Chinese Text Research Articles

無盡的風險：反思應用倫理學的學科範式

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Applied ethics is a discipline aimed at solving specific ethical problems that arise when traditional ethical theory cannot explain new moral phenomena. The disciplinary approach to applied ethics is not entirely reasonable, making it difficult to extricate oneself from specific ethical issues. Applied ethics should also seek to determine why humans constantly create many ethical problems, to effectively reduce the emergence of new moral crises.

在人工智能時代需要謹慎對待腦機介面技術

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 The essay “The Ethics of Thinking with Machines: Brain-Computer Interfaces in the Era of Artificial Intelligence” summarizes the author’s fundamental views. It points out that we need to be cautious about brain–computer interface technology. In particular, we should be cautious when dealing with forms of such technology that may threaten human autonomy, psychological identity, personal identity, and personal privacy, and standardize the development of brain–computer interface technology in accordance with the five principles of technology ethics: improving human well-being, respecting the right to life, upholding fairness and impartiality, reasonably controlling risks, and maintaining open and transparent.

為什麼侵入性腦機介面技術是危險的

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 我們反對侵入性腦機介面應用於人類，主要原因是，我們還幾乎不知道人的意識產生的機制，侵入性腦機介面技術有可能抹掉人的意識；除此之外，應用介面的人很容易被外人控制，失去自由。總之，它違反了以下三條“非對稱原則”：1. 從客體到主體這個方向，資訊越通暢越好，控制信號阻滯度越高越好。2. 從主體到客體這個方向，控制信號越暢通越好，資訊密封度越高越好。3. 以上兩條的鬆動調節，以最嚴苛的程式保證以各個主體為主導。作為人機介面的代替方案，我們開以採用作為“擴展心智＂的互聯網和電腦來實行。傳統上，道家哲學按其義理也為反對侵入性腦機介面技術提供了支援。
 People oppose the application of invasive brain–computer interfaces to humans, mainly because they still know little about the mechanism by which human consciousness is generated and such technology could erase human consciousness. In addition, people using brain–computer interfaces can easily be controlled by outsiders and lose their freedom. In other words, brain–computer interfaces violate the following three asymmetry principles. (1) From the object to the subject, the smoother the information flow, the better, and the higher the degree of control signal blockage, the better. (2) From the subject to the object, the smoother the control signal flow, the better, and the higher the degree of information sealing, the better. (3) The relaxation of the above two principles should be carried out using the most stringent procedure to ensure that each subject takes the lead. As a substitute for brain–computer interfaces, we can use the Internet and computers as a kind of “extended mind.” The principles of traditional Taoist philosophy also support opposition to invasive brain–computer interfaces.

評《與機器一起思考》

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 In this paper, I first reiterate the views of Lyreskog et al. and stress the importance of discussing ethical questions in the context of ABT—a topic that has clearly not received enough attention in China. Second, given the current state of Chinese applied ethics, I focus on what Lyreskog et al. refer to as a “seismic shift in how we conceptualize much of what we take to be core values in medicine and healthcare” (Lyreskog et. al 2023, 11–34) to explain how to realize the innovative progress of ABT ethics in contemporary China. I agree in principle that frameworks aiming to offer ethical guidance in ABT situations should use ontologies and taxonomies that allow for conceptual flexibility and redesign. These frameworks should also be subjected to philosophical critique and modified in light of scientific practice.

科技發展的倫理省思：評《為什麼侵入性腦機介面技術是危險的》

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 The emergence and application of brain–computer interface technology have raised many ethical concerns related to individual autonomy, privacy, and potential for abuse. I support technological progress, but I emphasize ethics first. I believe that the application of brain–computer interface technology should respect the inherent value and dignity of every life. Subject to caution, exploring the use of this technology to alleviate the suffering of terminally ill patients could be considered. The principles of non-maleficence and proportionality of benefits and risks should also be upheld when applying this technology. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate reasonable ethical standards for technology, establish ethics committees, and supervise the research, development, and application of this technology.

腦機介面的風險與受益權衡——評《為什麼侵入性腦機介面技術是危險的》

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Brain–computer interface (BCI) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are the most high-profile and disruptive technologies of our time. Professor Zhenming Zhai presents a broad and informative argument for why invasive BCIs are dangerous, fully addressing the emerging issues and challenges caused by BCI and AI technologies. In the field of biomedical research involving human subjects, conducting a reasonable and scientific assessment of the risks and benefits of BCIs is a complex, challenging, and continuous process. In the new world of man–computer symbiosis, we should not focus only to the evolution of technology itself, but also reflect on the balance from within ourselves as humans. We should think carefully, discern wisely and act earnestly.

關於腦機介面技術風險的再思考——一個商榷

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Although intelligent robots can have rationality and thinking beyond those of ordinary people, they do not possess human dignity, nor can they become consistent with human beings in terms of social status, rights and dignity. Human dignity includes life dignity and personal dignity. Brain–computer interface technology may not only pose a serious external threat to the dignity of human life but also endanger the embodied existence of human beings, resulting in the separation of body and mind and violating people’s personal dignity.

人工智能時代下腦機介面的倫理反思

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 This paper reviews the important thesis of David M. Lyreskog, who provides a profound interpretation of the complexity and uncertainty of ethical issues associated with brain–computer interfaces in the age of artificial intelligence (AI) and lays the theoretical foundation for an ethical framework for AI–brain–computer interfaces in terms of autonomy, integrity, identity, and privacy. This paper responds to Lyreskog’s main points in terms of four dichotomies, namely bounded and unbounded, controllable and uncontrollable, self and non-self, and open and liberalized, to promote in-depth discussion of the ethical issues associated with AI–brain–computer interfaces.

人類未來與不確定性

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 When talking about artificial intelligence brain–computer interface (AI-BCI) technology (ABT), the following question arises: will humans think alongside machines, or will they think by relying on machines? If the former scenario holds true, it seems incongruous with the intended purpose of ABT. Conversely, if the latter scenario proves to be true, Confucianism expresses optimism about its potential triumph.

危險的不只是侵入性腦機介面

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Zhai Zhenming’s argument that invasive brain–computer interfaces are dangerous is timely and well grounded. However, the danger of (non-invasive) artificial intelligence (AI) technology in unduly overlooked. First, non-invasive AI can cause as much harm to human agency and freedom as brain–computer interface technology. Second, AI may push many people away from jobs that give meaning to their lives. At the same time, the attribution of responsibilities becomes difficult, if not impossible, with the involvement of AI in decision-making. Finally, optimism about treating generative AI as equivalent to human overlooks a fundamental difficulty of collective life, namely the problem of mutual assurance.

侵入性腦機介面之風險辨識及審查要點淺析

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Brain–computer interface (BCI) technology is an emerging disruptive technology, whose potential risks have been exposed in clinical trials and applications. BCI technology has the characteristics of dual use, and the BCI testing process involves unclear or uncertain risks. Therefore, ethics committees should fully review the ethical aspects of BCI trials in clinical settings.

非對稱原則：應對腦機介面技術的主體性風險

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Based on the innovation of brain–computer interface technology and the development of application scenarios for brain–computer interfaces, Zhenming Zhai puts forward the “asymmetry principle” in his recent paper “Risk of Brain–Computer Interaction.” This principle can effectively control the risk of the subject to protect and maintain the subject status of the individual. This principle is a technical ethical requirement that must be respected when manually inputting information and signal.

為侵入性腦機介面技術進行倫理辯護

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 The idea that invasive brain–computer interface technology is dangerous is debatable. This technology requires ethical justification, recognizing the coexistence of their benefits and risks. The newly formed professional consensus in China illustrates that it is possible to develop forward-looking and binding ethical guidelines through multidisciplinary argumentation and stakeholder consultation. Invasive brain–computer interfaces need not be limited to the smallest scope of application. Invasive brain–computer interfaces for healthy people and for enhancement purposes will provide technical and ethical options for future human society. Therefore, research into invasive brain–computer interfaces should not be prohibited. Rather, we must be alert to the risky possibility of research and development on brain–computer interfaces becoming entirely driven by business interests and controlled by capital. Furthermore, Chinese Taoist wisdom does not necessarily reject this technology.

比較技術倫理學視域下的腦機介面技術

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 Zhai Zhenming compares brain–computer interface (BCI) technology with artificial intelligence technology and other mind extension technologies (such as ChatGPT), which I refer to as “comparative technology ethics.” I believe that it is meaningful to conduct research using comparison in the field of bioethics or technical ethics. I attempt to develop this type of comparative research and propose a comparison between risk-in-experiment technology and risk-of-effect technology. Although in some respects BCIs fall into the first category, the question of whether BCIs should be prohibited should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis.

審慎地擁抱未來

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 As a measure of biomedical intervention, brain–computer interfaces in the era of artificial intelligence (AI-BCI technology, ABT) pose enormous ethical challenges in terms of human autonomy, mental integrity, identity, data privacy, and control while achieving therapeutic goals. It is necessary to analyze and differentiate these ethical challenges one by one, but more importantly, to find the truly safest, most effective, and most ethical ways to implement biomedical interventions and ensure “responsible research and innovation” in biomedical fields. In the context of the international development of consistent ABT standards, the policy formulation of “a right to mental privacy” and brain data security in Chinese bioethics will be a heavy and arduous task.

廓清腦機介面的倫理視野：變與不變

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 “The Ethics of Thinking with Machines” (Lyreskog et al. 2023, 11-35) focuses on the ethical issues and debates caused by the development of brain-computer interface technology, and describes a changing moral landscape: some boundaries are blurred or broken, while some core values are reinvented. However, a constant concern underlies these changes, namely concern about “who I am.” This concern has become even more pressing in the current age of artificial intelligence.

前言：回應腦機介面技術的倫理挑戰

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 This issue of the journal delves into the ethical implications of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology, featuring two thematic papers: “The Ethics of Thinking with Machines: Brain-Computer Interfaces in the Era of Artificial Intelligence” by David M. Lyreskog, Hazem Zohny, Ilina Singh, and Julian Savulescu, and ‘Why Invasive Brain-Computer Interface Technology is Dangerous’ by Zhai Zhenming. Additionally, the journal includes 19 commentary essays that respond to these papers. The authors highlight the immense potential benefits offered by this technology while acknowledging the substantial risks and uncertainties inherent in them, emphasizing the need for a thorough ethical examination. (Abstract taken from first paragraph of document)

Орхоны Хар балгасаас олдсон Уйгур хаадын цол өргөмжлөх бичиг

Material culture from archaeological excavations along with textual records form the basis for a better understanding of Nomadic steppe empires of the Middle Ages and their intercultural contacts. The Mongolian-German Orkhon Expedition (MONDOrEx) retrieved a fascinating collection of artefacts in Karabalgasun, the former capital of the Uyghur Empire (744/745-840). Among these artefacts, remnants of “jade books” were discovered. They are considered royal decrees for the coronation of Uyghur khans. These strips of stone are polished and inscribed with Chinese calligraphy, with the incised letters covered in gold. Originally, several of these strips were held together with gold wire, giving them the appearance of a traditional Chinese bamboo scroll. Chinese emperors used these precious gemstone scrolls during significant rituals. The discovery of these artifacts in Karabalgasun (Ordubaliq) highlights the strong affiliation between the Uyghur rulers and the Chinese imperial authority. This also bolsters the notion that the citadel held a significant political role, potentially as the Uyghur ruler’s palace. A total of 46 marble fragments with Chinese text were uncovered at the HB2 excavation location in the palace precinct of Karabalgasun. After examining the written sources detailing the history of East Asia in the 8th and 9th centuries, it is apparent that the Tang dynasty of China sent “title letters” to confirm the authority of their political partners, the Uyghurs. Analysis of Chinese inscriptions on these marble stones revealed four different inscription stages which vary by inscription size, content, and writing style. These include 1) letter for crowning Ch’ung-te as khan (821), 2) letter for re-crowning Ch’ung-te as khan (821), 3) letter for crowning Zhao-li as khan (825), and 4) letter for crowning an unknown individual as khan. The Karabalgasun citadel, where these inscriptions were discovered, underwent excavation between 2010 and 2018 under the auspices of the Mongolian- German Orkhon Expedition. The inscriptions repeatedly mentioning the names and titles of Uyghur khans indicate that the building complex was likely the royal palace. It is probable that the complex also served as an archive for important artefacts from the reign.

Critical Discourse of the Chinese Rebellion in Indonesian History Textbook

This study aims to reveal the discourse practices in the narrative of the Chinese Rebellion in the Indonesian History textbook. Having long disappeared from Indonesian historiography, the Chinese-Javanese alliance against the VOC, often called Geger Pacinan (1740-1743), has reappeared in history textbooks. Its presence needs to be studied to understand the discourse practices that are to be conveyed by the narratives that are constructed. This study's subject was the Chinese Rebellion text in the Indonesian History textbook for class XI SMA based on the 2013 Curriculum published by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017. The Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) method, according to Teun A. van Dijk, was used to analyze the dimensions of the text, social cognition, and the social context of the narratives that are the research subject. The result is that the report in the text dimension does not present the Chinese role through the history of the event as a whole. In the size of social cognition, it is found that there is a potential to strengthen the practice of discourse, which leads to the marginalization of the Chinese role. The social context dimension has not entirely shifted from the New Order paradigm, which harbored stereotypes against the Chinese. In conclusion, the text of the Chinese Rebellion requires the teacher’s role to make the deconstruction process in learning history meaningful for students, especially in internalizing the value of diversity for national integration.

Confidence-based Syntax encoding network for better ancient Chinese understanding

While neural-based models continue to make rapid strides, syntax remains a foundational element in the domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly in the context of Chinese language understanding. However, there exists a significant gap in research that integrates syntactic information for the understanding of ancient Chinese, primarily due to the lack of high-quality syntactic annotations. This paper explores the untapped potential of syntax to enhance ancient Chinese understanding, leveraging the “not-so-perfect” noisy syntax trees generated by unsupervised derivations and modern Chinese syntax parsers. To achieve this, we introduce a novel syntax encoding component: the confidence-based syntax encoding network (cSEN). This component is tailored to mitigate the side-effects arising from the noise associated with unsupervised syntax derivations and the incompatibility between ancient and modern Chinese. We validate the importance of syntax information and the efficacy of our cSEN through experimental tasks, specifically ancient poetry theme classification and ancient–modern Chinese translation. Our findings suggest that proper implementation of syntactic information can effectively enhance model understanding of ancient Chinese. The introduced cSEN proves vital in noise-rich environments, potentially revolutionizing the way information professionals approach and utilize ancient Chinese texts.