Chinese Influence Research Articles

Китай в учении Кенэ: трактовки, переводы, культурные аспекты

The paper analyzes the Chinese influences on the doctrine of the French physiocrat François Quesnay from the perspective of the cultural specifics of the perception of economic and political ideas. The approaches of Chinese researchers were impacted by Marxist methodology, sinocentric views and fragmentary use of primary sources. The application of the Marxist concept of socio-economic formations supported the arguments that feudal Confucianism could not influence the views of physiocrats, which reflected the emergence of capitalist relations. In the 18th century opponents of the physiocrats used the comparison of the Tableau Économique with the scheme of the Chinese Book of Changes to disqualify Quesnay’s doctrine. For Chinese researchers this comparison became a confirmation of the value of the Tableau Économique and an incentive to search for the ideas of circular flows and equilibrium in both tables. The study of Despotism in China content confirms its connection with the actual historical China. It is concluded that Chinese scholars seek to interpret the historical precedent of the influence of Confucian thought on Quesnay’s doctrine in the context of plans to increase the global clout of China’s social sciences.

Nepal and India Hydropower Cooperation: A Beneficial Peaceful Diplomacy

India and Nepal are having very cordial relations, not only from now but for a long time back in History. The geographical location of Nepal has made it very much important for India. China has already made effective incursions into neighboring countries of India. China is also supplying large number of arms to Nepal. Although Nepal Politicians are aware of the dangers of receiving Chinese aid, China is making irrefutable promises, both financially and otherwise. India, which is economically and politically backward compared to China, cannot provide an alternative. When the border dispute broke out, many countries took a stand against China and informed India but unfortunately Nepal was not stand with India. Countries such as Germany, France, Britain and Australia, which are seeking to increase their influence in the Indo-Pacific region, have also extended a helping hand to India. Even so, the only two countries that can directly confront China economically and politically are the United States and Russia. India can make policy decisions on the Chinese issue only in the face of a number of issues, including the Chinese invasion of the Indian subcontinent, the growing Chinese influence in neighboring countries, the Sino-Russian alliance, and the antagonism of China and Russia.

The ASEAN’s Attitude to the South China Sea Dispute after the Verdict of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague

The South China Sea is the most inflammable area in the region of Southeast Asia due to its natural resources, commercial and political importance. The ASEAN countries directly involved in the dispute have conflicting interests, mainly related to their relationship with China, a pretender for the whole area. Therefore, attemps to settle the dispute are not successful. On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague issued a verdict taking into account the Law of the Sea, in which it accepted the Philippines’s arguments and rejected China’s claims based on historical arguments against the islands in the South China Sea. China did not take part in the trial and found its sentences non-binding but at the same time it has entered into a dialogue with ASEAN on the code of conduct (COC) in the South China Sea. The purpose of the article is to discuss how the parties are involved in the conflict, progress towards signing the Code of Conduct for the Parties in the South China Sea and the attitude of ASEAN countries to this conflict. Due to the degree of dependence of economies on Chinese influence, and relations with other powers, mainly the US, the behavior of individual countries is different. Hence the problem with the organization’s cohesion and attempts to break the deadlock, which have been unsuccessful so far. The basic research hypothesis that will be verified is to maintain the status quo in the South China Sea in the long run. At the same time, it was noted that Vietnam is prepared for long-term actions, based on diplomatic tools combined with a tough attitude, to solve problems related to the sovereignty of disputed areas. ASEAN will have to face up with the issues more consistently, by making greater use of quiet diplomacy. The theoretical basis of the article is Hurrell’s theory of neorealism, which analyzes, among other things, the principles and objectives of regional organizations in the international environment. Hurrell assumes that all regional organizations cannot be understood differently from their regional balance of power and regional dominant forces policy and ASEAN’s attitude proves this point of view.

Об особенностях образа Белого Старца в буддийских ритуальных текстах

The article discusses the specific features of the iconographic description and the functions of the White Elder based on the materials of the five Oirat texts of sang-burning and the offering of the golden drink ‘serjm’ to the White Elder. The analysis of the texts allows us to divide them into three groups. In the first group of texts (БС 1, БС 4, БС 5) the description of the appearance of the White Elder and his functions in general corresponds to the description in the “White Elder Sutra”; however, there are some specifying details, like white unsha in the manuscript БС 1. In the texts the White Elder is named the owner of the place, but he has the ability to record all the people’s sins like the master of the underworld Erlik-Khan. In the second version (БС 2) there is evident Tibetan influence, thus, we assume that the text is compiled. It contains a more detailed description of the appearance of the White Elder that differs from the description given in the “White Elder Sutra” in some details, namely the mentioning of beads, scroll, head-wear. In the text the White Elder is considered the protector of Buddhism — damchen. It is interesting to note that at the end of the manuscript they say about seven days appropriate for the practice of the White Elder instead of common two days (the second and sixteenths). In the last, the third, version (manuscript БС 3) the description of the appearance of the White Elder correlates with sang-burning developed by Urat Mergen-gegen. According to Kh. Futaki, there is a Chinese influence in the image of the White Elder on a deer with a scroll and healthy nectar in his hands.

Russia’s approach to South China Sea territorial dispute: it’s only business, nothing personal

The territorial dispute in the South China Sea (SCS) affecting China and several ASEAN countries has already resulted in drawn-out political tensions in the region. However, one aspect of the dispute is rarely discussed: its influence on Sino-Russian relations and its possible role as a case study in analysing the character of these relations. While Russia moves closer to China in the dispute it still refrains from support of its territorial claims and develops close relations with some of China’s regional opponents such as Vietnam and India. This article describes most recent Russian economic and political activity in the region involving these countries with the aim of clarifying whether the Russian approach to problems in the SCS can be understood as an attempt to balance, bandwagon or hedge against growing Chinese influence, or whether Moscow’s approach is guided by different considerations. This article concludes that Russia’s approach towards the South China Sea dispute is determined mostly by Moscow’s economic interests and cannot be seen as a case of either balancing or bandwagoning China or hedging against it.

Strategi Engagement China terhadap New Zealand dan Australia Melalui Kerja Sama Bantuan Trilateral di Asia Pasifik

China's foreign policy has attracted the attention of many parties. Various views emerged after knowing the spread of Chinese influence, especially in the Asia Pacific Region. Foreign aid is the main tool used by China to approach developing countries. The existence of China indirectly threatens old donor countries that have helped development in developing countries. This article is discussing the involvement of China with old donors such as New Zealand and Australia in trilateral aid cooperation in the Pacific. Trilateral cooperation involves old donor countries, recipient countries, and new donor countries, namely China. This research uses the approach of engagement concept through descriptive research and qualitative approaches with sources of literature study data from books, journals, research reports that support the final results of the analysis. Increasing Chinese aid in the Pacific is seen as a threat to old donor countries in the region. This attitude can indirectly inhibit China in articulating its interests in the Pacific. The results of this paper indicate that China uses engagement strategies through a trilateral assistance cooperation approach to change the behavior and views of old donors on the existence of China in the Pacific. China's role has succeeded in reducing the views and behavior of old donors who consider it as a threat. China also proves the success of exploring broader cooperation with countries in the Pacific.

Research on the Influence of Chinese on the Inheritance and Path of Yi Language

There are many ethnic groups in our country, and the Yi ethnic group has formed its own language in history. Like other languages, Yi language also carries the nation’s historical, cultural and intellectual achievements, and is an important object for studying the Yi people and even the Chinese nation. Modern society is developing rapidly, and in the development of the times and opening up, the use of other minority languages is gradually declining due to their limitations. At present, the huge influence of Chinese is also of great significance in the inheritance of Yi language.

Chinese Rush to Africa: Comparative Historical Analysis

In this article, the authors conduct a comparative historical analysis of the stages of Chinese penetration into Africa, the concepts, goals, means, methods and consequences of this penetration for China itself and for individual African countries. The authors conclude that compared to the period of twenty years ago, when China began to show increased interest in Africa, a new situation has now emerged. China has created a binary structure: the Forum of China-Africa cooperation launches a mechanism for selecting countries that are ready to follow the political path of the PRC with the prospect of becoming a country-follower of China, and the “One belt – one road” program de facto “forms membership” in the club of countries-followers of China, fixing these countries in the trail of Chinese influence not only politically, but also economically.

Great power rivalry and the agency of secondary states: a study based on China’s relations with Southeast Asian countries

AbstractIn recent years, many observers perceive ascendant Chinese influence in Southeast Asia. Existing research attributes China’s recent advances in the region to Beijing’s successful implementation of a dual strategy of coercion and inducement or Washington’s lack of commitments to the region. In a departure from the literature, this article emphasizes the agency of Southeast Asian states. It argues that great power competition empowers the secondary states by reducing their vulnerability, increasing available resources, and lending credibility to their threat of exists. As a result, domestic agenda plays a predominant role in determining a secondary state’s foreign policy orientation. To illustrate this proposition, the changing dynamics of China’s relations with Myanmar and the Philippines are examined closely. This article demonstrates that although the two states had realigned away from China since 2010–11, new agendas that emerged from their domestic politics in late 2016 tipped the balance in favor of China.

East Asian Civilization and the Problem of Region Making

The paper examines East Asia as regional civilization whose enduring characteristics emerged from long-term relations towards the Chinese model of a centralized state. The civilizational approach helps to understand the interrelation between different aspects of the region, such as politics, economy or culture. Chinese statehood relied on the principle of total power unrestricted by any norms of morality or laws and its neutralization by non-state institutions and informal networks. These two aspects helped to maintain a dynamic equilibrium of the political system and adapt it towards internal and external changes. The adoption of Chinese statehood came into contradiction with Korean and Japanese natural and social characteristics. This produced risks for the internal political legitimacy of political systems constructed according to the Chinese model in both countries. Necessity to preserve internal legitimacy encouraged external expansion of Imperial China and forced Korea and Japan to resist Sinocentric order but continue to adapt Chinese influence to local conditions. This contradiction defined reality of East Asian region during the traditional period, influenced its transition to modernity and remains relevant today.

Prospects for Scientific and Innovative Interaction Between China and Kazakhstan Within the Belt and Road Initiative

The dynamic economic growth of China, the expansion of trade, the huge demographic potential, the development of innovations and the introduction of new technologies have attracted the attention of politicians and researchers from around the world. A new level of economic integration between Kazakhstan and China requires enhanced cooperation in not only the political, trade, financial sectors, but also, which is no less important, in the field of education and innovation. This is due to the fact that not only politicians, businessmen, but also ordinary people will join the system of relations in the process of economic integration of the two countries, with their help joint production and joint products will be created. Implementation of the Belt and Road initiative raises new challenges for Kazakhstan and China's cultural and educational spheres. The goal of the research is to examine the prospects of cooperation and innovation in the field of education within the context of the Belt and Road initiative, identify the main areas of educational cooperation and identify key areas of cooperation between Kazakhstan and China. This article contributes to the sense of the Belt and Road initiative to improve the theory and practice of international cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of education and innovation.
 The economic and political interaction between Kazakhstan and China is well studied in world Chinese studies, while cooperation in the field of education still requires research and systematization since this area makes a great contribution to the promotion of China's interests, values and the development of Chinese influence in the region. Thus, this article is intended to fill the gap in this area. This article contributes to the sense of the Belt and Road initiative to improve the theory and practice of international cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of education.

Central Europe in the new Millennium: The new Great Game? US, Russian and Chinese interests and activities in Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia

After the fall of communism, Central Europe (CE) was a region with relatively high US interest and support. Washington supported the NATO membership of CE countries, provided financial as well as technical assistance to the region and several American high-positioned political representatives visited the region. However, during the last few years, it is evident that CE is a space where the Russian and Chinese presence and influence have been risen. The present article analyses several questions aiming to scrutinize the Russian and Chinese presence and activities in CE, particularly, when and how Russia and China penetrated into CE, what are the consequences of the rising Russian and Chinese influence and who are the supporters and opponents of Moscow and Beijing in CE. The article concludes that, the main competing actors in CE are Washington and Russia, while China profits from the US-Russia clash. While the US and Russian interests are dominat in security and political issues, China aims to penetrate CE economics.

An Investigation into Chinese Influence on the Current Curriculum of Bachelor of Business English Degrees at Vietnamese Universities

In education across the world the curriculum plays a very important part, as it guides student learning and helps to realise what the teacher has planned. A lot of research has been conducted on curricula; however, few studies have investigated the Bachelor of Business English (BBE) curriculum and even less focusing on Vietnamese universities. This project aimed to investigate the present curricula of BBE at Vietnamese universities to gain important understandings about the purposes of the curriculum of BBE. The project adopted an interpretivist, qualitative approach using document analysis to investigate BBE curricula. Information about the present curricula was collected from the official websites of Vietnamese universities and was analysed using thematic coding. The findings revealed that the present curricula of BBE, which is a national curriculum framework, is influenced by the curriculum theories of Bobbit (1918) and Tyler (1949). In addition, the results show the components of the BBE curriculum has been influenced by a Chinese influenced BBE framework. And yet, interestingly, today there is a focus on English language competence, rather than Chinese or Russian language competence. Nevertheless, the key findings reveal some concerns with the present BBE curriculum in Vietnam.

Pakistan's Data Privacy Bill: Dpa Will Have Powers, But Lack Independence

Pakistan's draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2020 (PDPB) was released for consultation by the IT Ministry on 9 April 2020. This article considers the main features of the Bill, and in particular the extent to which it is influenced by the EU’s GDPR. The content of the rights and obligations in the Bill show many EU influences, though closer to the standards of the 1995 Directive than the stronger GDPR provisions. Chinese influence is also present in data localisation provisions. The government is required to establish a Personal Data Protection Authority of Pakistan (PDPAP). Its structure and powers are the most contentious aspect of the Bill.Civil society NGOs criticise the proposed DPA as too powerful and not independent enough. This Bill has the ingredients to give Pakistan a data privacy law of medium strength (in both principles and enforcement) by international standards. However, these benefits are undermined by a data protection authority lacking some key elements of independence, and a combination of it and the government having between them far too much discretionary power.

Chinese Influence in Australia: What Do Financial Markets Tell Us?

Australia—China relations, and especially Chinese influence in Australia, have been the subject of heated debate in Australia since 2016. The central issue is, how to balance concerns over Chinese influence in Australia with the economic benefits of Chinese trade and investment? This study—arguably the first of its kind—answers this question using rigorous empirical modelling. First, it uses Google Trends search results to measure Chinese influence in Australia. Second, it connects Chinese influence, as reflected in Google Trends search results, to financial markets, including stock markets, government bond markets and foreign exchange markets. Weekly data for January 2016–December 2019 are entered into an exponential generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic model. The study finds that the effects of concerns over Chinese influence relate mainly to increased volatility of stock market indices and government bond yields, and downward pressure on the share prices of individual firms that are heavily exposed to Chinese markets. However, the overall effects appear to be minor or insignificant. The implications of these results are that China’s economic coercion (if any) may not be effective, and Australia’s responses to Chinese influence and interference (if any) may generate insignificant costs. Finally, this study makes original and significant academic contributions to academia by providing a novel framework for exploring international relations.

Between Scylla and Charybdis? Emerging New Malaysia and Its Enigmatic Relations with China

Abstract This article traces the evolution of China-Malaysia relations under National Front Prime Minister Najib Razak and the Alliance of Hope Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. While the Belt and Road Initiative (bri) strengthened Beijing’s support of Najib’s kleptocratic regime in Malaysia, the 2018 general elections brought the anti-graft Alliance of Hope coalition led by Mahathir into power. Under Mahathir’s leadership, Malaysia cancelled several large-scale infrastructural projects like the East Coast Rail Link (ecrl), owing to their links with Najib’s 1mdb scandal and the unfavorable terms of the bri which put Malaysia severely in China’s debt. Although this curtailed Beijing’s use of Malaysia as a pawn in its goals in the region, it alienated some of the new Alliance of Hope’s supporters and saw the loss of much Chinese investment. However, Malaysia had already been caught in the bri’s web and Mahathir had to mend fences with Beijing by renegotiating better deals and redefining Malaysia’s relations with China. As Malaysia is geopolitically strategic to China’s extension of influence in Southeast Asia, Beijing willingly cut the ecrl cost by a third. It is in such context and with due consideration of the changing developments in the Alliance of Hope’s perception of Malaysia’s relations with China that this article will explore the enigmatic nature of China-Malaysia relations as the latter strives to protect its sovereignty against Chinese influence and Beijing continues to press its charm offensive through the bri.

Small state or minor power? New Zealand’s Five Eyes membership, intelligence reforms, and Wellington’s response to China’s growing Pacific role

ABSTRACT This article uses the lens of small state theory to assess New Zealand’s role in the Five Eyes Alliance and Wellington’s implementation of intelligence reforms in the last seven years that are intended to help the country deal with a transformed security environment. In this context, New Zealand decision-makers have become increasingly concerned about growing Chinese influence in the South Pacific region and in New Zealand itself. It is clear that the New Zealand’s response to these developments resembles that of a minor power rather than a classical small state.

A Disintegrating Lyric? – Henri Michaux and Chinese Lyricism

This essay examines the perplexing triangular relation between Henri Michaux's ambiguous and attenuated lyricism, the French lyrical tradition, and Michaux's Chinese-inspired poems. I explore how Michaux's West-Eastern cross-cultural straddling relates to the way he renders the lyric problematic, and how this relation can help us re-read and perhaps unread the lyric (at least, its European understanding) in a comparative way. I first read some poems that are representative of Michaux's uneasy and disintegrating lyricism; then I consider how Michaux's poems that allude to Chinese and Far Eastern sources of inspiration reinstate his lyric voice, but in a new, ‘Asianised’ way. This raises the intriguing question of why there exists a coincidence between Michaux's ‘Chinese-style’ and his lyrical moments. Besides considering Michaux's Chinese influences and the Orientalist stereotyping of Chinese literary style, I argue that a stronger comparative approach to this question is to consider lyricism in the Chinese context and how shuqing (approximately translated as ‘lyrical’) writing – despite its very different conceptual framework – may shed light on Michaux's poetry and dislodge Eurocentric views of the lyric. Finally, I propose that Michaux's poetry marks the point of simultaneous lyric disintegration and reformulation. Although Michaux's Chinese-inspired dimension sustains certain lyrical moments, the transcultural aesthetics of his West-Eastern lyric in fact resists fusion and reconciliation, presenting instead a juxtapositional tension and splintering of poetics between Michaux's French and Chinese sides.

India's policy on Diego Garcia and its quest for security in the Indian Ocean

ABSTRACT The ongoing contention between Mauritius and the UK over the sovereignty of the Diego Garcia presents a difficult challenge for Indian foreign policy-makers. New Delhi's principled opposition to colonialism and its historical relationship with Port Louis has made it steadfastly support the Mauritian claim. However, such principled foreign policy militates against India's quest to balance the growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean. Insofar, Diego Garcia allows the US Navy to maintain an active presence in the Indian Ocean, thereby keeping the Chinese naval power at bay. Balance of power considerations notwithstanding, the expanding trajectory of the Indo-US strategic partnership also demands New Delhi to weigh the burden of its policies on Diego Garcia carefully. This article juxtaposes India's historical record on Diego Garcia during the Cold War with its contemporary approach to the issue. In doing so, it sheds further light on India's strategic decision-making in the Indian Ocean, its dilemmas in confronting a genuinely hostile maritime power in the region, and deliberates on potential options for dispute resolution which can not only satisfy Mauritian demands but also ensure a healthy balance of power in the Indian Ocean.

George Keith Batchelor's Interaction with Chinese Fluid Dynamicists and Inspirational Influence: a historical perspective

George Keith Batchelor (1920–2000, FRS 1957) was a towering figure in the twentieth century international fluid mechanics community. Much has been written about him since his death. This article presents an account of Batchelor's early interactions and relationships with Chinese fluid dynamicists and his continuing inspirational influence on them, which have not yet been documented in English. The theory of homogeneous turbulence, to which Batchelor contributed greatly, has had both indirect and direct inspirational influence on generations of Chinese fluid dynamicists, as they have sought to make their own contributions. Batchelor made visits to China in 1980 and 1983. His first ice-breaking trip to China in April 1980 is of special importance to Sino-British fluid mechanics and to China, even though Batchelor did not speak about turbulence but instead about his more recent research interest, microhydrodynamics. Batchelor's philosophical view of applied mathematics (fluid mechanics)—that ‘You have got to inject some physical thinking as well as mathematical thinking’—has had great inspirational influence on generations of fluid dynamicists in the UK, in China, and around the world. Batchelor's generosity of spirit and frugality of habit is warmly remembered by his students and Chinese friends. The author presents details of Batchelor's interaction with Chinese fluid dynamicists in the 1980s within the general context of the scientific relationship between China and the UK.