Chinese Government Policies Research Articles

The Construction of Digital Media Teaching Resources of Socialist Aesthetic Development in China

In order to promote the development of current socialist aesthetic teaching, firstly, the author gives a summary of the concept and development of Marxism aesthetic education, secondly, narrates the concept, types, characters of digital multimedia education resources separately, finally, the author proposed some steps for the construction of digital media teaching resources of socialist aesthetic development in china through the research on the construction of the frontier resources. It has been a long history since the development of socialist aesthetic education was formed, during which the socialist aesthetic education guided by Marxism was put into the general educational policy of Chinese government. while the combination of socialist aesthetic education with digital media resources was began until the reform and opening up in 1980s.because of the great advantages digital media resources have, it can be widely used in the teaching process. Based on the detailed analysis of digital media resources and current socialist aesthetic education, the paper clearly ascertain the general requirements for the construction of digital media teaching resources in the course of socialist aesthetic education, and the innovation point of the paper lies in proposing the main contents of the digital media teaching resources construction in the socialist aesthetic education teaching.

Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in pooled serum of people in different age groups from five Chinese cities

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in human serum samples pooled by donor age (≥60, 50–59, 40–49, 30–39, and 20–29y). The pooled samples were supplied by hospitals in five Chinese cities, Yitong (Jilin Province), Weifang (Shandong Province), Ganzi (Sichuan Province), Huaihua (Hunan Province), and Lingshui (Hainan Province). p,p′–Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β–hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and endosulfan I were the dominant OCPs in the serum samples. The total OCP concentrations and individual concentrations of p,p′–DDE, HCB, and β–HCH were relatively high compared with concentrations that have been found in other parts of the world. The total OCP, p,p′–DDE, and β–HCH concentrations decreased as age decreased but the HCB and endosulfan I concentrations were slightly higher in the samples from younger donors than in samples from older donors. HCB must be currently used and have new sources to people to cause this. Chinese government policies and the characteristics of the OCPs have led to OCP concentrations in serum decreasing with decreasing age. Different OCP usage patterns in different Chinese cities have led to the inhabitants of different cities having different OCP distributions in their serum.

Opportunity for marine fisheries reform in China.

China's 13th Five-Year Plan, launched in March 2016, provides a sound policy platform for the protection of marine ecosystems and the restoration of capture fisheries within China's exclusive economic zone. What distinguishes China among many other countries striving for marine fisheries reform is its size-accounting for almost one-fifth of global catch volume-and the unique cultural context of its economic and resource management. In this paper, we trace the history of Chinese government priorities, policies, and outcomes related to marine fisheries since the 1978 Economic Reform, and examine how the current leadership's agenda for "ecological civilization" could successfully transform marine resource management in the coming years. We show how China, like many other countries, has experienced a decline in the average trophic level of its capture fisheries during the past few decades, and how its policy design, implementation, and enforcement have influenced the status of its wild fish stocks. To reverse the trend in declining fish stocks, the government is introducing a series of new programs for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, with greater traceability and accountability in marine resource management and area controls on coastal development. As impressive as these new plans are on paper, we conclude that serious institutional reforms will be needed to achieve a true paradigm shift in marine fisheries management in China. In particular, we recommend new institutions for science-based fisheries management, secure fishing access, policy consistency across provinces, educational programs for fisheries managers, and increasing public access to scientific data.

An Exploratory Study into Social Welfare Policies and Social Service Delivery Models for People with Disabilities in China

The article represents the findings of a study pertaining to the social service and income support needs of people with disabilities in Liaoning Province, northern China, and data for this research is based on the authors’ research for the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, Liaoning Province, China. The article presents findings gained through an extensive review of literature pertaining to disability in China as well as an examination of Chinese government programs and policies and data collected through on-site interviews in China. For this research, 53 people were interviewed and the participants included people with disabilities, their family members, front-line workers, care providers, and program administrators. The research findings highlight a number of themes including issues of stigma, underreporting of disability, difficulty in accessing income supports, social services, educational supports, and employment supports. In addition, the article examines disability rights and disability policy in China and the article offers insight into Chinese ways of coping and resilience.

Anti-Corruption Policy and Firms’ Three Public Consumptions

Abstract Fighting against corruption is an important policy of the new Chinese government. A series of anti-corruption policies has been promulgated since the end of 2012. In this paper, we study the impact of these policies on firms’ three public consumptions (TPCs): car expenses, banquet expenses, and overseas visit expenses. The empirical results show that the TPCs decrease sharply after the promulgation of the anti-corruption policies. The decline in the TPCs in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is larger than that in private firms (non-SOEs). Further, the decline in the TPCs in firms with top managers with a political background (such as government work experience, army experience, or being party members) is larger than that in firms with top managers with a non-political background. The decrease in the TPCs in high-marketisation (high legal development) regions is not as sharp as that in low-marketisation (low legal development) regions since the TPCs in these economically well-developed (legally well-developed) regions were lower before the anti-corruption campaign. What is more, the effect of the anti-corruption policies also depends on the strength of their enforcement: that is, the higher the strength of the enforcement of the anti-corruption policies, the larger the decrease in the growth rate of the TPCs. All these results evidence a significant effect of the anti-corruption policies.

CHINA NATIONAL POLICY IN THE LATE 1950'S TO THE LATE 1970'S

This article discusses the key features of the national policy of the Chinese government in respect of nonHan peoples. The relevance of this work is due to important national issue for China. Traditionally, China has evolved as a multinational state, which was caused solely as a factor of external influence, for example, the Mongol and Manchu invasion and implementation of foreign policy objectives aimed at expanding the boundaries, resulting in a connection of Xinjiang and Tibet. A key feature of China as a multiethnic state has always been a numerical predominance of one ethnic group - the Han, as a rule, makes up almost all periods of the history of China, about 90% of the population. At the same time, China has always been inhabited by many ethnic minorities, which are not only occasionally something borrowed from Han people, but also constantly subjected Sinification. Sinification it was and remains one of the leading destinations for small nations. With the formation of the PRC in 1949, before the new communist government faced the problem of alignment of the national policy with regard to national minorities. The national policy of the Communist Party of China in its development has passed through three stages. In this article is considered the second period of this policy since the late 1950‟s. When starting to implement policies "Great Leap Forward" and the end of 1970‟s., as a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping began to change and the situation of small nations. To date, the Chinese government's policy towards national minorities in general, aims to accelerate the socio-economic and cultural development of ethnic groups on the tightening of national areas to the level of the developed regions of China, which should consolidate the Chinese citizens and prevent separatist actions. Ethnic identity of small nations overshadowed and leveled.

Biopharmaceutical Innovation System in China: System Evolution and Policy Transitions (Pre-1990s-2010s).

This article sets up the initial discussion of the evolution of biopharmaceutical innovation in China through the perspective of sectoral innovation system (SIS). Two data sources including archival documentary data and field interviews were used in this study. Archival documentary data was collected from China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In addition, industrial practitioners and leading researchers in academia were interviewed. Biopharmaceutical in China was established through international knowledge transfer. The firms played more active role in commercializing biopharmaceutical in China though universities and research institutes were starting to interact with local firms and make contribution to biopharmaceutical industrialization. The transition of the Chinese government's policies continuously shapes the evolution of biopharmaceutical sector. Policies have been dramatic changes before and after 1980s to encourage developing biopharmaceutical as a competitive industry for China. A SIS for biopharmaceutical has been shaped in China. However, currently biopharmaceutical is still a small sector in China, and for the further growth of the industry more synthetic policies should be implemented. Not only the policy supports towards the research and innovation of biopharmaceuticals in the early stage of development should be attended, but also commercialization of biopharmaceutical products in the later stage of sales.

중국연변지역 조선족 농촌주택의 시기별 변천에 대한 조사연구 - 평면의 변화를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this paper is to analysis on periodical changes of rural houses of Korean-Chinese people residing in Yanbian area, China focused on periodical changes of floor plans according to Chinese government's policies and regulations influencing on rural houses. Changes of floor plans are classified into four periods; immigrating settled period, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and after 2000. Total number of 67 cases were analyzed that data was collected 48 cases of literature studies and 19 cases of field study in Yanbian, China. The results are as followings. In immigrating settled period, floor plans of the rural houses have tended to be continued the pattern of the Korean traditional rural houses. Nevertheless China was changed socialism system, rarely floor plans were influenced by the system during this period. From 1960s to 1970s, the livestock and rural mechanization are influenced by the "People's Commune" policy. The "Barn" and "Mill" were converted into "warehouse". The residential part consists of one Jeongji (space mixed dinning and kitchen) and one to three of Ondolbang (room). From 1980s to 1990s influenced by the policies of "Cultural Revolution", "Birth Control" and "Chinese Economic Reform", the Korean traditional customs like "elders first" and "distinction between the male and female have been gradually vanished. Meanwhile, spaces of the rural houses have consisted of Jeongji, big Utppang (room), and warehouse. Each space is opened and mutual. Since 2000, influenced by the policy of a "new Socialist Countryside Construction", the bathroom and kitchen are added in interior spaces, the life style in rural houses has been changed as for both the sedentary style and western style.

The Chinese Government's Policy To North Korean Refugees After The Outbreak Of Korean Wa

The Chinese Government's Policy To North Korean Refugees After The Outbreak Of Korean Wa

The Impact of Changes in Chinese Government Policy on Rural-Urban Migrant Children’s Schooling

In this policy analysis we will explicate changes in policies affecting the ability of Chinese rural-urban migrantfamilies to gain access to public school education for their children. We argue that these changes are traceable toa contradiction between the transformation of government economic policies in the period since 1978, whichencouraged rural surplus labor force to move to urban areas seeking job opportunities; and the Hukou policy,which continued to label migrants as “urban outsiders” (Cheng shi wai lai ren kou translated into Chinese) andtherefore limited migrant families’ access to resources and services intended for urban residents. Recent changesin policy have attempted to resolve this problem, but our case study findings show that the cultural and socialdivide between rural and urban residents remains a salient factor in urban education.

Agrarian Capitalization without Capitalism? Capitalist Dynamics from Above and Below in China

Cooperatives, family farms and dragon‐head enterprises are emerging as new subjects of agriculture in China and are being promoted by the Chinese government as engines of agricultural development. The current dynamics of increasing capitalization of agriculture in China has been characterized by scholar Philip Huang as ‘Capitalization without Proletarianization’. Through case studies, we examine the dynamics of accumulation in Chinese agriculture, as well as the government's agriculture policy shift. We argue that capitalist dynamics exist in Chinese agricultural production and they come from above and below. We also argue that Chinese government's policy shift towards de‐peasantization began in the early years of the rural reform.

Study on Supervision System of Chinese Specialized Farmers Cooperatives: Experience of the Korean NongHyup

Purpose - The Chinese government's policies and funds enable specialized farmers cooperatives to develop vigorously. However, the non-systematic...

On the formulation of TCM foreign exchange policy after the reform and opening-up

The foreign exchange activities of traditional Chinese medicine are conducted under the guidance of the policy of the CPC and Chinese government. After the carrying out of the reform and opening-up policy, foreign exchange policy of TCM has experienced the process of growing up from nothing, from less to more, and from coarse to fine, which is closely related to our country's foreign policy, the cause of Chinese medicine development, and urgent need of international communication. In the three decades after the reform and opening-up policy, the formulation of foreign exchange policy of TCM can be divided into three stages: viz., inclusion in the framework of national foreign policy (1978-1985), embodiment in the policy of developing TCM cause (1986-1996), and appearance in the special policy of foreign exchange of Chinese medicine (since 1997). From the development process of these policies, the development of each policy gradually complies with the process of the development of the times, with its contents basically in line with the requirements of the times. The implementation of some policies promotes the foreign exchanges and cooperation of Chinese medicine.

Challenges of basic public health services provided by village doctors in Guizhou, China.

This study was undertaken to uncover the challenges faced by village doctors in providing basic public health services (BPHS) in western rural areas of China. This field research for BPHS, with 12 managers and 82 village doctors of county Y in Guizhou province, was conducted in July 2012 using a combination of random and purposive sampling methods. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied for data collection. EpiData 3.1, SPSS 15.0, and NVivo 10.0 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the main challenges in delivering BPHS include heavy workload, poor working conditions, low income, lack of social security, and insufficient cooperation from rural residents. The Chinese government officials and policy makers can consider these challenges and focus on improving the quality and equity of BPHS by developing relevant strategies.

Reproductive Health Policy in China: A Study of Preconception Care in Rural China

Objectives: Policy plays an important role in shaping preconception health and care. The purpose of this study was to explore how preconception care was defined in Chinese government policies. The specific aims of the study were to: (a) define and critically analyze the language of preconception care in the context of Chinese government policies and (b) explore rural women’s and healthcare providers’ views on preconception care-related government policies. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of Chinese preconception health and care-related policy at the national and provincial levels. The study included an analysis of publicly available preconception care policies issued before August 2009. In addition, individual interviews with rural women and healthcare providers were conducted from April 2009 to August 2009 in Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, China. Results: Three major discourses in relation to defining preconception care were identified from the policy documents: (a) preconception care in relation to women’s physiology, (b) preconception in relation to marriage registration, and (c) preconception care in relation to being married. Although participants recognized the governmental policy effort in relation to preconception health promotion, they still see policy as a formality. Conclusion: This was the first study to examine language use in Chinese preconception care policies. The study found that the concept of preconception care was constructed mainly around marriage and that the public views these policies as a formality. Strategic plans are needed to increase societal awareness of the importance of preconception health policies in China.

Success Factors in Western and Chinese Born Global Companies

Born Global firms are becoming increasingly more important in terms of internationalization, innovation, ability to grow and providing employment. Most of the previous research about Born Globals is done in North America, Europe or Australia, all these being developed industrialized countries but not developing countries or emerging markets. However, the emerging markets in general, and the Chinese in particular, have become very important for the world economy. Our aim is to investigate the differences between Western literature and literature from emerging markets, regarding internationalization process of Born Global firms. We also aim to discuss the various success factors, which underlie Born Globals’ internationalization process, particularly focusing on Born Globals firms in the China. Our methodology in this research has been literature review and interviews with Chinese CEOs of Born Global firms. However, this paper is only based on the litterateur part of our research. Our analysis shows that most of the Chinese Born Globals publications about the internationalization success factors are based on the Western literature and use them as the theoretical platform in the design of their own research strategy and research questions design. The consequence of this observation is important as it indicates that Chinese researchers are reproducing research under different contextual and situational conditions that might lead to unclear conclusions or maybe even wrong conclusions. Furthermore, compared to most Western Born Global companies, which treat innovation as core competence, the innovation culture becomes one of the biggest weaknesses of Chinese manufacturing Born Globals’ internationalization. China has special economic environment. Chinese manufacturing Born Globals not only need to follow the market but also the government policies, since the government greatly influences the industries and the whole economy. To foreign investors who want to exploit Chinese market, they also should take Chinese economic background and government policies into consideration. One important aspect of Chinese born Globals, neglected in previous research on Born Globals, that has been identified in our research, is the critical success factor of Chinese manufacturing Born Globals—the political and economic background and the role of the Chinese Government in the transformation process of Chinese business life, and the Guanxi network.

Employment assistance policies of Chinese government play positive roles! The impact of post-earthquake employment assistance policies on the health-related quality of life of Chinese earthquake populations

Sichuan is the province that is most affected by earthquakes in mainland China. The employment assistance policies have gained an important position in the reconstruction efforts of the government. And the health condition of survivors has long been a concern of humanities scholars. But most studies focused only on the psychological health of earthquake populations and not on their overall health status. This study used both original data and tracking data. The data analysis of this study was mainly based on comparative analysis of the two data. We conducted the first investigation in May and June and the second investigation in October and November. A total of 2,000 earthquake survivors from five hard-hit disaster areas (Wenchuan, Qingchuan, Mianzhu, Lushan, Dujiangyan) participated in the investigation. First, we give descriptive statistical analysis of the post-disaster employment assistance policies of Chinese government and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of earthquake populations. Second, we will explore the relationship between the eight domains of HRQOL of earthquake populations. Third, we also conduct confirmatory factor analysis to the medical outcome study short form 36 (SF-36). Finally we employ the structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the effects of post-disaster employment assistance policies on the HRQOL of earthquake populations. The following conclusions are obtained from our analysis: (1) both the post-disaster employment assistance policies and SF-36 scales have good internal consistency. (2) The assessment of the employment assistance policies is relatively low. (3) The physical health and mental health of earthquake populations are not optimistic, and the HRQOL scores are low. (4) The SEM of the effect of employment assistance policies on the HRQOL of earthquake populations shows that the implementation of the seven domains of the post-disaster employment assistance policies of Chinese government is closely related. (5) The effect of different employment assistance policies of Chinese government on HRQOL differs. A few suggestions on how to improve the HRQOL of earthquake populations are given to according to our understanding of the effect of different policies on employment.

Foreign Banks in China

As Chinese government policy has evolved, so have the models adopted by foreign banks for developing their branch networks in China. Burdensome regulation and unequal treatment compared to those for Chinese banks have impeded the speed and scope of foreign banks' operation. China's deepening financial reforms could provide a fair and competitive environment for foreign banks' penetration, offering openings for foreign banks to participate more extensively in the Chinese economy.

The New Sphere of International Student Education in Chinese Higher Education

This empirical study explores the current features of English-medium instructed master’s degree programs for international students (EMIMDPs-ISs) in Chinese higher education. Since the mid-2000s, a significant number of Chinese universities have proactively engaged in establishing English-medium instructed degree programs for international students. Despite this growing phenomenon, little attention has been paid to this unique knowledge model. This study first examines relevant Chinese government policies and practices, exploring the rationale for the enhancement of EMIMDPs-ISs in current Chinese higher education. It then addresses the findings offered by four leading comprehensive Chinese universities on the case studies of the eight EMIMDPs-ISs in Chinese higher education. The Chinese government and leading Chinese universities have been making an extensive effort to boost China’s soft power through the enhancement of international student education objectives. Through an investigation on eight EMIMDPs-ISs, this article identifies that eight EMIMDPs-ISs are well structured to widely disseminate “China’s excellence” and contribute to the enhancement of international education in China. Issues requiring further research and reflection include an examination of the current form of EMIMDPs-ISs (which was created as the “stand-alone” program for international students) as sufficient in meeting the ongoing demands of international students. Furthermore, conducting consecutive examinations of quality of education and advancing the integration of EMIMDPs-ISs into the regular higher education system would be crucial factors for the further development of EMIMDPs-ISs.

Strategic Implications of Government Policies on the Future Group and Brand Development of State-owned Hotels in China

The world has witnessed substantial growth of China’s hotel industry for over three decades. Since the birth of China’s modern hotel industry in the late 1970s, state-owned hotels have dominated the industry throughout the country in terms of the total number of rooms. As state-owned assets, the evolution of this special lodging sector has been significantly affected by Chinese government policies. This study first provides a comprehensive review of how government policies have affected China’s state-owned hotels in the past and then discusses the most recent hotel-related government policies and their impact on a number of critical strategic issues, including ownership shifting, growth of domestic groups and brand development. The future development trends of China’s state-owned hotels are also provided.