Chinese Encyclopedia Research Articles

Hybrid Chinese text classification approach using general knowledge from Baidu Baike

Most of the previous studies focused on enriching text representation to address text classification (TC) task. However, conventional classification approaches with VSM (vector space model) on Chinese text study intensively only the words and their relationship in some specific corpus/dataset but ignore the basic concept of categories and the general knowledge behind the words learned and used to recognize entities by people. This paper focuses on enriching text representation and proposes a novel approach, which complements information from the online Chinese encyclopedia Baidu Baike for Chinese TC. The similarities between every text and each concept of categories and the most related words from Baidu Baike are added to the feature space. The performance of the proposed approach is measured on the Fudan University TC corpus, which is an imbalanced Chinese dataset. In the experiments, the proposed Baidu Baike‐based concept similarity approach obtains promising results when compared with a previous research and the conventional method, with macro‐precision of 90.31%, recall of 75.45%, and F1 score 80.32%, which are about 0.02%, 0.15%, 0.12%, respectively, higher than the conventional method, which obviously improves the recall for some small categories while keeping precision at high level and improving the macro F1 score. Moreover, the proposed approach has good expandability, so that many other knowledge bases could be integrated and many other concepts could be referred to improve the effectiveness. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A cognitive network for oracle bone characters related to animals

In this paper, we present an analysis of oracle bone characters for animals from a “cognitive” point of view. After some general remarks on oracle-bone characters presented in Sec. 1 and a short outline of the paper in Sec. 2, we collect various oracle-bone characters for animals from published resources in Sec. 3. In the next section, we begin analyzing a group of 60 ancient animal characters from www.zdic.net , a highly acclaimed internet dictionary of Chinese characters that is strictly based on historical sources, and introduce five categories of specific features regarding their (graphical) structure that will be used in Sec. 5 to associate corresponding feature vectors to these characters. In Sec. 6, these feature vectors will be used to investigate their dissimilarity in terms of a family of parameterized distance measures. And in the last section, we apply the SplitsTree method as encoded in the NeighborNet algorithms to construct a corresponding family of dissimilarity-based networks with the intention of elucidating how the ancient Chinese might have perceived the “animal world” in the late bronze age and to demonstrate that these pictographs reflect an intuitive understanding of this world and its inherent structure that predates its classification in the oldest surviving Chinese encyclopedia from approximately the third century BC, the Er Ya, as well as similar classification systems in the West by one to two millennia. We also present an English dictionary of 70 oracle bone characters for animals in Appendix A. In Appendix B, we list various variants of animal characters that were published in the Jia Gu Wen Bian (cf. 甲骨文编, A Complete Collection of Oracle Bone Characters, edited by the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, published by the Zhonghua Book Company in 1965). We recall the frequencies of the 521 most frequent oracle bone characters in Appendix C as reported in [T. Chen, Yin-Shang Jiaguwen Zixing Xitong Zai Yanjiu, (The Structural System of Oracle Inscriptions) (Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, Shanghai, 2010); Jiaguwen Shiwen Yongzi Pinlü Biao (A Frequency List of Oracle Characters), Center for the Study and Application of Chinese Characters (East China Normal University, Shanghai, 2010), http://www.wenzi.cn/en/default.aspx . And in Appendix D, we list the animals registered in the last five chapters of the Er Ya.

The Encyclopedia Gallica of Events - or Why Geographic Information Science Is Not Like Physics

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings The Encyclopedia Gallica of Events (or Why Geographic Information Science is Not Like Physics) H. Couclelis University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA Email: cook@geog.ucsb.edu Abstract As a contribution towards the further development of user-centered information systems, I present an argument for a contextual and subjective view of events and related concepts in information science that is distinct from the factual view prevalent in empirical science and everyday life. The central notion is that of ‘R-Event’, where ‘R’ stands for ‘Relevant’. Drawing on representations of process such as dynamic models or AI approaches to problem-solving and planning, R-Events would improve the precision and value of search results by foregrounding and ranking information about events of high relevance to the user. There is no suggestion here that this proposal is easily implementable. It is offered at this stage as a potentially fruitful thought experiment. 1. Introduction The title is one that Borges would have loved 1 . Had he written the story of the Encyclopedia Gallica of Events, this would have also included processes, perdurants, occurrences, and non-events. And the Encyclopedia in question would have had to be infinite in length, and self-contradictory. I will argue that in an informational (as opposed to an empirical) context, (a), the above concepts do not refer to intersubjectively definable individuals and (b), unlike most other abstract concepts, the things these refer to are not free-standing notions but binary relations connecting information source and observer, and depending on the specific interest the latter has in certain detectable state(s) or change(s) in the world. Thus the news of my birth signaled a momentous event for my family (and a very real painful process for my mother) – but for the rest of humanity the fact of my birth was a non-event, barely registering as a blip of plus-one added to some country’s population. Similarly, major flooding in south-eastern Tajikistan may be an empirical fact, but it is an event if you are in the business of importing cotton from that area, a process if you are in charge of evacuating local populations, an occurrence if you are tabulating floods in Central Asia, and noise if south-eastern Tajikistan is not among the things you care about. Similar kinds of context-dependency also hold for the endurant-perdurant distinction, and as has been argued repeatedly over the years, also in the case of fields and objects. Information systems sensitive to user-centered semantics should be able to make these determinations. 2. On Science and Metascience It may be useful to distinguish clearly between the empirical sciences that directly measure and represent phenomena in the world, and the information sciences (which are meta-sciences) that process and present information about these phenomena in ways that meet and support the interests and purposes of information users. These are really two different epistemic layers, with different See Borges (1939) The Total Library; Borges (1943) The Library of Babel; and the “certain Chinese Encyclopedia” in Borges (1952) The Analytical Language of John Wilkins.

Śmierć Boga, śmiech człowieka

Author of the article starts with a question about the meaning of the activity that is writing. He looks for answers in ‘The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences’ by Michel Foucault, which – according to the author – emerged from the experience of the laughter, triggered by the book of Jorge Louis Borges, in which he included an excerpt from the Chinese encyclopedia describing the classification of animals. The author is analyzing this phenomenon in detail, inter alia in the context of what about the laughter thought Georges Bataille, who greatly inspired Foucault. However, the author does not end his deliberation with an answer to the question: ‘Why Foucault wrote ‘The Order of Things’’, where the philosopher announced ‘the death of man’ for the first time. He is trying to go deeper and answer the question: ‘why the man had to die?’

The record and the meaning about weapons·protective equipment in Chinese Classical Encyclopedias of the Joseon Dynasty

The record and the meaning about weapons·protective equipment in Chinese Classical Encyclopedias of the Joseon Dynasty

An intellectual of the Joseon Dynasty's awareness about medical science in Chinese Classical Encyclopedias

An intellectual of the Joseon Dynasty's awareness about medical science in Chinese Classical Encyclopedias

Self-Supervised Chinese Ontology Learning from Online Encyclopedias

Constructing ontology manually is a time-consuming, error-prone, and tedious task. We present SSCO, a self-supervised learning based chinese ontology, which contains about 255 thousand concepts, 5 million entities, and 40 million facts. We explore the three largest online Chinese encyclopedias for ontology learning and describe how to transfer the structured knowledge in encyclopedias, including article titles, category labels, redirection pages, taxonomy systems, and InfoBox modules, into ontological form. In order to avoid the errors in encyclopedias and enrich the learnt ontology, we also apply some machine learning based methods. First, we proof that the self-supervised machine learning method is practicable in Chinese relation extraction (at least for synonymy and hyponymy) statistically and experimentally and train some self-supervised models (SVMs and CRFs) for synonymy extraction, concept-subconcept relation extraction, and concept-instance relation extraction; the advantages of our methods are that all training examples are automatically generated from the structural information of encyclopedias and a few general heuristic rules. Finally, we evaluate SSCO in two aspects, scale and precision; manual evaluation results show that the ontology has excellent precision, and high coverage is concluded by comparing SSCO with other famous ontologies and knowledge bases; the experiment results also indicate that the self-supervised models obviously enrich SSCO.

Chinese encyclopedia of education

Chinese encyclopedia of education

An intellectual of the Joseon Dynasty's awareness about flowering plants in Chinese Classical Encyclopedias

An intellectual of the Joseon Dynasty's awareness about flowering plants in Chinese Classical Encyclopedias

Research on Automatic Construction of Financial Ontology Using Chinese Encyclopedia Resource

Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feasible. This article discusses how to create Financial Ontology automatically from a resource of Chinese Encyclopedia. Financial Ontology includes Is-A relationship, Class-Instance relationship, Attribute-of relationship and Synonym relationship. Experimental Results show us that the constructed Financial Ontology has great advantages in the large scale, creation cost and the richness of semantic information.

Foucault’s Laughter. Enumeration, Rewriting, and the Construction of the Essayist in Borges’s “The analytical language of John Wilkins”

A curious list from one of Borges’s essays, the “Chinese encyclopedia” section, has become, beginning with Foucault’s reading, an independent, typically postmodern text that subverts rationalist concepts of order. While many critics are content with quoting the passage from Foucault to make their point, I ask how the list functions in its immediate context. I take into account the fact that in the same essay there are several other lists that display similar signs of heterogeneity, and explore in what way these lists function similarly or differently. I assume that certain genre conventions of the essay have an impact on the reading of such lists, and ask in what way a quoted list can serve to do a crucial part of the work of the essay: to construct an “essayistic I,” a textual representation of the essayist. Based on the observation that not all of the lists are fictive, I also retrace the process of artistic adaptation of non‐fictional source material, in order to gain insights into Borges’s method as a writer of essays.

Ontology Learning from Online Chinese Encyclopedias

An ontology is very important in describing and sharing knowledge of a domain. This paper proposes a method to automatically generate domain ontologies from Chinese encyclopedias on the web. First, we use the terms appears in category systems of encyclopedias as concepts and resolute synonyms, then derive an original taxonomy from Chinese-Wikipedia and Hudong-Baike; for other concepts not in the original taxonomy, we use a set-theory like method to form a directed graph and generate a tree from the graph via maximum-spanning-tree algorithm, and merge the tree into the taxonomy. Then, we use titles of normal articles as instances and populate them via category labels in them. The attributes of concepts and instances are generated from special structures such as InfoBox modules. We learn a plant ontology successfully and the later experiments show that the learnt ontology has well precision and high coverage.

Foucault, Borges, Heterotopia: Producing Knowledge in Other Spaces

Arguably the most famous heterotopia that appears in Foucault’s work is the Chinese encyclopedia, which originates in the fiction of Jorge Luis Borges. Drawing on this citation of Borges, this article examines Foucault’s notion of the heterotopia as it relates to order and knowledge production. Frequently, heterotopias are understood as sites of resistance. This article argues that shifting the focus from resistance to order and knowledge production reveals how heterotopias make the spatiality of order legible. By juxtaposing and combining many spaces in one site, heterotopias problematize received knowledge by destabilizing the ground on which knowledge is built. Yet heterotopias always remain connected to the dominant order; thus as heterotopias clash with dominant orders, they simultaneously produce new ways of knowing. This article first explores the tensions between Foucault’s two definitions of heterotopias before connecting these definitions to Foucault’s distinctly spatial understanding of knowledge as emerging from a clash of forces. Finally, the paper ends by returning to the relationship between Foucault, Borges, and heterotopias.

Anything Goes, Nothing Sticks: Radical Stillness and Archival Impulse

Anything Goes, Nothing Sticks: Radical Stillness and Archival Impulse

The change aspect of chinese classical encyclopedias in the later of Joseon -In case of 『Songnamjabji(松南雜識)』-

The change aspect of chinese classical encyclopedias in the later of Joseon -In case of 『Songnamjabji(松南雜識)』-

Conversion to Chastity: A Buddhist Catalyst in Early Imperial China

AbstractThis paper traces the history of the notion of female chastity (zhen) in China from pre-Qin to the mid-imperial era and argues that, prior to the arrival of Buddhism in China, the idea of female “chastity” was concerned not so much with physical virginity as the dutiful fulfillment of wifely obligations as stipulated by the Confucian marriage rites. A woman's chastity was determined by her moral rectitude rather than by her biological condition. The understanding of the physical body as a sacrosanct entity that must be defended against defilement and violation emerged under the influence of Buddhist notions of the uncontaminated body, the pious observance of the Buddhist monastic code, and the performance of religious charity that became popular in early imperial China. Based on a critical analysis of a wide array of Confucian canonical texts, dynastic histories, Indian Buddhist scriptures, biographies of Chinese monks and nuns, the monastic code, and Chinese Buddhist encyclopedias, this paper delineates the gradual process by which the Buddhist concept of the “pure body” became fully assimilated into the indigenous Chinese notion of female “rectitude” and the notion of female chastity finally acquired an ontological identity around the end of the sixth century.

Lexikon ruských avantgard 20. století by Tomáš Glanc , Jana Kleňhová (review)

REVIEWS !39 Myshkin from a Buddhist perspective, without in any way claiming that Dostoevskii himself was a Buddhist; Tatiana Kasatkina argues that factual 'mistakes' inDostoevskii, far from being errors on his part, represent the use of a deliberate polyphonic device that furthers the readers' understanding of motivation and intellectual argument; finally,Vladimir Zakharov examines Dostoevskii's conception of theword 'fantastic' and his rules for its use in art. The volume has been generally meticulously produced and proof-read, although this reviewer noted at least one error: 'of the felt' for 'ofthe felt' (p. 23). At times the translations from theRussian betray the original in a somewhat jarring way. In an attempt presumably to impose some order on an eclectic and heterogeneous collection of essays, the book has been divided into four sections ('Mythos', 'Dialogue', 'Text and Reader' and 'Religion'), but it is not always clear why a particular essay has been allocated to one section rather than another, and there is some consequential overlapping. With regard to references, the volume's stated policy is to use the standard complete edition ofDostoevskii's works (Leningrad, 1972-90). It is a pity that thishas not been adhered to throughout.Why, for example, in Zakharov's essay on 'Dostoevsky's Fantastic Pages', is the reader referred to either the eighteen volume edition of 2004 or to theRussian State Library archive rather than to the relevant volume of the PSS? These, however, are minor points that do not substantially detract from the overall impact of a volume that is a fitting tribute to a scholar of interna tional reputation who, as Lesley Milne so eloquently details inher 'Afterword', has made such a vital and significant contribution not just to our understand ing ofDostoevskii in particular, but toRussian studies in general and, more widely, to the academic and cultural lifeof theUK. Exeter Roger Cogkrell Glane, Tom?s and Kle?hov?, Jana. Lexikon ruskych avantgard 20. stoleti. Libri, Prague, 2005. 375 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. K490.00. We generalize with an incredible ease. With little justification we lump together objects that taste, smell or look very unlike each other. But what to a quick eye looks like an easy step from tokens to a type turns at closer scrutiny into the Western metaphysics' saltomortale. Jorge Luis Borges' putative Chinese encyclopedia, The CelestialEmporium of Benevolent Knowledge, renders this scandal public. His learned bestiary neatly divides the entire fauna into four teen types according to the following criteria that are more than just whimsi cal: '(a) belonging to the emperor, (b) embalmed, (c) tame, (d) sucking pigs, (e) sirens, (f)fabulous, (g) straydogs, (h) included in the present classification, (i) frenzied, (j) innumerable, (k) drawn with a very fine camelhair brush, (1)et cetera, (m) having just broken thewater pitcher, (n) that from a longway off look likeflies' (from the 1942 essay, 'El idioma anal?tico de JohnWilkins'). The moral of this amusing taxonomy is rather sobering: any systemic classification of the phenomenal world will always be arbitrary and confected. 140 SEER, 86, I, 2008 Glanc's very own Lexicon exemplifies such a robust epistemological relati vism on the material extracted from the most recent cultural history of Russia. How do the beasts of his well researched study ? themost heterogeneous ensemble of the last century's writers, film-makers, stage directors, painters and musicians ? fitunder a single umbrella (albeit in a plural number) of avant-gardes? Not very well, Glanc is quick to tell us, for there is no 'ready made listof obligatory attributes underlying this category' (p. 17). If catching the past into a historical net is nothing but a haphazard 'fishing expedition' (the author of LRA agrees on thispoint with the late Edward Hallett Carr, p. 33) any classificatory system is as good as any other and all of them leak. The postulate that 'anything goes' and 'nothing fits'can be easily verified ifwe apply the taxonomic grid from the Celestial Emporium to Glanc's star-studded list.Are all the artists collected there 'frenzied', we might ask, because of their 'set toward experiment, shock, innovation, reversal, and heresy vis-?-vis the language of art and the artisticmessage as well' (p. 15)? Alas, only some...

Explicating the Classification of the Chinese Encyclopedia Enumerated by Borges

Borges' quote attributed to a certain Chinese encyclopaedia entitled Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge' turns out to correspond to the general idea of the anit Chinese in 'the myriad of thing', What Borges quotes about the classification of animals exhibits the self-manifestation of things not yet subjected to any artificial taxonomy - a kins of natural indistinction'. The apparent chaotic classification that Borges quotes signifies, conversely, that the order cannot be put into any pre-established laxonomy.

The Encyclopedia as Textbook : Selling Private Chinese Encyclopedias in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

The Encyclopedia as Textbook : Selling Private Chinese Encyclopedias in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

Borges on classification

The great Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges wrote in 1942 an essay titled ‘El idioma analitico de John Wilkins’ in which he laid out the challenges of human attempts to classify the world [1]. To illustrate his argument, Borges reproduced a classification of animals purportedly found in ‘a certain Chinese encyclopaedia entitled “Celestial [Emporium]” of Benevolent Knowledge’.1 The ‘ambiguities, redundancies and deficiencies’ of classification schemes noted by Borges may have a familiar ring for the experts of the WHO World …