Chinese Situation Research Articles

The Bridge Between Students and Professions: Drama in Education

The purpose of this essay is to explore how Drama in Education in China can help students to develop their profession. ‘Drama in Education (DiE) first originated in Britain in the 1960s’, and it is ‘a theatrical art form of a pedagogical nature’. DiE uses drama as means and methods to achieve the educational aims of imparting knowledge and developing skills. This form of education developed in China in the late 20th century. In order to adapt to Chinese situation, scholars have studied and adapted it and put it into practice in drama workshops and courses. Huizhu Sun developed a new form of performance studies in China, 1999, known as social performance studies. ‘It includes Drama in Education, and professional training’. The paper therefore tries to explore the role of DiE as a bridge: connecting students to professions and exploring their creativity and possibilities in terms of this part. I will base on a study of DiE at eduwings kindergarten in Haidian District, Beijing, and focus mainly on a six-person drama programme. Part One explores the reasons for and need for professional development in DiE. Part Two goes on to use the theoretical research of Huizhu Sun to support the argument, analyse the cases and methods shown in social performance studies and explain how it has been applied with a simplified approach in eduwings kindergarten. In the final part of the essay, I claim that there are still obstacles to the creation of the bridge and analyse it in terms of some social roles.

Some Notes on Sun Yatsen’s “Alliance with Russia” Policy

Alliances are one of the most effective ways for states to preserve and gain power. The study of alliance formation has long been a prominent issue in international politics. This article examines the factors that influenced the alliance between Sun Yatsen’s regime and the Soviet government through the lens of alliance theory, taking the “alliance with Russia” of the Guangdong government led by Sun Yatsen in the early 20th century as the subject of study. The scientific innovation lies in the analysis of historical events and their causes from the perspective of international relations. Due to the complexities of the Chinese situation, the southern regime under Sun Yatsen coexisted with the Beijing government, but was not recognized as the official government of China. As a result, Sun Yatsen needed to use an “alliance approach” to seek the backing of external forces in order to keep his own regime secure. After several failed attempts to enter into alliances with Britain, the United States and Germany, Sun Yatsen eventually elected to join forces with the Soviet Russia. According to the alliance’s conclusion, four major factors influenced Sun Yatsen’s “alliance with Russia” policy: balance of threat, diplomatic assistance, ideology, and political infiltration. Among them, balance of threat was the main motivation for Sun Yatsen’s alliance with Russia, and while ideology was not an important factor influencing the alliance, the ability to provide assistance to Sun Yatsen’s regime played an important role in the establishment of the alliance, considering the huge power gap between the two sides. The Soviet political penetration of Sun Yatsen’s regime helped the alliance’s establishment, but also led to its final dissolution.

Personal Pension Plan: International Enlightening for Aging China

The Implementation Measures for Personal Pensions were jointly released in November 2022 by five agencies, including the Chinese Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The Communist Party of China's report on its 20th Congress makes clear recommendations for the welfare of the populace, including "improving the national coordination system of basic pension insurance and building a multi-level and multi-pillar pension insurance system." China is currently dealing with the strains of an ageing population and the uneven development of its pension system. One of the primary challenges China's social security system is currently experiencing is effectively encouraging the development of individual pensions to satisfy higher-level pension needs. Individual retirement accounts have been developed in the US for a very long time. China should undertake a range of various measures based on the Chinese situation while relying on the prior experience of the United States to promote personal pensions from the perspectives of public bodies, financial institutions, and investors.

Can Direct Subsidies or Tax Incentives Improve the R&D Efficiency of the Manufacturing Industry in China?

The understanding of the impact of different government support methods on R&D efficiency is of great significance for evaluating the performance of innovation policies in various countries. We selected 31 manufacturing industries in China from 2009 to 2015, used the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method to measure R&D efficiency, and used tobit regression method to examine the relationship between direct government subsidies and preferential tax policies and manufacturing R&D efficiency. The results reveal that the overall R&D efficiency of China’s manufacturing industry was low, but it has been steadily increasing, and the R&D efficiency of emerging industries was significantly higher than that of traditional industries. Tax incentives played a stable and significant role in promoting R&D efficiency in manufacturing. Affected by factors such as the government’s long-term preference and information asymmetry, direct subsidies had no significant impact on the current R&D efficiency of the manufacturing industry, and began to play a positive role after a two-year lag. Based on the above research findings, this paper suggests that progressive preferential tax rates can be designed according to the “base + increment” approach for tax preferential policies. At the same time, different proportions of tax cuts should be set for enterprises of different sizes and levels of innovation, and the focus should be on small and medium-sized enterprises and emerging industries. In terms of direct funding subsidies, the government should not only increase the support for basic research, but also give more preference to enterprises that receive tax incentives for research and development, so as to enhance the complementary effect of the two types of subsidy policies. The marginal contribution of this paper mainly includes three aspects: First, based on the Chinese situation, the impact of direct government subsidies and tax incentives on the R&D efficiency of the manufacturing industry is tested. Second, we present the evidence that direct government funding subsidies “crowd out” enterprise R&D funds. Thirdly, we describe the influence of enterprise scale, innovation level, ownership, and management ability on R&D efficiency of the manufacturing industry, and put forward the possible influence mechanism.

China’s choice on the participation in establishing marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction

Currently, the issue of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) has made a lot of significant progress in both international legislative process and national practices. As a State Party to UNCLOS, China has actively participated in the negotiations of the BBNJ agreement, in which the marine protected areas (MPAs) as one of the area-based management tools have been an issue of great concern. It is considered to be a feasible and direct conservation tool. In order to evaluate the possibility of China’s participation in the establishment of MPAs in the future, this paper analyzes the drivers for and limits on China’s involvement in the construction of MPAs in the context of the current Chinese situation. And it also puts forward possible countermeasures on how to deal with the challenges brought by the MPAs in ABNJ to China. It is concluded that there is a great possibility that China will eventually choose to participate in the establishment of MPAs in ABNJ as China advocates the concept of a maritime community with a shared future.

Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Analysis and Case Study in Chinese Management

This paper systematically listed out the theoretical background, core elements and research paradigm of quantitative analysis and case study, composed comparative analysis of two research methods from sixteen key elements. Summarized three principles and six structural steps of quantitative analysis and case study writing, and deduced the development of Chinese management research methods, which provides more choices of research methods and paradigms for grasping the future fusion trend of quantitative analysis and case study. This also provides a solid foundation for helping beginners and researchers in the field of management to improve the comprehensive application ability of quantitative analysis and case study, and provides a useful reference for future management research rooted in Chinese situation to develop in the direction of local theory and leading management practice.

An improved extended exergy accounting method for assessing the sustainability of the Chinese society

This study presents an ecological accounting for the Chinese society using improved extended exergy accounting method. Based on the input–output table of China, we capture the economic linkages of societal labor and capital fluxes, and improve the equivalent exergy metrics of labor and capital to be consistent with the Chinese situation. Material and externalities-equivalent exergy structures are examined by the quantitative estimation and indicator assessment. Results show that the total resource consumption of the Chinese society amounted to 151.6 EJ in 2012, while the total equivalent exergetic values of labor, capital and environmental remediation cost were estimated at 67.0 EJ, 69.1 EJ and 411.5 EJ, respectively. The national total capital and labor input was close to its resource consumption, but only equal to one third of the environmental remediation cost, highlighting the contribution of ecosystem products and services. An overall system diagram covering major extended-exergy inflows and outflows within the society was designed to display the complex metabolism process and network relationship of resource use, economic production and environmental externalities in an integrative way. Exergy and extended exergy analyses of the Chinese society for a benchmark year contributes to understanding the operation of a socio-economic system from a biophysical perspective and establishing effective regulatory strategies of production and consumption activities to accelerate a shift towards sustainability.

Impact of Social Cognition on the Self-Rated Health of the Elderly and Its Mechanisms: Evidence From China's Comprehensive Social Survey.

Whether and how the differentiated social cognition of the elderly affects their self-rated health has not been deeply discussed. Based on social cognition theory and Chinese situation, this study constructs the social cognitive dimension of Chinese elderly including social attitude, class identity and perception of social relations. Using the data from Chinese General Social Survey in 2017, this study screens out 1,728 elderly people aged 60 and over, and discusses the impact mechanism of social cognition on self-rated health of Chinese elderly people aged 60 and over by the construction of structural equation model and mediation effect test method. The results show that social attitude, class identity and perceptions of social relationships have significantly positive effects on the self-rated health levels of elderly individuals. Among them, the path coefficient of social attitude to self-rated health was 0.049, the path coefficient of class identity to self-rated health was 0.171, and the path coefficient of social relationship perception to self-rated health was 0.248; both class identity and perception of social relationship have significant mediating effects on elderly self-rated health through social engagement. This study shows that social cognition rarely studied in existing literature has significant effects on the self-rated health of older adults, providing fruitful insights for enhancing the self-rated health level of elderly individuals.

Impact of risks on forced CEO turnover

<abstract> <p>Risk management has been an important topic since the 2008 financial crisis, and it has become an important area of focus in business management. It is important for the board of directors to evaluate the ability and competence of the CEO. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of various risks on forced CEO turnover through the use of a linear probability model. The Chinese A-share market from 2010 to 2019 was selected as the sample, and theoretical analysis and empirical research were combined to explore the impact of various risks on forced CEO turnover, further analyzes the relationship under different ownerships. This paper study revealed that the crash risk is positively associated with forced CEO turnover. This paper also found that the idiosyncratic risk increases the likelihood of forced CEO turnover, and that the relationship is more significant in non- state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) than state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The systematic risk has no effect on forced CEO turnover. Risks can be an important indicator of the CEO's ability and competence. This paper also evaluated the relationships in Chinese circumstances. China is an emerging market that has a different legal and social environment than other countries. The different goals of SOEs and non-SOEs lead to different risk attitudes. It is necessary to distinguish ownership when evaluating the Chinese situation.</p> </abstract>

100 Years of the CCP – The “long road” and the triumphant advance of the People’s Republic and its party

This year not only celebrates the founding of the Chinese Communist Party 100 years ago, but it is also the 110th anniversary of the 1911 revolution, which in addition to many developments in this specific phase played a role – such as the May 4th Movement. Another starting point for the development of the CCP were the communist and socialist positions of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – the two ultimately formulated the idea – as well as Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and later Josef Stalin, the leaders of the first socialist state. From these approaches, Mao Zedong developed an independent strategy adapted to the Chinese situation. This so-called Maoism spread in particular through the so-called “Red Book”. After the successful revolution that led to the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao pursued its own communist path from 1956. In 1960, China and the Soviet Union broke completely because of Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization. This development culminated in the Chinese Cultural Revolution initiated by Mao from 1966 onwards. It was based on the theory of a permanent revolutionary transformation of society; the communist ideals should be anchored throughout the Chinese people. From 1979, under Deng Xiaoping, an economic change of course took shape (keyword special economic zones), which led to the opening to capitalist economic forms without having to abandon the CCP's claim to leadership at the political level, but enabled rapid economic, technological and scientific advances that up to stop today. At the same time, the CCP is endeavoring to alleviate the poverty of migrant workers in the coming periods, to solve the ecological challenges in the course of economic growth and at the same time to close the world with the aid of the Silk Road, which once connected continents – now under the title "One Road, One Belt". This global cooperation now seems all the more necessary as in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the party successfully shows and should prove how this crisis can be contained – for the benefit of the economy, society and health.

What is transnational Chinese Cinema today? Or, Welcome to the Sinosphere

ABSTRACT A decade ago, I wrote a piece called ‘What Is Transnational Cinema? Thinking from the Chinese Situation’. It argued that knowledge is situational and perspectival; what transnational cinema is depends on when and where you are looking from and writing about. It observed and analysed two current phenomena relevant to understanding what Chinese transnational cinema was then: the growth of cross-border Chinese film production involving the People’s Republic, Hong Kong, Taiwan and more, known as ‘Chinese-language cinemas’ (huayu dianying); and the larger phenomenon of globalisation. This article asks what has changed since and proposes ‘cinemas of the Sinosphere’ as an idea to encompass those changes. However, the term refers to two very different phenomena. First, it responds to the higher profile of films that are part of a Chinese cultural sphere but not in a Sinitic language, rendering the idea of ‘Chinese-language cinemas’ inadequate. Second, it acknowledges the re-emergence of the nation-state and what some people call the ‘Second Cold War’ or what I call a ‘Two Globalizations’ phenomenon, and it refers to the cinema of the People’s Republic of China under the conditions of the Belt and Road Initiative and the non-Chinese cinemas that respond to it.

Shared leadership and innovative behavior in scientific research teams: a dual psychological perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of shared leadership on team members’ innovative behavior.Design/methodology/approachPaired questionnaires were collected from 89 scientific research teams in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China at two-time points with a time lag of 4 months. Then multilevel structural equation model method was applied to analyze the multiple mediating effects.FindingsThis study finds that: the form of shared leadership in scientific research teams of universities; shared leadership has a positive impact on team members’ innovative behavior; there are multiple mediations in the relationship including synchronization and sequence of creative self-efficacy and achievement motivation.Originality/valueAccording to the “stimulus-organism-response” model, this paper has constructed a multi-level theoretical model that shared leadership influences individual innovation behavior and reveals the “black box” from the perspective of psychological mechanism. It not only verifies that “can-do” shapes “willing to do” but also makes up for the gap of an empirical test of the effectiveness of shared leadership in scientific research teams of universities. Besides, the formal scale of shared leadership in the Chinese situation is revised, which can provide a reference for future empirical research on shared leadership. The research conclusions provide new ideas for improving the management of scientific research teams in universities.

Inclusiveness in the Top Management Team: Facilitation or Obstruction to Enterprise Performance?

In recent years, with the deepening of Chinese enterprises’ participation in the global value chain, their top management teams pay more and more attention to improving their own diversification level. The number of executives with foreign nationalities and overseas study experiences in the top management team of listed companies is increasing. This is not only related to the pressure of institutional legitimacy faced by Chinese enterprises entering other countries, but also an important way for enterprises to obtain diversified knowledge and experience of other countries. Inclusiveness in the top management team is a follow-up study based on the diversity and heterogeneity of top management team composition, which provides a deeper explanation for the internal mechanism of strategic decision-making and formulation of diversified teams. However, heterogeneity is still the dimension of considering the characteristics of the top management team, and it does not involve the psychological or cultural categories such as team atmosphere, which is an important defect for the Chinese situation that emphasizes Confucian culture. Therefore, in the context of western scholars trying to expand the research of diversity management by introducing inclusiveness, Chinese scholars are also actively introducing inclusiveness into the field of organizational research. Most of the existing studies use methods such as questionnaire survey, which restricts the research on the samples of the top management team of listed companies. By constructing a variable that can reflect the inclusiveness in the top management team, this paper uses the second-hand data based on the annual reports of listed companies to measure the level of inclusiveness in the top management team, which provides a useful exploration for the research of inclusiveness in the top management team of listed companies, and finds the nonlinear influence（U-shaped relationship）of inclusiveness in the top management team on organizational performance, which means that there is a so-called “inclusiveness trap” in the top management team. Only when the top management team continues to increase the degree of inclusiveness and cross the trap, can it promote enterprise performance to rise. This paper expands the understanding of the relationship between inclusiveness in the top management team and organizational performance, and analyzes the two possible mechanisms of this phenomenon, so as to deepen the practical significance of relevant research. It also suggests that Chinese enterprises in the process of internationalization should strengthen their confidence and make efforts to push forward when their performance inevitably declines due to the improvement of inclusiveness. After crossing the “inclusiveness trap”, a win-win situation of both inclusiveness and enterprise performance is forthcoming.

The use of foreign examples to support educational policy decisions: the Chinese Education Mission to Europe in 1932

ABSTRACT In 1932, with the help of the League of Nations, the Chinese government sent an educational mission consisting of five scholars to Europe, in order to investigate education in different countries as reference points for ongoing Chinese educational reform. This article argues that educators in the mission used foreign examples to support their existing educational reform proposals, and that such a situation resulted from their understanding of the function of national education and China’s practical situation. In doing so, the article adopts a transntional perspective and focuses on the discussions around national educational aims and general impressions of education in European countries, with a particular emphasis on two educators of the mission – Cheng Qibao and Yang Lian. To begin with, the article introduces the educational reform background of the mission – namely, what the Kuomintang (KMT) wanted national education to contribute. In the second part, the article discusses the understanding of the two educators regarding the social function of education, and reveals that, although they admired idealised internationalism, they considered that Chinese education should still prioritise a nationalist viewpoint. In the third part, the article analyses how the two educators constructed their impressions of education in those European countries, and used these impressions to remind readers about the Chinese situation. In the final part, the article discusses the proposals the two educators put forward and analyses the potential factors that prevented their proposals from having a concrete impact on Chinese educational reform.

Social Security Access Challenges for Chinese Farmers Migrating to Urban Settings

In 2018, China had 564 million rural people, accounting for 40% of the total population. However in 2018, the total number of rural workers immigrating to urban areas related to economic need reached 288 million. This represents an increase of 46 million since 2011. The Chinese government piloted a new rural insurance as an answer to pushing urbanization forward to support rural immigrants. Consequently since 2009, the number of urban and rural residents participating in the basic old-age insurance has been kept above 500 million, making it the largest basic old-age insurance system, covering the largest number of persons in the world. Due to this insurance, an estimated 515 million people were lifted out of poverty, of which 27.41 million were older adults. Challenges for the Chinese government include transforming the Chinese situation of absolute poverty to relative poverty, and improving the living standard of older adults.

Enforcement of Chinese Insider Trading Law: An Empirical and Comparative Perspective

Abstract This Article conducts the first comprehensive and systematic empirical analysis of all relevant insider trading cases in China from the birth of Chinese securities markets in the early 1990s until mid-2017, shedding light on the way in which China’s insider trading law has been enforced by the regulator and criminal courts in practice. First, the Article generates descriptive statistics on features of insider trading cases, such as the total number of cases over the study period, the temporal distribution of the cases, the identity of the insider, and the nature of the insider information. Second, it measures the intensity of insider trading enforcement and compares the Chinese situation with six overseas jurisdictions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Third, using multiple regression analyses, it identifies potential factors determining the administrative and criminal penalties for insider trading. The results of the empirical study indicate that China has significantly stepped up its efforts to crack down on insider trading in recent years, resulting in a sharp increase in insider trading cases, particularly criminal cases since 2008. While the Chinese insider trading law was essentially transplanted from overseas jurisdictions, its; enforcement has exhibited distinctive features in its local environment. Judging by the type, magnitude, and frequency of the sanctions imposed, the intensity of insider trading enforcement in China seems to be at a level comparable to relevant jurisdictions overseas. Administrative and criminal penalties against insider trading are found to be significantly influenced by some factors, notably the amount of illegal proceeds, the magnitude of social impact, the presence of mitigating circumstances, and whether the trader used others’ accounts to trade. The hope is that the empirical findings will help inform the policy debate over the regulation of insider trading in China and beyond.

Equality and Equity in Chinese Higher Education in the Post-massification Era: An Analysis Based on Chinese Scholarly Literature

AbstractThis paper examines several research questions relating to equality and equity in Chinese higher education via an extended literature review, which in turn sheds light on evolving scholarly explorations into this theme. First, in the post-massification era, has the Chinese situation of equality and equity in higher education improved or deteriorated since the late 1990s? Second, what are the core issues with respect to equality and equity in Chinese higher education? Third, how have those core issues evolved or changed over time and what does the evolution indicate and entail? Methodologically, this paper uses a bibliometric analysis to detect the topical hotspots in scholarly literature and their changes over time. The study then investigates each of those topical terrains against their temporal contexts in order to gain insights into the core issues.

Retrospective analysis of Chinese epidemic situation model based on elbow cluster analysis

Retrospective analysis of Chinese epidemic situation model based on elbow cluster analysis

Assessing the regional grid-parity potential of utility-scale photovoltaic in China

Chinese government announced to phase out photovoltaic (PV) generation subsidies in following years, which made analysis of economic feasibility of grid-parity crucial. We present an expression of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) consistent with Chinese situation, which takes comprehensive life cycle cost, region-specific capital cost, and tax effect into consideration. Based on LCOE calculation, we make regional grid-parity estimation by comparing utility-scale PV LCOE to government benchmark price. Results show a constant progress to achieve grid-parity for utility-scale PV in China. By 2030, most regions will achieve grid-parity of large scale PV projects. More than half of the regions will achieve grid-parity before 2022. Policy suggestions are: (1) Policy should be made to improve developers’ access to low-cost financing; (2) To reduce investment cost, favourable mechanisms related to the profit sharing between land owner and developer could be developed. Local government could also support PV by lowering land tax and fees; (3) Government should plan to construct cross-regional transmission line for PV. In this way, northwest power could be transmitted to middle or eastern China and achieve remote grid-parity.

When East Meets West: A Comparison of Audio Description Guidelines in China and Europe

Despite China being the country with most disabled people in the world, the provision of media accessibility services and their academic study are still at a crawling stage. The present study departed from two objectives: to present a sample of three Chinese AD guidelines that mainly serve for training purposes, and to compare the Chinese situation in terms of guidelines to that of Europe, to see if there are any relevant differences to point out and any mutual lessons to be learnt. Our results show there are a lot of general similarities between the different Chinese and European guidelines and that the main difference is the different approach to objective vs. subjective description.