simplified Chinese language (DRS-C) and examine their psychometric properties in Chinese people with hypertension in a rural community.MethodsThe Brislin’s model of translation was adopted for translation. Face and content validity and semantic equivalence of the translated Chinese version of the two DRS-patient and DRS-caregiver scales were examined. A sample of 132 adults with hypertension and their family caregivers were recruited to test the psychometric properties of the DRS-C scales.ResultsThe DRS-C scales indicated very satisfactory face validity with 10 family dyads in hypertension care, content validity rated by five experts (Item CVI = 0.8–1.0; Scale CVI = 0.98) and semantic equivalence rated by 22 panel members (i.e., all items were rated as 3 = relevant or 4 = very relevant by > 18 members). A well-fitting model of DRS-C-patient was identified with χ2/df = 1.47, p = 0.04, RMSEA = 0.06, GFI = 0.941, CFI = 0.961, TLI = 0.947, and SRMR = 0.019. A well-fitting model of DRS-C-caregiver was identified with χ2/df = 1.340, p = 0.092, RMSEA = 0.039, GFI = 0.940, CFI = 0.975, TLI = 0.965, and SRMR = 0.014. The Chinese DRS-patient and DRS-caregiver had satisfactory internal consistency with Cronbach’s α coefficients of 0.82 and 0.83, respectively, and test–retest reliabilities with intra-correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. The convergent validities of the Chinese versions of the DRS-patient and DRS-caregiver were very satisfactory with the self-efficacy subscale of Hypertension Self-Care Profile, and Zarit Burden Interview, respectively (Pearson’s r = − 0.70 and 0.79; both p < 0.001). Significant differences on mean scores of the Chinese versions of the DRS-patient (t = − 8.10, p < 0.001) and the DRS-caregiver (t = − 9.15, p < 0.001), between the groups of adults with hypertension and normal blood pressure counterparts.ConclusionBoth Chinese versions of the DRS-patient and DRS-caregiver have sound psychometric properties and similar factor structure to the original English version. The Chinese versions can be valid measures of family dyadic relationship among Chinese adults with hypertension.

Chinese version of the chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire: cultural adaptation, factor analysis, assessment of reliability and validity.

Chronic urticaria is a common skin disorder that contributes profound impact on patients' quality of life (QoL). However, the cause of the disease is not clear, and the treatment still faces challenges. To better evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, an effective questionnaire survey on quality of life is needed. For the first time in Italy, a new questionnaire for chronic spontaneous urticaria, the chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire (CU-Q2oL), has been developed. The purpose of this study was to develop and verify the Chinese version of the chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire (CU-Q2oL). Three hundred and twenty-eight chronic urticaria patients were prospectively recruited and evaluated by the translated Chinese version of CU-Q2oL along with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Factor analysis, internal consistency, convergent validity, sensitivity to change and known-group validity were determined. Multiple linear regressions were used to determine the predicting factors of CU-Q2oL results. Factor analysis revealed a six-dimensional structure, and five of the six scales showed good internal consistency. Convergent validity and know-group validity showed good correlations. It was found to distinguish well between patients with different levels of urticaria activity and those to be sensitive to change in the Chinese CU-Q2oL. Disease severity was highly significantly predictive of the CU-Q2oL score on all scales. The CU-Q2oL Chinese version is a valid, reliable and sensitive instrument. It can be widely adopted to evaluate treatment outcomes and be applied in clinical research in Chinese patients.

Validation of a translated Chinese version of the Participation Strategies Self-Efficacy Scale: a cross-sectional study

Purpose To examine the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Participation Strategies Self-Efficacy Scale (PS-SES) among stroke survivors. Methods The PS-SES was translated into Chinese. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 336 stroke survivors recruited from the neurology departments of five hospitals in China. Reliability, concurrent validity, and construct validity of the scale were determined. Results The Chinese version of the PS-SES (PS-SES-C) showed good internal consistency and test–retest reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.98 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.79. There was a moderate to strong positive correlation between the PS-SES-C and Chinese version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (r = 0.59, p < .001), positive correlations between the PS-SES-C and Chinese versions of the Modified Barthel Index (r = 0.59, p < .001), Rivermead Mobility Index (r = 0.70, p < .001), and Reintegration to Normal Living Index (r = 0.70, p < .001), and a negative correlation between the PS-SES-C and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (r = −0.63, p < .001). Known-group validity and factorial validity were also supported. Conclusions The PS-SES-C is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing self-efficacy in managing the participation of Chinese stroke survivors. Implications for rehabilitation Self-efficacy significantly predicts activity and participation in stroke survivors and is a major outcome measure in many stroke rehabilitation programmes. The translated Chinese version of the Participation Strategies Self-efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate stroke survivors’ self-efficacy in managing participation. The Chinese version of the Participation Strategies Self-efficacy Scale can be used to assess stroke recovery among the Chinese population in clinical and research settings.

A Chinese version of the Participation Strategies Self Efficacy Scale (PS-SES): psychometric evaluation in stroke survivors

Objective To cross-culturally adapt and investigate the psychometric properties of a Chinese-translated version of the Participation Strategies Self Efficacy Scale (PS-SES). Materials and methods The translation/back-translation procedure was done in line with cross-cultural adaptation international guidelines. 378 stroke survivors were recruited to complete the questionnaires. The psychometric properties of the PS-SES were evaluated by determining item analysis, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity, convergent validity and floor/ceiling effects, respectively. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient using the two-way random model (ICC) (test–retest) was 0.923 (95% confidence interval (CI):0.844–0.962; p < 0.05). Cronbach’s alpha and split-half reliability (internal consistency) for the PS-SES-C was 0.968 and 0.906, respectively. For the content validity, the I-CVI of the PS-SES-C was ranged from 0.860 to 1.000 and the S-CVI was 0.949. In the exploratory factor analysis, a six-factor solution explained 80.695% of the variance. A moderate correlation was found between the PS-SES-C and the Chinese version of WHODAS 2.0 (−0.430). A strong correlation was found between the PS-SES-C and the SSEQ-C (0.626). Conclusion The PS-SES-C showed satisfactory psychometric properties. It can be considered a reliable and valid instrument to assess the participation strategies self-efficacy of stroke survivors in China. Implications for Rehabilitation The Participation Strategies Self Efficacy Scale was translated into Chinese through a rigorous cultural adaptation process. PS-SES-C is now a reliable and valid tool for Chinese-speaking patients who have suffered from a stroke. It is necessary to assess the participation strategies self-efficacy of strokesurvivors in China and develop targeted intervention programs.

Child-orientation Principle in Fairy Tale Translation Based on The Trumpet of the Swan

Fairy tales enable children to cruise around a world full of wonder and imagination. As a special group, children readers are different from adults for their unique development phases of language and cognition. Therefore, fairy tale translation should give close attention to children’s special demand. Basically, translation works of fairy tales require their translators to stand on children’s point of view and spark children readers’ interests. For quite a long time, as an acknowledged principle in fairy tale translation, child-orientation puts more emphasis on observing and appreciating the world with the child-like appetite. Translators should take account of children’s language ability as well as their cognitive condition and aesthetic preference. This essay is mainly about child-orientation principle. A comparative study has been made between The Trumpet of the Swan by E·B·White and its Chinese translation version by a famous translator Ren Rongrong. Through several concrete translation examples and with an analysis of its language style including conciseness, vividness and musicality as well as its rhetorical device such as simile and overstatement, a simple conclusion could be drawn. It is extremely important to follow child-orientation principle in fairy tale translation. Translation works based on this principle will bring an essence of fun and interest for children.

Cross-cultural adaptation of Life Satisfaction Checklist-11 among persons with stroke in China: A reliability and validity study.

The aim of the present study was to develop a cross-cultural adaptation and to evaluate the validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the LiSat-11 test. LiSat-11 was translated into Chinese according to standardized procedures. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to examine its reliability and validity, in accordance to COnsensus-based Standards for the election of health Measurements Instruments guidelines, among persons with stroke approximately 3 years after their discharge from rehabilitation. Participants completed the LiSat-11, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Barthel Index (BI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). To examine the test-retest reliability, thirty of these participants completed LiSat-11 again after 2 weeks. In total, 60 persons with stroke were recruited. The Chinese version of LiSat-11 demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach's alphas at 0.82. Ceiling effects were found in five of the eleven items of LiSat-11, and there was a floor effect in one item. LiSat-11 had moderate to high correlations with SF-36 with Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) ranging from 0.44 to 0.73 (p<0.01) in a concurrent validity test, and high correlations were also found between LiSat-11 and HADS-A/D in a convergent validity test with rho=-0.63/-0.67 (p<0.01). Low correlations with NIHSS, BI and mRS were found in a divergent validity test, rho=-0.25, 0.17 and -0.26, respectively. The current study verified that the translated Chinese version of the Life Satisfaction Checklist-11 is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the life satisfaction of persons with chronic stroke.

A Chinese version of the Measure of Stroke Environment (MOSE): psychometric evaluation in stroke survivors

Purpose To translate the MOSE from English to Chinese and investigate the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated version of the Measure of Stroke Environment (MOSE). Materials and methods The MOSE was translated into Chinese using a cultural adaptation process. To validate this Chinese version, 311 stroke survivors were recruited to complete the questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the MOSE were evaluated by determining item analysis, test–retest reliability, internal consistency, content validity, construct validity, and floor/ceiling effects, respectively. Results The MOSE was translated without any major difficulties. Regarding psychometric performances, a moderate level of correlation between the items and the domains (r > 0.4), and the significant differences in items between the high group and the low group were tested by independent sample t-tests (p < 0.05). The test–retest reliability was excellent (Intraclass Coefficient Correlation = 0.938). Very high internal consistency was also observed (Cronbach’s α = 0.945, split-half reliability = 0.778). An acceptable I-CVI ranged from 0.714 to 1.000 and a high S-CVI of 0.973. Correlations with the subscales of the WHODAS 2.0 were significant in similar domains reflecting good convergent validity. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Conclusion This study provides psychometric evidence supporting the use of the Chinese version of the MOSE among stroke survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The Measure of Stroke Environment was translated into Chinese through a rigorous cultural adaptation process. MOSE-C is now a reliable and valid tool for Chinese-speaking survivors who have suffered from a stroke. It is necessary to assess the perceived environmental barriers of stroke survivors and develop targeted intervention programs in China.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version thriving of older people assessment scale.

The Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale has Scandinavian, Norwegian and English versions but does not yet have a Chinese version that can be used in Chinese populations and compared to global data. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Chinese version of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale. The English version of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale was translated into Chinese using a forward and backward translation method. A convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit participants from five long-term care facilities in northern Taiwan (N=285). Confirmatory factor analysis was then performed to confirm the theory of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version. The Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version consists of 32 items loading across five domains, namely, 'resident attitudes towards being in long-term care', 'quality of care and caregivers', 'resident engagement and peer relationships', 'keeping in touch with people and places' and 'quality of the physical environment', with good internal consistency (0.971). Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that χ2 = 2255.58 (df = 459, p<.00), χ2 /df = 4.91, CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.96, NNFI = 0.96 and SRMR = 0.074, indicating a good model fit to previous factor structures. The Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version is a tentatively reliable and valid tool for measuring the experience of thriving in Chinese language older people in long-term care facilities. The Chinese version of Thriving of Older people Assessment scale can be used to describe the levels of place-related well-being among older Chinese people living in long-term care. Further research and improvements of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version in diversified Chinese contexts will enable a more comprehensive understanding of older Chinese people's experiences of thriving in long-term care.

Smartphone-based application to improve medication adherence in patients after surgical coronary revascularization

Secondary preventive therapies play a key role in the prevention of adverse events after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, adherence to secondary preventive drugs after CABG is often poor. With the increasing penetration of smartphones, health-related smartphone applications might provide an opportunity to improve medication adherence. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of using a smartphone-based application to improve medication adherence in patients after CABG. The Measurement and Improvement Studies of Surgical coronary revascularizatION: medication adherence (MISSION-2) study is a multicenter randomized controlled trial that planned to enroll over 1000 patients who underwent isolated CABG at one of four large teaching hospitals in China; all enrolled participants had access to a smartphone and were able to operate at least three smartphone applications. The investigators randomly assigned the participants to one of two groups: (1) the intervention group with an advanced smartphone application for 6 months which was designed specifically for this trial and did not exist before. Participants could receive medication reminders and cardiac health education by the smartphone application or (2) the control group with usual care. The primary outcome was CABG secondary preventive medication adherence as measured by the translated Chinese version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) at 6 months after randomization. The secondary outcomes were mortality, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), cardiovascular rehospitalization, self-reported secondary preventive medication use after 6 months of follow-up, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), and self-reported smoking status. All analyses were conducted using the intention-to-treat principle. A total of 1000 patients (mean age, 57.28 [SD, 9.09] years; 85.5% male) with coronary heart disease after CABG were enrolled between September 2015 and September 2016 and were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 501) or control group (n = 499). At 6 months, the proportion of low-adherence participants, categorized by MMAS-8 scores, was 11.8% in the intervention group and 11.7% in the control group (RR = 1.005, 95% CI 0.682 to 1.480, P = 1.000). Similar results were found in sensitivity analyses that considered participants who withdrew from the study, or were lost to follow-up as nonadherent. There were no significant differences in the secondary clinical outcome measures, and there were no significant differences in the primary outcome across the subgroups tested. In the intervention group, the proportion of participants who used and operated the application during the first month after CABG was 88.1%; however, the use rate decreased sharply from 42.5% in the second month to 9.2% by the end of the study (6 months). A smartphone-based application supporting secondary prevention among patients after CABG did not lead to a greater adherence to secondary preventive medications. The limited room for improvement in medication adherence and the low participants' engagement with the smartphone applications might account for these non-significant outcomes.