Chinese Taipei Research Articles

What’s in a name? Between “Chinese Taipei” and “Taiwan”: The contested terrain of sport nationalism in Taiwan

The Chinese Civil War split the Chinese into two politically conflicted states from 1949. The People’s Republic of China and Republic of China both claimed to be the legitimate representative of China in the international community. “Chinese Taipei” has become the name of Republic of China in the international sport field and almost every international organization since 1981, after Kuomintang (The Chinese Nationalist Party) refused to play under the provincial name “Taiwan,” which was suggested by the International Olympic Committee in the 1960s. However, the relationships between Taiwan and China and the nationalistic discourses have changed drastically in Taiwan in the past 40 years. “Chinese Taipei” became the compromised, shameful symbol of Republic of China. At the same time, “Taiwan” turned into the most progressive, resistant, and aspired but banned name and self-identity for many Taiwanese. In 2018, the “2020 Tokyo Olympics Taiwan Name Rectification Referendum” was launched. It requested to rectify the current “Chinese Taipei” to “Taiwan”. This paper aims to build a contextualized and historical understanding of this interrelation of sport and nationalism in Taiwan via this name game.

Indonesia – Safeguard on Certain Iron or Steel Products

AbstractIn July 2014, Indonesia implemented a safeguard tariff on galvalume, a type of galvanized flat-rolled steel. Chinese Taipei and Viet Nam challenged the measure, mainly claiming that Indonesia's administering authority failed to satisfy various substantive and procedural requirements of the GATT 1994 and the Safeguards Agreement. The Panel and AB found that the tariff was not a safeguard measure but rather was a simple increase in Indonesia's applied rate. Interestingly, Viet Nam, the largest import supplier, is a member of a free trade area with Indonesia, meaning Viet Nam is not subject to the MFN rate. Viet Nam's preferential tariff treatment likely influenced Indonesia's decision to claim the action was a safeguard. Ironically, even though the Appellate Body essentially rejected its claims, the ruling benefits Viet Nam.

Psychobiological Changes during National Futsal Team Training Camps and Their Relationship with Training Load.

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the within-week variations of heart rate, session-rated of perceived exertion (sRPE), total distance, distance in 8.0–11.99 km/h−1, recovery distance in 12.0–17.99 km/h−1, distance in >18.0 km/h−1, maximum speed, number of sprints, heart rate variability, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue during training camps of a national futsal team; and (2) to analyze the relationships between load and the well-being. Twenty-eight men from the Chinese Taipei U−20 national futsal team were analyzed. Comparisons of training days revealed that the total distance was significantly smaller on day 1 (d = −1.22) and day 6 (d = −1.95) than on day 3. The sRPE values were significantly lower on day 1 than days 4 (d = −1.53), 5 (d = −2.07), and 6 (d = −2.59). The relationships between training load and recovery parameters revealed moderate correlations between the DOMS and the sRPE recorded one (r = −0.321) and two days before training (r = −0.289). It is possible conclude that first day imposed a smaller external load and internal load, and that the internal load had a greater dependent relationship with reported DOMS and fatigue during the training camps.

An Economy-Wide Analysis of Trade Liberalization Impacts on Farm Household Income in Taiwan

The impact of trade liberalization on Taiwan’s agricultural sector has been an important issue in policy debates. In this study, a case study of cross-strait trade liberalization is conducted. With the elimination of all tariffs on bilateral trade between Chinese Mainland and Chinese Taipei, the SAM-based computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and database are applied to simulate the impacts of cross-strait trade liberalization on Taiwan’s economy, agricultural output, non-agricultural income, farm household income and employment. Simulation results demonstrate that Taiwan’s GDP will increase by 1.78%, but total agricultural output will decrease by 0.9%. For per farm household income, although agricultural income decreases by NTD 1648, non-agricultural income will increase by NTD 10,580. In total, per farm household income increases by NTD 8,932 with cross-strait trade liberalization. With trade liberalization as the engine of growth and a trade adjustment assistance mechanism at work, economic growth in Taiwan’s agriculture may be maintained and in the long run, non-agricultural income and employment are likely to increase to provide a “safety net” for farm households.

Predicting reading motivation and achievement: The role of family and classroom environments in Greater China

This study investigated the relationships between parental reading attitudes, students’ perceptions of reading instructional practices, reading motivation and achievement in Greater China. The study used the Hong Kong, Macau, and Chinese Taipei samples of PIRLS 2016 and included 11,734 fourth grade students. The results of multiple-group multilevel SEM revealed a positive relationship between parental reading attitudes and student reading achievement in Macau and Chinese Taipei, although the link was found to be non-significant in Hong Kong. The association between students’ perceptions of reading instructional practices and reading achievement was slightly negative at the student level but non-significant at the classroom level. Both parental reading attitudes and students’ perceptions of reading instructional practices were positively related to student reading motivation.

Final report of the key comparison of Vickers hardness: APMP.M.H-K1.b and APMP.M.H-K1.c

This report describes the results of first APMP key comparison on Vickers hardness, APMP.M.H-K1b and APMP.M.H-K1c involving Seven member institutes, CMS/ITRI (Chinese Taipei), KRISS (Korea, Republic of), NIM (China), NMIJ/AIST (Japan), NIMT (Thailand), SCL (Hong Kong, China) and VMI (Vietnam). The pilot laboratory was NMIJ/AIST. Three institute, KRISS, NIM and NMIJ/AIST, act as linking institutes to the key comparisons CCM.H-K1b and CCM.H-K1c conducted for the Vickers hardness scales HV1 and HV30, respectively.The comparison was also conducted for HV 10 Vickers hardness scales and it was conducted as the supplemental comparison item.The comparison item is Vickers hardness for 200 HV 1, 200 HV 10, 200 HV 30, 600 HV 1, 600 HV 10, 600 HV 30, 900 HV 1, 900 HV 10, and 900 HV 30. Through this comparison, the results for 200 HV 1, 600 HV 1 and 900 HV 1 scales are linked to CCM.H-K1b, and the results for 200 HV 30, 600 HV 30 and 900 HV 30 scales are linked to CCM.H-K1c. The reference values were calculated by using weighted mean from the results of the institutes. The Degree of Equivalence (DoE) was indicated by the relative deviation from the reference values. All institute results showed in good agreement to the key comparison reference values of CCM.H-K1b and CCM.H-K1c.Main textTo reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Comparative analysis of CPUE standardization of Chinese Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) fishery based on GLM and GAM

Pacific saury is an important high-seas fishery resource in the Northwest Pacific Ocean for the Chinese Mainland. Reliable and accurate catch per unit effort (CPUE) plays a significant rule in Pacific saury stock assessment. Many statistical models have been used in the previous CPUE standardization research. Here, we compare the performance of Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) using CPUE data collected from Chinese saury fishery in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 2003 to 2017 (excluding data from Chinese Taipei), and evaluate the influence of spatial, temporal, environmental variables and vessel length on CPUE. Optimal GLM/GAM models were selected using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Explained deviance and 5-fold bootstrap cross-validation results were used to compare the performance of the two model types. Fitted GLMs accounted for 21.57% of the total model-explained deviance, while GAMs accounted for 38.95%. Predictive performance metrics and 5-fold cross-validation results showed that the best GAM performed better than the best GLM. Therefore, we recommend GAM as the preferred model for standardizing CPUE of Pacific saury in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

Dynamic Changes in Maritime Research Capability in Chinese Universities

This study determines the top fifty authors in China and their university affiliations in the maritime transportation field, compared to their world ranking. We refer to China in the broad sense of the Chinese economies, including not only mainland China and Hong Kong, but also Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) and Singapore. This study analyzes sixty-five SSCI and SCI journals in the field of maritime and transportation between the years 2000 and 2015. In terms of ranking, three indicators are employed: total number of articles, weighted score (indication of author contribution), and the impact score. With the exception of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, no other universities selected in the first phase of Project 985, which received billions of dollars in government support/aid, were listed in the world ranking. Star authors are deemed to have contributed greatly to the rankings of their affiliated universities. The future of China’s rankings is bright in view of the increasing number of papers being published by Chinese authors and universities and their strong grounding in quantitative methodologies.

Indonesia – Safeguard on Certain Iron or Steel Products: If It Looks Like a Duck, Swims Like a Duck, and Quacks Like a Duck, Then It Is Not a Duck

In July 2014 Indonesia implemented a safeguard tariff on galvalume, a type of galvanized flat-rolled steel. Chinese Taipei and Viet Nam challenged the measure, mainly claiming that Indonesia’s administering authority failed to satisfy various substantive and procedural requirements of the GATT 1994 and the Safeguards Agreement. The Panel and AB found that the tariff was not a safeguard measure but rather was a simple increase in Indonesia’s applied rate. Interestingly, Viet Nam, the largest import supplier, is a member of a free trade area with Indonesia, meaning Viet Nam is not subject to the MFN rate. Viet Nam’s preferential tariff treatment likely influenced Indonesia’s decision to claim the action was a safeguard. Ironically, even though the Appellate Body essentially rejected its claims, the ruling benefits Viet Nam.

Customer Satisfaction in Mobile Service Quality: Evidence from Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City’s Officers

This study explores the factors influencing the quality of telecommunication services in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. By conducting an online survey of 413 office workers, the results indicate that among the five components of the perceived quality of telecommunications services, reliability, assurance, and empathy are Key factors affecting consumer satisfaction in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The findings of this research help mobile service providers to understand how consumers perceive the quality of mobile services. Thus, mobile service providers would effectively design marketing strategy to improve customer loyalty as well as enter new markets.
 Keywords: Mobile service, service quality, online survey, empirical study, Vietnam.
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Global Review of Institutional Reforms in the Irrigation Sector for Sustainable Agricultural Water Management, Including Water Users’ Associations

AbstractThis paper reviews institutional reforms in the irrigation sector for sustainable agricultural water management (AWM) undertaken in 14 countries and regions, including Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, South Korea, Sudan, Chinese Taipei, Turkey and Ukraine. These regions represent a vast diversity of geography, climate, governance, socio‐economic conditions and level of development. In those countries with smaller land areas and high‐technology manufacturing, such as Japan and Korea, agriculture is now being viewed as technology‐driven food factories of the future. Meanwhile, for countries with a significant base population and increasing growth rates, such as China, India and Indonesia, agriculture seems to dominate the development debate. The comparative evaluation analyses the issues regarding institutional and organizational reforms focusing on the legal and organizational framework structure including water users' associations (WUAs) for water supply services, participatory irrigation management (PIM) and management transfer, and public–private partnership (PPP) towards sustainable irrigation and drainage (I&D) and agricultural water management (AWM). Despite the diverse geography and institutional frameworks, food security remains a major concern in all the countries and regions reviewed in this paper. The formation and functioning of WUAs, ageing I&D infrastructure and its operation and management (O&M) appear to be the major institutional and PPP challenges for sustainable AWM in the immediate future. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Results from the Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) 2018 Report Card on physical activity for children and youth

Background/ObjectiveTaiwan is facing a high prevalence of physical inactivity in children and adolescents, which has led to rising obesity and morbidity levels in young people. Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) joined the Global Matrix 3.0 to share the local information on childhood physical activity and related factors with the international community. This study reports the grades for 10 indicators endorsed by the Global Matrix 3.0. MethodsThe local data for school-aged children and youth (∼5–17 year-olds) from 2010 to 2018 were used to determine the grades. The highest priority was given to the national survey data released by the government or academic institutions, followed by academic publications using nationally representative samples. Government or academic publications relying on only regional samples were excluded. ResultsThe data showed very poor Overall Physical Activity and Organized Sport Participation (F and D−, respectively). The grades for Active Transportation and Sedentary Behavior were C−. Low physical activity levels and high screen time may have led to sub-optimal Physical Fitness levels (B−). The central and local governments have recognized the importance of physical activity by creating related policy and improving facilities. Therefore, School, Community and the Built Environment, and Government Strategies and Investments all received the grade of B+. Active Play and Family and Peers received INC for a lack of sufficient data. ConclusionsDespite great effort by the governments and schools, physical activity and fitness levels are low while sedentary behavior is prevalent in Taiwanese children and youth.

Gender Difference in Mathematics Achievement of Total, Low-, and High-Achieving Students: Evidence from East Asian Countries’ TIMSS 2015 Mathematics Achievement

Gender difference in mathematics achievement has been one of the most controversial issues in the academic area of mathematics over the last few decades. Recent studies suggested that the gender gap tends to decrease over the years, but the difference is much more apparent in higher mathematical ability levels. This paper examined on the gender gap in TIMSS 2015 mathematics achievement of total, low-, and high-achieving students using mutlilevel modeling. Also, this study focused on the gender gap in East Asian countries which outperformed in TIMSS 2015. The results suggest that the gender gap can vary depending on the level of mathematics achievement. For total students, the gender gap was detected in all of the countries except Hong Kong SAR. For low-achieving students, the gender difference was significant in Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong SAR, and Singapore. For high-achieving students, the gender gap was not present in all countries, which suggests that the gender gap in these countries differs from that of the Western area. This study showed that the gender gap in mathematics achievement of East Asian countries could be different according to mathematical ability. Also, this study demonstrated the impact of controlling influential variables on mathematics achievement in studying gender differences by suggesting that the results of the simple comparison of the mean achievement scores were different from the results obtained from the multilevel model controlling important variables on mathematics achievement.

Previous civic experience and Asian adolescents’ expected participation in legal protest: mediating role of self-efficacy and interest

ABSTRACTNot yet citizens, adolescents are encouraged through civic education to consider an active role in the future political life of their societies. This study seeks to understand the mediating role of political self-efficacy and political interest in the association between previous civic experience and Asian adolescents’ expected participation in legal protest. Using data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2009, which included 23,654 students from South Korea, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Thailand, a multi-group multi-level path analysis based on Rasch measures was employed to investigate how adolescent civic experiences both in and out of school influence their expected participation in legal protest. The results showed the effect of political discussion and that of school participation were fully mediated by political interest and self-efficacy. The effect of community participation was partially mediated by political interest and self-efficacy in the five societies except South Korea. While the total effect of school participation is relatively low across the five societies, the total effect of political discussion is stronger for adolescents in East Asia (South Korea, Chinese Taipei, and Hong Kong) and that of community participation is stronger in South East Asia (Thailand and Indonesia).

Revisiting Classroom Practices in East Asian Countries: Examination of Within-Country Variations and Effects of Classroom Instruction

Background/ContextEast Asian schools receive much attention for the comparatively high achievement of their students. To account for this success, scholars and commentators advance broad claims about the rote character of instruction or the complexity of classroom practice, typically generalizing to an entire nation. Yet little is known about the variation in classroom practices within East Asian countries and how classroom organization affects student achievement.Purpose/ObjectiveThis study extends the previous literature on East Asian classrooms by considering the heterogeneity of classroom organization within societies. It focuses on four aspects of classroom instructional practice: complex instruction, procedural instruction, teacher-centered instruction, and student-centered instruction. This study asks the following research questions: (1) To what extent do classroom instructional practices in East Asian countries differ in terms of overall prevalence and within-country variation, compared with to practices found in other nations? (2) How are classroom instructional practices associated with student achievement within East Asian countries, controlling for student, classroom, and school background variables?Research DesignDrawing from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2007 data, I examine how the country means and within-country variation of the four aspects of classroom instructional organization in five East Asian countries—Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and Singapore—compare with those in the other 45 nations in the sample. Then, I focus on two particular East Asian countries that display vastly different school structures, Japan and Singapore, to examine how classroom practices covary with student achievement within these nations.Findings/ResultsEast Asian classrooms do tend to be more intensely teacher- centered and display less complexity than in other nations on average. But classrooms with more complex and student-centered instruction within East Asian societies display higher achievement; an opposite association is found when comparing between-country relationships worldwide. At the same time, these positive effects observed in East Asia diminish when characteristics of schools and the social- class backgrounds of students are taken into account, similar to patterns long observed in the West.Conclusions/RecommendationsWhile classroom practices prevalent in East Asian countries are often celebrated as predictive of stronger achievement—or criticized for their rigidity and not importable to the West—these findings reveal greater variability than previously understood and suggest that classroom practices interact with social- class backgrounds and student achievement in more complex ways. And East Asian nations face educational challenges similar to those observed in the United States and other developed countries. Once we acknowledge the commonality as well as the differences, cross-national research would allow us not only to better understand perennial educational problems and the assumptions we hold about classroom practices, but also inform valid implications for policy and practice.

Technology Diffusion: Any Further Evidence for Computer Industry?

This paper explores the technology diffusion specifically in computer industry for a panel of 18 countries between the period 1999 and 2011. Strong evidence is found for the existence of diffusion of computer technology through bilateral capital good flows. This study shows that knowledge dissemination arises as an important determinant of output in computer sector. Still, domestic research and development efforts of countries are found to be the leading contributing factors in all model specifications. Besides, among two subgroups, in diffusion of computer technology, it is observed that USA contributes more to the knowledge dissemination in the related industry relative to three Asian countries i.e., Chinese Taipei, Korea and Singapore.

Alienated and disaffected students: exploring the civic capacity of ‘Outsiders’ in Asian societies

As an important group of students, the alienated and disaffected students are often overlooked in more general studies of civic education. Based on data from the International Civics and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2009), the study investigated alienated and disaffected students in Asia and explored the development of their civic attitudes. Student samples from Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Korea, Indonesia, and Thailand were involved in the study. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify alienated and disaffected students across the five Asian societies, and multilevel multinomial logistic regression (MMLR) was used to explore factors related to group membership. Students’ future civic intentions were analyzed under the framework of Personal Investment Theory (PIT) by multilevel regression. Based on LPA, three groups were identified: the Outsiders, the Moderates, and the Active Participators. The results showed that Outsiders scored lower on all conventional civic values and tended to endorse negative civic behaviors. The results of MMLR showed that boys were more likely to be Outsiders than girls, students’ expected education level, their socio-economic background, and home literacy were negatively related with being in the Outsider group. By combining PIT with multilevel analysis, the study identified that students’ sense of self and facilitating condition accounted for their future civic engagement. Students’ positive attitudes toward traditional culture, morality of politicians, and good citizenship were predictors for conventional civic participation—adult electoral participation and negatively related to their future illegal protest. The study demonstrated the role of traditional values in promoting future civic engagement.

Inapparent infection cases of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in farmed tilapia

Tilapia farming has been affected by a newly discovered Orthomyxovirus-like, tilapia lake virus (TiLV), which has caused considerable economic loss to farmers. Currently, mortality-associated TiLV infections have been reported in tilapia farms in Israel, Ecuador, Colombia, Egypt, Thailand, Chinese Taipei, India and Malaysia. In this study, sets of samples collected from clinically healthy adult and fingerling tilapia with no signs of diseases or mortality were randomly diagnosed for TiLV. The tissue samples were examined by semi-nested RT-PCR, histopathology, and in situ hybridization (ISH). Unexpectedly, individual organs (liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and heart) of the tested adult fish (2/2) and liver of the fingerlings (9/19) exhibited positive results in the second step RT-PCR, indicating a low viral load of TiLV in the fish tissues. Sequencing analysis of 250-bp amplicons revealed 97.2% identity to the prototype strain from Israel. Histopathology was investigated in the adult fish specimens and pathological features resembling syncytial hepatitis were observed while ISH yielded no detectable signal. Unlike previous reports, this study revealed cases of inapparent or subclinical infections of TiLV in tilapia. Underlying factors and mechanisms between host and virus resulting in inapparent infection require further scientific investigation.

Results from Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)'s 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.

Results from Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)'s 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.

SME Technological Progress and Cooperation in Chinese Taipei: Implications to Selected APEC Economies

Chinese Taipei became one of the most successful economies in Asia after the WWII, and the country was one of the four Asian tigers together with the Republic of Korea, Chinese Hong Kong and Singapore. Their economic achievement was mainly originated from the development of SMEs which government policies were effectively implemented and brought strong impacts on technological progress. SMEs were able to obtain technologies through research and development, and technology transfer from developed countries with various cooperation programs. However, APEC economies notably Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines have achieved economic development and SME technological promotion, but they are not comparable with Chinese Taipei. This paper analyses Chinese Taipei government policies on SMEs, technological progress, and technology cooperation with developed countries. These areas are compared with other four APEC economies. It brings some suggestions how APEC can enhance SME technology cooperation with other countries.