Chinese Diplomacy Research Articles

Regional security and the role of regional players

The article examines the importance and necessity of creating a new international organization designed to take on the role of ensuring regional security. As an example, the Astana process to resolve the Syrian crisis, which was created with the participation of Russia, Iran and Turkey, is considered. Thus, the countries demonstrated the ability to take responsibility for ensuring regional security in the conflict zone. Russia, Iran and Türkiye were able to develop specifi c ways to resolve this crisis situation. Using the experience of the Astana format, such major players as Russia, Türkiye and Iran could find ways to solve other international problems. And here they may be joined by another influential world power — China. The strength of the new international security architecture will depend on these states. China has long played an important role in maintaining global stability. And here we can note the special role of mediation diplomacy, which has recently become the most striking calling card of Chinese diplomacy. Thus, in March 2023, with the participation of China, a historic reconciliation between Saudi Arabia and Iran took place. In light of the recent escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli confl ict, China has published a position paper on a political solution to the crisis. The document off ers recommendations to resolve the problem, namely, a complete cessation of hostilities, protection of civilians, provision of humanitarian assistance, strengthening diplomatic mediation and the search for a political settlement. The authors come to the conclusion that, taking into account the accumulated experience in fi nding ways to resolve acute regional conflicts, and by joining forces, Russia, China, Iran and Türkiye are able to create an international structure for resolving crisis situations, which will become a guarantor for ensuring international security and stability.

CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The purpose of the research. The article examines the current state of public diplomacy research in China. The subject, object, method and purpose of public diplomacy are analyzed. As a resource of national soft power, culture is an important means of implementing public diplomacy. In the article, we analyze the specific Chinese practice of implementing public diplomacy from the point of view of cultural public diplomacy. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the status of public diplomacy in Chinese national diplomacy has increased rapidly. First, with regard to the current state of research, in recent years, the research of Chinese scientists in the field of public diplomacy has focused more on applied research than on theoretical ones, such as the role of public diplomacy in shaping the country’s image and strengthening its soft power. Secondly, with regard to the definition of public diplomacy, Chinese scientists hold different views on the subject, object and method of public diplomacy, but on the purpose of public diplomacy, Chinese scientists believe that public diplomacy, like other types of traditional diplomacy, is aimed at protecting and strengthening national interests. Thirdly, humanitarian exchanges have always been an important part of Xi Jinping’s socialist diplomatic thought with Chinese specifics in the new era and an important pillar of Chinese diplomacy. China has enriched Chinese public diplomacy with the opening of Confucius institutes, exchanges, large-scale cultural events and large-scale sports events, promoted the popularization of Chinese culture, strengthened mutual understanding and cooperation with the peoples of other countries and achieved good results.

A Study on Language Conversion and Construction of Discourse Power in Chinese Diplomacy

A Study on Language Conversion and Construction of Discourse Power in Chinese Diplomacy

Navigating Contradictions in Chinese Diplomacy: The Dual Narratives of Peaceful Rise and Class Struggle in Soft Power Discourse

Navigating Contradictions in Chinese Diplomacy: The Dual Narratives of Peaceful Rise and Class Struggle in Soft Power Discourse

Modern Chinese diplomacy in the context of humanitarian interaction between the Amur region and Heilongjiang province: historical background, issues, perspectives

Modern Chinese diplomacy in the context of humanitarian interaction between the Amur region and Heilongjiang province: historical background, issues, perspectives

The Value of Islamic Religiosity in the Migration of Admiral Cheng Ho in Archipelago, Indonesia

This research aims to explain the value of Islamic religiosity in Admiral Cheng Ho's migration to Nusantara, Indonesia. This research uses library research. The descriptive analysis method collects, compiles, analyzes, and draws conclusions. The results showed that China communicated Islamic culture as an effective way to be accepted in the archipelago. The migration step of Chinese diplomacy through Admiral Cheng Ho is said to have reflected the "Clean Diplomacy" diplomacy theory by emphasizing that diplomacy focuses not only on the ends but also on the means, and all negotiation processes are equally important. The value of religiosity in life practiced by Admiral Cheng Ho, believing in Allah SWT, appreciating, and respecting the people in the archipelago, illustrates the behavior of loyalty to the Chinese ruler by spreading Islam in the archipelago through trade routes.

Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: Chinese Diplomacy in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: Chinese Diplomacy in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

Индо-Тихоокеанский регион между вызовами конфронтации и возможностями взаимодействия

The article examines the priorities of China and the United States in the Indo-Pacific, examines the current trends of the US-Chinese strategic confrontation in the Indo-Pacific region, expressed, among other things, in the formation of new international institutions reflecting primarily the economic rivalry of regional leaders. The key features of the policy of the Chinese leadership led by Xi Jinping in the Pacific are highlighted. The course of Pacific diplomacy of the administration of J.P. Blavatsky is compared. Biden’s Indo-Pacificist policies pursued by previous American governments in the 21st century. The official regional strategies of China, the United States and American allies are compared, and the multivariance of U.S. partnerships with Indo-Pacific countries is assessed. The balance of positive consequences and risks in the relations between the United States and China with the countries of the region is analyzed, as well as the readiness of the East Asian states to follow in the wake of American and Chinese diplomacy. In this context, the potential and prospects of the subjectivity of the countries of the region in the context of the American-Chinese rivalry, their possible role as a stabilizer of political and economic processes in the Indo-Pacific are investigated.

China's position on the South China Sea issue: from maintaining stability to protecting rights

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the position of the Chinese leadership on the issue of ownership of the water area and marine facilities in the South China Sea. The purpose of the proposed study is to determine the specifics of China's position on the key issue of regional security in Southeast Asia. The objectives of this work are to consider the historical and economic prerequisites affecting the policy of the People's Republic of China in the South China Sea; to study the dynamics of China's diplomatic conflict with regional countries over sovereignty over the waters in the South China Sea, as well as to interpret China's approaches to solving this issue. The author considers the approach of Chinese diplomacy as a derivative of increasing China's role in global governance, which entails changes in both the regional subsystem and the global system of international relations. The study uses historical-comparative, historical-typological and problem-chronological methods, which allowed the author to study the PRC's approach to protecting its national interests in the South China Sea with a special focus on innovations introduced into China's approach due to the increasing complexity of systemic challenges for China. The relevance of this study is related to a change in the tactics of Chinese diplomacy towards more focused and tougher rhetoric, emphasizing intransigence with baseless attacks by Western countries and manipulations with the vulnerability of indigenous Chinese interests. The researcher concludes that the main task of the PRC today is to assert its influence in the South China Sea through close cooperation with ASEAN countries and strengthening regional cooperation in the South China Sea region. In view of the US desire to curb China's growth and prevent it from gaining a foothold in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Beijing adheres to the tactics of negotiating a comprehensive Code of Conduct in the South China Sea with simultaneous unilateral economic development of the islands and waters of the South China Sea. This approach will lead to the creation of a stable and mutually beneficial regional order in East Asia.

Chinese Diplomacy in the 1950s: A Study of Dag Hammarskjlds Visit to China

After the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953, the direct war between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and United States was temporarily halted. But the subsequent issues relating to the prisons of war, China students studied at US and the collusion between US and Taiwan, made the tensions between the PRC and US government. In order to resolve the American spy case, the United States manipulated the UN General Assembly (UNGA) to pass a resolution which Dag Hammarskjld, Secretary-General of the United Nations(UNSG), was mandated to visit China to solve this issue. This incident offered the PRC government a rare opportunity to engage with the UN and participate in global affairs. Zhou Enlai, the Chinese Foreign Minister, successfully defended Chinas sovereignty. This engagement helped to highlight the newly established PRCs position in the international affairs during Cold War while alleviate the tense atmosphere between China and the United States. This event also provided crucial groundwork for the resolution of issues concerning Chinese-American immigrants.

Research on the Implication of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind from the Perspective of Marxism

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is the inheritance and development of Marxist philosophy, a major theoretical achievement of the Sinicization of Marxism in the new era, and the core concept of contemporary Chinese diplomacy. Based on Marxist philosophy and scientific socialism, this article systematically expounds the basic composition of the concept and value system of a community with a shared future for mankind and discusses its rich connotations and significance to society, so as to promote a comprehensive grasp and deep understanding of it.

The BRI as an Iterative Project: Influencing the Politics of Conflict-Affected States and Being Shaped by the Risks of Fragile Settings

ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of the BRI on the peace processes of conflict-affected states (CAS) bordering China, namely Nepal and Myanmar. It underscores the need to assess the impact of the BRI as an iterative process: where the BRI impacts the political economy of host CAS; but also how contextual specificities of the CAS, undertaking a peace process, are reshaping the delivery of the BRI. Here, the article first outlines that the BRI is not only physically transforming host CAS through infrastructure and connectivity but also influencing the core agenda of the peace processes, notably federalism, through the uneven distribution of benefits of infrastructural development. Second, the challenges of working in the complex settings of CAS, with fragmented state authority, and political uncertainty have also brought significant changes in the delivery of the BRI and Chinese diplomacy broadly.

The Emergence of “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy”: A New and Assertive Brand of Chinese Diplomacy

The Emergence of “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy”: A New and Assertive Brand of Chinese Diplomacy

Kitajsko-kazahskie otnosheniya skvoz' prizmu mirovozzreniya Drevnego Kitaya o miroustrojstve

The author proposes to consider the history of Sino-Kazakh relations in the context of the traditional model of ancient Chinese diplomacy, which has recently had an increasingly significant impact on the formation of diplomatic approaches of the PRC with the outside world. The article shows the historical causes of the phenomenon of the “Chinese threat” in Kazakh society, its impact on the current state and level of development of cooperation between China and Kazakhstan.

Discourse Analysis of Xinhua News Agency’s Social Media Content: A Review of Xinhua’s Reporting Perspectives of China’s Belt and Road Initiative

The use of digital media has gone through a major transition in China in the last decade. To study how China’s major official media outlet, Xinhua News Agency, interacts with social media, this paper examines the measures Xinhua has taken to promote the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through digital channels. As an important part of the Chinese diplomacy, on the one hand, the Belt and Road Initiative shows Chinese leadership is calling for a proactive role in international relations; on the other hand, its establishment has caused contentions in the international media sphere. Based on Foucault’s approach on discourse, this paper examines the Chinese state media’s handling of the case on social media platforms Twitter and Sina Weibo in both the Chinese and English languages.

Innovations of "great power diplomacy with chinese characteristics" by Xi Jinping "in the new era"

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of Chinese diplomacy at the present stage of China's development. The purpose of the proposed study is to determine the features of "great power diplomacy with Chinese specifics in the new era." The purpose of this work - to examine the peculiarities of Xi Jinping-era diplomacy, to clarify the degree of their continuity with respect to previous diplomatic strategies of China, as well as to interpret the modern diplomatic strategy of "great power diplomacy with Chinese specifics" as a consequence of the growing power of China challenging the hegemony of the United States. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on the theory of structural realism and the theory of the transit of power, which allow us to study the influence of Chinese diplomacy as a derivative of China's increasing role in global governance on the process of structuring both the regional subsystem and the global system of international relations. The relevance of this study is associated with a change in the tactics of Chinese diplomacy towards a more focused and tougher rhetoric, emphasizing intransigence with baseless attacks by Western countries and manipulations with the vulnerability of indigenous Chinese interests. In the study, the authors note that throughout the period under review, pragmatism and an orientation towards modernization and strengthening of the country remained the invariable principle of Chinese diplomacy. Xi Jinping proclaimed a course for the "revival of the Chinese nation," which met with resistance from the countries of the "Collective West." The authors' scientifically significant contribution to the study of the peculiarities of the diplomatic practice of the People's Republic of China in the context of the implementation of the "diplomacy of a great power with Chinese specifics in a new era" is to assess the degree of compliance of this course with the need to defend China's fundamental national interests in a complicated international situation. The article emphasizes that "the diplomacy of a great power with Chinese specifics" allows China to demonstrate the behavior of a great power and at the same time change the balance of forces in the "international struggle for public opinion."

The New Cold War: Sino-US Rivalry in the South China Sea and Repercussions on the Region

The Sino-US relationship has seen many drawbacks and triumphs over the years. Today they both are struggling to legitimize their rule and capabilities while also contesting and, at times, defying one another. Afterwards, the conclusion of the Cold War, a general sense of amusement ran over policymakers in the United States, and western scholars started to debate over the “End of History” and celebrated the glories of “liberal democratic order” however, the revival of the Chinese diplomacy brought back novel fears of the advent of a New Cold War, this time between the Cold War allies. This paper aims to explore the Sino-US Cold War, particularly at the heart of the Indo-Pacific at the South China Sea. The highly disputed waters of the South China Sea are proving a testing ground for both China and the United States. Furthermore, the relevance of the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and its alleged violation by China is also the focus of this paper. Defying the United States in the South China Sea as well as forging a business partnership with the US, will be much more challenging for China. This qualitative research explores the start of the New Cold War and how it might escalate into a never-ending battle of power and dominion.

The Initial Digitalization of Chinese Diplomacy (2019–2021): Establishing Global Communication Networks on Twitter

ABSTRACT The way in which Chinese diplomats communicate has changed recently, from being mostly reactive and pragmatic to being rhetorically more combative. This has generated strong academic, media, and policy interest. However, less academic attention has been devoted to the employment of social media for China’s new diplomatic communication strategy. By analyzing the recent employment of Twitter by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), this article explores the initial digitalization of China’s public diplomacy from November 2019 to February 2021. Approaching Twitter as both a virtual network structure and an interactive strategic communication process, we collected 61,000 tweets from Chinese diplomats plus 282,000 tweets from Chinese official media and applied data analytics to examine how the MFA augmented its diplomatic digital presence by responding, reposting/retweeting, mentioning, and hashtagging. We also used discourse analysis to investigate how Chinese diplomats selected topics to generate, diffuse, and affect hegemonic discourses. We argue that China’s MFA initially adopted Twitter using a centrally controlled structure of topic, rhetoric, and discourses as well as cohesive dissemination and augmenting strategies. These communication structures created a self-referencing network closely aligned with Chinese official media on Twitter.

Isolating the Enemy: Diplomatic Strategy in China and the United States, 1953–1956

Isolating the Enemy is a valuable addition to continuing historical debates about Sino-American relations in the 1950s and beyond. It conclusively resolves persistent questions, weighs in on others, and opens the door for new avenues of inquiry. Drawing on newly available Chinese, Russian, and Vietnamese government materials, Tao Wang shows that from 1953 to 1956, Beijing and Washington each pursued a “wedge strategy” meant “to eliminate the other's threat through uniting allies and mobilizing supporters to push the other to make concessions” (pp. 3, 7). Each sought to isolate the other from natural allies, and both understood what their opponent was up to. These opposing wedge strategies generated a mix of confrontation and conciliation in U.S. and Chinese diplomacy, confounding contemporaries and entrenching mutual suspicions. The book is organized around three major events: the Geneva Conference on Indochina (April–July 1954), the first Taiwan Strait crisis (September 1954–May 1955), and the Bandung Conference (April 1955). Wang suggests that China's leaders generally got the better of their American counterparts in all three of these high-stakes encounters. Effectively shaming the United States for trying to derail the Geneva Conference, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai and head of state Mao Zedong skillfully concluded complex bargains with leaders in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Russia, Britain, and France. In contrast, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles found themselves caught between “the unattainable and the unacceptable” because they ignored conciliatory overtures, exaggerated Chinese ambitions, underestimated tensions between China and Vietnam, and overestimated Sino-Soviet differences (p. 61). Ultimately,

THE FORMATION OF CHINA’S DIPLOMACY AND ITS FEATURES

The authors of this study aim to highlight the features of the formation of Chinese diplomacy and the formation of China’s foreign policy in modern times. The authors analyze three periods of the formation of the diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China - “diplomacy of peaceful liberation” (1921-1949), “diplomacy of peaceful coexistence” (1949-1979) and “diplomacy of peaceful development” (from 1979 to our time). The conclusions reached by the authors indicate that China’s diplomacy developed in a unique way and undoubtedly reflected the historical changes that took place with the state. All three stages have had an important impact on the formation of Chinese diplomacy, bringing their own nuances to the modern diversity. Thus, among the most important areas can be distinguished - economic diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cooperation and protection of the main national interests, that is, the foundations that emerged due to the historical transformation of the state. According to the authors, solving problems and improving the country’s image will remain an important characteristic of Chinese diplomacy, especially in its relations with other major powers. In cooperation with other major powers, China is likely to be more active in solving fundamental global problems at the strategic level. China does not seek to change the international system, rather, it intends to be a responsible participant in world affairs. As China’s identity becomes more global and regional, the current concept of multilateralism in China’s overall diplomatic strategy may be revised to realize national interests, resolve complex issues and ensure governance in an era of instability and turbulence.