Chinese Point Of View Research Articles

The Influencing Mechanism and Motivation of the Bystander on the Choice of Chinese Address Forms.

Chinese address terms exhibits a high degree of variability. Guided by the extended context of situation framework within the field of systemic functional linguistics, and taking the dialogues of the modern Chinese TV drama In the Name of People as examples, this study investigated how the bystander influences the choice of address terms. It is found that the appearance of the bystander influences the choice of address terms. Yet, it is not a direct process but is mediated by conversational atmosphere. Specifically, the presence of a bystander triggers "situational synergy" or changes interpersonal relationship, and then change the conversational atmosphere, both paths ultimately impact the choice of address terms. The underlying forces that lead to the variability of Chinese address terms are guān běn wèi and miàn zǐ. This study suggests the intricate impact of context on language choice, as well as the interdependency of context variables. In addition, by taking the concept of face beyond its European/North American milieu, and relocating it following the Chinese point of view, group orientation is valued, which contributes to face study.

The Walnut in China

The present contribution provides an annotated translation of the description of the walnut (Juglans regia) in Category IV, Section XX, juan 284 of the Gujin tushu jicheng (Imperial Encyclopaedia) which became available to Western scholarship only through the two reprints at the end of the 19th century. The outstanding Orientalist Berthold Laufer had already summarized this chapter for his groundbreaking Sino-Iranica in 1919; thus this full and annotated presentation serves as a documentation to underpin Laufer’s views and also proves the careful work of the editors at the Imperial court. The translation was already completed in 1923 but not published probably because of the difficult situation after WW I. The translator, Michael Hagerty (1876–1951), worked for the US Department of Agriculture under the botanist Walter T. Swingle (1871–1952); the achievements of both scholars in the field of East Asiatic botany have so far not been fully appreciated. The translation was revised and edited for this presentation. This is the first translation of the walnut chapter into a Western language; it shows the benefits of the walnut as a food item, as a crop and a medicine from the Chinese point of view, based on more than thousand years of experience. It also serves as an example of the plant descriptions in the Gujin tushu jicheng and hints at a widely untapped resource of Western historical botany.

Overseas-oriented Promotion and Publicity of Traditional Chinese Sports - Challenges and Countermeasures

This paper puts narration of the introduction and evolution of the loanword “体育” in China as the beginning, accordingly presenting a new perspective to define the development of Chinese sports and confirm its uniqueness. Meanwhile, it analyzes the challenges from the aspects of domestic cognition, the limitation of traditional Chinese sports and media for publicity, followed by relevant countermeasures to make sure that traditional Chinese sports are promoted and publicized on the basis of Chinese viewpoint, with the insight of a shared future.

What is the Driving Force Behind the Globalisation of Karate? From a Chinese Viewpoint

Although scholars have discussed the globalisation of karate and its spread worldwide. However, the current study only discusses the spread of karate in the West through the logical reasoning of the researchers, based on scattered evidence. Thus, in this study, the authors collected 40 karate books written by Chinese people and extracted their views on it with the aim of clarifying the force responsible for the globalisation of karate from a ‘non-Western’ perspective. This study analyses their views using reflexive thematic analysis and suggests, first, the modernisation of karate was accelerated by the introduction of tournaments, and some Chinese martial artists noticed karate techniques and the rules of a contest, expecting to learn from its success. Karate became an Olympic sport in 2016, which led the Chinese to reflect on and study in depth the model of promoting the globalisation of karate. This implies that karate is recommended and actively introduced in China by the Chinese. Second, the Chinese believe that karate is a ‘one-hit kill’ (一擊必殺), implying that a single movement can kill the enemy. However, they firmly believe that the practice of karate over time not only reduces this potentially dangerous and violent nature but also promotes the health of the practitioner’s body and mind. Thus, in their perception, karate is likely to exist and function as a ‘Dao’ (道) of both the literary and martial arts.

Body dissatisfaction among Chinese youth: gendered differences and social media influence

The current study examines the gendered differences among Chinese youth regarding their perceptions of body image. It also investigates the relationship between physical anxiety and social media influence. Through surveys and in-depth interviews, the following findings were uncovered: (1) young women are more anxious about their body images and appearances than young men; (2) Men are more likely to be anxious about their skin and height, and women are more likely to be anxious about their weight and facial appearance; (3) frequent social media users have shown a higher anxiety level than those who do not use social media regularly. In this study, we not only discuss the relationship between social media and appearance anxiety but also analyze the cause and effect in the context of contemporary Chinese society, adding a Chinese viewpoint to the current literature on beauty and body image. We find that beauty standards shaped by social media have greatly influenced men’s and women’s overall body image in contemporary China. This project also seeks to raise awareness of the omnipresent problems of body anxiety and the potential risk for mental health problems. Through the lens of appearance anxiety, this study will contribute to the analysis of urban gender roles, womanhood, and masculinity in contemporary China, as well as the ideologies of Chinese urban youth at the intersection of gender and aesthetics.

Chinese institutions should be more proactive and transparent in promoting research integrity: A perspective.

China has significantly endeavored to promote research integrity. Institutions, which have been identified as the primarily responsible entity, face challenges and concerns of compliance, quality, and low efficiency. In this perspective, the problems and root causes of these challenging concerns are clarified from the Chinese viewpoint. In conclusion, the opinion that institutions should be more proactive and transparent in promoting research integrity is discussed. A practical suggestion is proposed, including team building, policy innovation, capacity building, researcher empowerment, and experience sharing.

Attitudes toward posthumous assisted reproduction in China: a multi-dimensional survey

BackgroundProfessional legislation and ethics guidelines for posthumous assisted reproduction (PAR) are lacking in China. This study aims to measure the attitudes of the general public, IVF couples, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) practitioners toward PAR in China.MethodsA multi-dimensional survey was designed, and electronic questionnaires were used. General demographic data, reproductive viewpoints, attitudes toward PAR, interactive ability to predict the partner’s attitude toward PAR, and the legal attributes and rights to the disposal of posthumous embryos were evaluated.ResultsThe study found that the traditional Chinese viewpoints of fertility had changed. The approval rates for PAR were 79.10%, 55.32%, and 58.89%, in the general public, IVF couples, and ART practitioners, respectively. Most participants agreed that the psychological well-being of offspring should be previously considered before making a PAR decision (81.84%, 73.61%, and 76.98%, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, marital status, and gender were common influencing factors, while occupation, religion, and pregnancy history showed no influence on support for PAR. Males and females showed similar predictive abilities for their partners’ attitudes toward PAR (57.87% for males, 61.12% for females). Intracouple agreement analysis showed that the consistent rate of consistency in attitudes toward PAR was 65.28%.ConclusionThe findings suggested that the approval rate of PAR was relatively high in China. Legislation and ethics guidelines for PAR may be considered in China. The psychological well-being of offspring should be considered before the implementation of PAR. Due to the very large regional and demographic differences in China, investigation of a larger samples of participants is necessary.

Military Spending and the Sino-US Arms Race: An Analysis Using Bootstrap ARDL

This paper used the newest bootstrap ARDL model to explore a Sino-US arms race and the correlation between military spending and gross debt between China and the United States covering the period from 1995 to 2016. The results showed that military spending positively affected gross debt, while gross debt negatively affected military spending in China and the United States. Furthermore, from the Chinese point of view, when China’s economy was prospering, a Sino-US arms race took place by separately using interest rates and gross debt of China and the US as control variables to explore the Sino-US arms race. If logically speaking, there had been a Chinese economic recession, military spending would have been crowded out, and the Sino-US arms race may not have happened. From the perspective of the US, the US is threatened by China's rapid economic growth which triggers the United States to initiate a Sino-US arms competition.

CHINA AND ASIAͳPACIFIC REGION IN CHINA’S MILITARY STRATEGY

The growing power of the PRC implies a change in the international and security policy of the country, and even the perception of the international environment by the members of the CPC. The White Paper of Defence, published every two years by the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China aims to explain the ongoing evolution. The present paper studies in depth the Chinese point of view of the potential challenges for security in the region of Asia and the Pacific.

The rise of China: Beijing’s core interests and possible Arab repercussions

China is currently considered to be the world’s largest purchasing power economy, and is the second after the United States by market value. It is expected to become the largest by the end of the next decade. Previous data have shown that the concept of ‘core interests’ from the Chinese point of view may be included with the development of China’s economic and military capabilities. This concept will certainly expand as China grows into a superpower to cover many parts of the world. With China increasingly dependent on energy imports, the Middle East and Africa and the Maritime Silk Road are expected to become a vital priority for the emerging nation in future. In the light of this strategic background, this paper attempts to define the concept of ‘core interests’ from the Chinese point of view and to monitor the most important stages of its application within Beijing’s external trends, highlighting the issues of Chinese policy, especially in East Asia. In the context of expanding China’s global interests, this paper argues that China’s influence in the Middle East will increase, and may be followed by an increased political and military presence, highlighting evidence and a number of trends that support this view.

A Chinese regard oblique

Abstract The wealth of topics and the vast range of themes dealt during the Zurich Workshop have stimulated me to propose some preliminary remarks coming from a Chinese point of view. The difficulty of dealing with different set of words and different way of classifying things makes it necessary to provide some basic information, sources and insights into how such fundamental issues as the power of writing, the categorisation of knowledge, and the preeminence of the role of the traditional Classic texts in intellectual, political and administrative life were developed in ancient China. The written language was an empowering language. The privilege of mastering the Classical texts and the ability to write elegantly made success in the imperial exams possible, allowing the scholar to become a member of the powerful élite. This explains the close link established in China between the exercice of power and the literary language. The need to provide the necessary tools to acquire this ability became the main incentive for the production of a set of texts such as dictionaries, glossaries, thesaurus, and encyclopaedias or “books according to categories”. In these texts the world of knowledge was ordered according to categories which were functional and useful for the preservation of imperial power in the hands of loyal bureaucrats, carefully selected through the perfect machinery of the examinations, to perpetuate the “mandate of heaven” throughout the centuries.

The Impact of Chinese Private odi in Africa

This paper measures the boom of Chinese private investments in Africa. In attempting to explain the engagement of Chinese odi in Africa, this study uses the Uppsala model to better understand the motives behind the shift to the African Market. The findings suggest that Chinese private companies are not guided by the Uppsala model in their internationalization process in Africa. The remarkable advantage of Chinese private companies compared to other companies when moving to Africa is explained by their strong entrepreneurial spirit, risk taking and price leadership strategy. We find that political instability in African countries is not a big concern for Chinese companies. From the Chinese point of view, psychic distance is no longer an issue to worry about, as globalization plays a significant role in market integration. Chinese knowledge and experience pertaining to the African market is achieved by their operations in Africa, allowing Chinese companies to design their own way of internationalization in the African market.

CHINESE CONSTITUTIONALIST AND REVOLUTIONIST VIEWS ON CHOSŎN KOREA: BASED ON LIÁNG QĬCHĀO AND ZHĀNG BĬNGLÍN’S RECEPTION OF AN CHUNGGŬN

This article explores how Liang Qĭchāo 梁啓超 (1873–1929) and Zhāng Bĭnglin 章炳麟 (1868–1936) received the assassination of Itō Hirobumi 伊藤博文 (1841–1909) by An Chunggŭn 安重根 (1879–1910) to further develop their discourse on Chosŏn Korea. Since Liang and Zhāng represent the two major strands of the Chinese modernization movement, the constitutionalists and the revolutionists respectively, an analysis of their views should shed some useful light upon the broader Chinese perspectives on this event. Did Liang and Zhāng judge An’s direct activism according to their specific political inclinations? How did they view the emergence of Japan as a new great power in Asia, and also its political leader, Itō? How did they perceive the Japanese-Korean relationship in terms of Chinese national interests? By considering, and hopefully answering, these questions, it becomes possible to present a more objective under-standing of the Chinese viewpoint on An and Chosŏn Korea than has hitherto been available.

The quest for balanced reporting on China in the EU media: Forces and influences

Local media in any country that is the target of soft power actions is usually the most influential force in shaping public opinion and perceptions of the other country, its culture and its people. Therefore countries should pay particular attention to foreign journalists working within their borders. This study begins by looking at the Chinese point of view and then examines some of the forces and influences at work behind the scenes that affect the coverage of China in European media, such as conditions for EU journalists working in China, lack of transparency and access to information, pressures from the audience, editors and owners at home, as well as the diverging views on the role of journalists in Europe and China. Finally, it presents some insights on how what appears to be a deteriorating relationship can be improved for the benefit of all concerned.

The 16th National Congress of the Coloproctology Society of the Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine (CSCAIM)

The sixteenth National Congress of the Coloproctology Society of the Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine (CSCAIM) took place in Guangzhou on 24th–26th of August. Many colorectal surgeons from all over the world, the majority from China, took part in this important meeting. Special invited overseas speakers included Neal Ellis from the United States, Darren Gold from Australia, Arun Rojanasakul and Chucheep Sahakitrungruang from Thailand, Hyeon Keun Shin from South Korea, Takano Masahiro from Japan and Andrew Zbar from Israel. Dr. Ellis spoke on the use of bioprosthetics in colorectal surgery, with Dr. Gold outlining the indications and techniques of stapled haemorrhoidopexy and stapled repair of rectal prolapse. Professor Rojanasakul gave an insightful talk on the latest outcomes of his LIFT procedure. Professor Shin gave a masterful presentation on the history and the modern practical use of setons in complicated perirectal sepsis. Prof. Andrew Zbar discussed new developments in postprocessing of the 3D enodosonographic images of complex fistula-in-ano and perianal Crohn’s disease as well as one on the rudiments of how to write and successfully publish a colorectal paper. The full gamut of benign and malignant anorectal and colorectal disease was covered and highlighted the use of the tissue selecting technique (TST) in haemorrhoid surgery in a session headed by Professor Dong-Lin Ren from the sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou) ably supported by Prof. Dong Wang (Shenzhen). This was supplemented by a technical presentation on the stapler’s mechanics and limitations given by Les Hill (Australia) and one on post-PPH complications given by Prof. Zhan-Bin Luo (Guangzhou). Colorectal cancer screening and treatment were discussed (Prof. Dong-Wang Ma from Tianjin, Prof. Chuan-Gang Fu from Shanghai) as was the Chinese perspective on the management of anal cancer (Prof. Jian-Ping Wang from Guangzhou). Laparoscopic and single-port colorectal resection along with intersphincteric proctectomy and the endorectal TAMIS procedure were presented by a range of speakers (Prof. Zi-Qiang Wang from Chengdu, Prof. Li-Ming Pang from Nanning, Prof. Kai Pan from Shenzhen, Prof. ShangKuiXie, Prof. Liang Kang, Prof. Chu-Jun Li and Prof. Hai-Jun Deng from Guangzhou as well as by Dr. Sahakitrungruang from Thailand). Functional bowel disorders were addressed by various speakers; Prof. Xiao-Hua Hou from Wuhan, Prof. Guan-Gen Yang from Huangzhou and Prof. XiangDong Yang from Chengdu with the role of acupuncture treatment, which is making a scientific comeback, for the treatment of slow-transit constipation being presented from Prof. Guo-Dong Li (Beijing) of the Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Fistula management was presented in a talk given by Prof. Yong-Qing Cao from Shanghai, along with recommendations for its imaging and for the management of perianal Crohn’s disease (Prof. Zhi-Yang Zhou and Prof. Xiao-Jian Wu from Guangzhou). This was supported by an update on the Chinese view of VAAFT from Prof. Xiang-Dong Zeng’s group in Shenyang. Finally, the modern management of faecal incontinence was discussed in a talk given by Dr. Takano (Japan) and the Chinese viewpoint on sacral neuromodulation was reported by Dr. Xue-Zhi Xin (Jinan). H.-C. Lin (&) J. Li Guangzhou, China e-mail: linhongcheng@hotmail.com

Images de la France sous la dynastie des Qing (review)

Reviewed by: Images de la France sous la dynastie des Qing Jennifer Tsien (bio) Images de la France sous la dynastie des Qing, ed. Jin Lu Quebec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2010. 174pp. CAN$30. ISBN 978-2-7637-9003-9. In a seminar I taught on eighteenth-century French Orientalism several years ago, a student asked, "But what did the Chinese think about the French?" In this instance, we were discussing the Jesuit missionaries' letters from China, the Lettres édifiantes et curieuses. The class had already read some Oriental tales by Enlightenment philosophers and a few excerpts from their "philosophical histories"; the students had seen portraits of French aristocrats in Turkish dress and photos of various kinds of chinoiserie. From these examples, we could only know about one perspective, directed from France towards the East. As much as I would have liked to provide examples of views that went in the opposite direction, I could think of none. At least, our ignorance of Chinese made it impossible for us to access any academic sources written in that language. While Western scholars such as Jonathan Spence, Susan Naquin, or David Porter have given us wonderfully erudite works about Chinese history or about the influence of Chinese products in Europe, to my knowledge, they have not addressed my student's not unreasonable question about the Chinese perspective on France. The present volume edited by Jin Lu addresses the very question of the Chinese point of view from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries through the eyes of present-day Chinese scholars. For this reason, it is an invaluable resource for students of French literature and comparative literature—or for those who happen to be interested in both French and Chinese cultures. Most articles in this collection are translated by Jin Lu from Chinese to French, with the exception of her own pieces, which are written directly in French, and Gang Song's article, which remains in the original English. We are extremely fortunate that Jin Lu is fluent in all of these languages and is familiar with the different academic systems, because she was able to produce a collection of articles that few others are equipped to do. [End Page 263] What we know of Sino-French relations in the early modern era begins with the Jesuit mission to convert the Chinese to Roman Catholicism. The mostly Italian, Portuguese, and French members of the Jesuit order arrived in China in the late 1500s, three centuries after Marco Polo's famed voyage. Matteo Ricci (aka "Li Madou") was the pioneering Jesuit who carried out the policy of assimilating into the Chinese court in order to secure the emperor's favour. Accordingly, the first section of Images de la France sous la dynastie des Qing consists of two articles devoted to the period of the Jesuit missions. The other two sections of the volume deal with the reception of specific works of French literature in China and the descriptions of France by Chinese travellers of the nineteenth century. Some oddly curious facts and several important themes emerge from this collection of articles. To start with the curious facts, it must be said that the interaction between two very different cultures, Chinese and European, sometimes produced hilarious results. For instance, Gang Song tells us in his article "The Other under a Chinese Heaven" of Matteo Ricci's great efforts to explain his homeland to the Chinese elite in terms that would impress them. He created a world map to assist in visualizing the geographical position of his home continent of Oulouba, or Europa. The map included commentary such as, "The wine is made of grape juice. All craftsmen are skilful. People understand everything regarding astronomy and physics. The customs are simple and the wu lun (five human relations) are stressed" (28). Even the main tenets of Christianity had to be adapted to Chinese tastes, to the extent that Ricci convinced scholars that this religion was just like Confucianism because it mostly consisted of "practical advice for daily life" (27). The work of Ricci and his fellows, however, did not prevent many Chinese people from believing that Jesus was a sort of witch...

Chinese Perspectives on International Power Shifts and Sino-EU Relations (2008-2011)

With the beginning of the post‐Maoist era, the focus of Chinese foreign policy shifted from ideology and revolution to pragmatism and reform. Chinese scholars in the field of International Relations (IR) are now encouraged to develop abstract scientific analyses of China’s international environment. This requires not only the handling of IR theories and methods of foreign policy analysis (FPA), but also a sound knowledge of the organizational structures and policy principles of other states. The professionalization of Chinese IR research does not automatically imply a convergence of “Chinese” and “Western” IR research. Chinese IR publications continue to construct the world from a Chinese point of view. To examine the views of China’s leading IR scholars on the current state and the future of the international system, this paper conducts a discourse analysis of China’s core IR journals. In order to illustrate the continuity and (gradual) changes in China’s perspectives on its international environment, the empirical part of the paper focuses on China’s reevaluation of the EU in the international context and as the PRC’s strategic partner. This evaluation is based on articles published between 2008 (the outbreak of the financial crisis) and 2011.

中国家族企业可持续发展战略研究

China is on the crossing point of two modernizations simultaneously, that are on its way to industrial civilization from agricultural civilization, and also the conversion to post-industrial civilization from industrial civilization. Encountering this turning period, therefore, Chinese family business gets lots of challenges and opportunities, and taking its way to survive or to develop. In China, family business is given a great deal of weight on Chinese national economy. Because continuous development and expand of family business takes the same way with economic development of China. Generally, the core characteristics of family owned business are privacy and family management. It means that it has both ownership and management system. In China, except for the few large companies, most of them are owned privately. The portion of private owned family run business is too high to be neglected. This not only improved the total income figure for the China, but it also played a major role in terms of providing more job offers. For the last past 10 years, 90% of new jobs were from family owned firms. Their contribution to the society influenced the nation greatly, became the role model for other firms to benchmark. As for the upcoming challenge for family owned firms, they have to focus on gaining more insight in terms of how they are going to prepare for the future. Current founders of companies should consider more about the new global economic environments since China became a new member of World Trade Organization. It also relates to the matter when founders succeed their business to second generations. Overall, the progress of family owned firms and their succession became China and its people's great interest. However, many experts point out that current management of family business faces some serious problems. Among them, the possibilities of sustainable development of family business are the main issue of research and interest of not only concerned people, but also the researcher about enterprise. Therefore, this paper aims at some practical problems of Chinese family business from Chinese point of view, and also suggests countermeasures about them. And this paper focuses what kind of specific methods is needed to achieve sustainable development especially the development of system about management of family business, establishing conciliatory corporate culture, enhancing the human resources, and finance system, and also the right way to sound development of family business henceforth. The common problems that many Chinese family businesses are facing are following. First, the obscure right of property which is an inevitable consequence of the way of development, second, the lag of the way of the enterprise management behind government enterprises in China and international firms, and the last, the inefficiency about the structure of human resource such as using non-professional personnel which is unique in family business. Chinese family business pursues the sustainable development as a natural, but it cannot get out of the limitation of the closed way of management in fact. Therefore, following methods are needed. The first is the reestablishment of modern social consciousness of members of business, the second is the improvement of staffs’ capabilities, the third is establishing conciliatory corporate culture, the fourth is the close cooperation with an external capital, the fifth is the system reconstruction about efficiency-based management, and the last is the introduction of financial accounting system which is efficient and advanced. These methods seem to helpful means to develop the family business in China. Also these are the conclusions of this research.

Integrating Minorities Through Legislation: A Chinese Point of View

Integrating Minorities Through Legislation: A Chinese Point of View

Notes et Documents

From the 11th century onwards, the Xixia state grew into a major power along the northwestern frontier of Song China. This article examines the Tangut perspective of their geo-political environment as it is reflected in a translation of a Chinese military treatise called Jiangyuan, a work attributed to Zhuge Liang. The concluding part of the original text presents the traditional Sino-centric worldview with the four barbarian tribes (Yi, Man, Rong and Di) around the empire. The Tangut translation, however, omits three of the four tribes and discusses only the Northern Di, thus adapting the Chinese viewpoint to fit their own situation.