Chinese Cultural Values Research Articles

Millennials' online perceptions: the role of cultural characteristics in creating e-loyalty

PurposeMillennials, a cohort of young consumers, are the primary group of shoppers via e-commerce. This study aims to identify Chinese individual cultural values in millennials and examine the role of perceived shopping (hedonic and utilitarian) values in creating e-loyalty.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 296 Chinese millennials who use online shopping websites and apps. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the validity and reliability of the methodology. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed hypotheses.FindingsAll hypotheses were supported except one: the respondents rejected the impact of the face value on utilitarianism. The findings confirmed that Chinese individual cultural characteristics (face and Yuan) impact perceived shopping values (hedonic and utilitarian). Furthermore, these shopping values significantly influence e-loyalty.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's findings suggest some implications that academicians and market practitioners should consider. Additional implications for business managers focus on cultural characteristics, strong local teams, market-based approaches and long-term strategies.Originality/valueThe present work highlights the online shopping behavior of Chinese millennials by exploring e-loyalty, considering its two dimensions.

A Reinterpretation of Kumarajiva’s Translation Thought and Its Enlightenment to the “Going Out” of Chinese Culture

The translation of Buddhist sutras has played a vital role in the spread of Buddhism in China, of which Kumarajiva has made a great contribution. With his unique translation ideas and translation practices, he made it easier for the Buddhist scriptures to be accepted by the public, thus promoting the spread of Buddhism and the exchange and integration of ancient Indian civilization and Chinese culture. Now, our country is also actively advocating the strategy of “culture going out”. To promote China’s culture to go abroad, to spread Chinese cultural symbols and values to the world?we will enhance China’s international discourse power and the international influence of Chinese culture, thus further enhancing China’s cultural soft power. In this context, more and more Sinology classics go to the world through translation, among which the translation of Sinology classics in English is undoubtedly the mainstream. Based on this, Kumarajiva’s translation thoughts can be used for reference to the translation process of “Chinese culture going out”, for instance, how to deal with cultural untranslatability and translate some words with cultural characteristics, which can better promote the spread of Chinese culture and enhance China’s international influence.

Social norms and tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors: Do ethical evaluation and Chinese cultural values matter?

Tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors are a prerequisite to the sustainability of tourist sites. Drawing from normative, ethical and cultural value perspective, this research aims to investigate the influences of social norms (e.g., injunctive norm and descriptive norm) on tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors. This study further explores the mechanism and the boundary condition of the effects by testing the mediating effect of ethical evaluation (e.g., deontological evaluation and teleological evaluation) and the moderating effect of Chinese cultural values (e.g., collectivism and human-to-nature orientation). The survey data collected from 537 tourists showed that injunctive norm and descriptive norm pose no significant direct influence on tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors but an indirect one via deontological evaluation and teleological evaluation. That is, ethical evaluation mediates the relationships between social norms and tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors. Moreover, this research revealed that collectivism and human-to-nature orientation positively moderate the relationships between social norms and tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors.

Comparing landscape values and heritage stakeholders: a case study of West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, China

ABSTRACT In the World Heritage nomination process, the UNESCO World Heritage Programme has historically privileged the discourse of international experts and downplayed that of stakeholders. Taking West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou as an example, this paper compares and analyses the perspectives expressed by international experts, Chinese heritage professionals, local residents and domestic tourists. In the World Heritage nomination and evaluation processes for West Lake undertaken between 2007 and 2011, international experts did not appear to fully comprehend the values articulated by Chinese authorities due to the differences between Chinese and Western cultural histories, philosophies and heritage value systems. The discourse of tourists and local residents, on the other hand, not only engaged with the traditional and contemporary Chinese cultural values embodied in West Lake, but also linked them to personal emotions, experiences and memories, thereby constructing diverse expressions of social value. The case example supports the position that the nomination of World Heritage sites take into account the knowledge and experience of all stakeholders, especially with regard to constructions and justifications of heritage value.

Chinese cultural values influence residents' sense of empowerment at sustainable tourism destinations

Although community empowerment is an important component of sustainable tourism, few studies have examined how empowerment influences residents' support for sustainable tourism at nature-based destinations. We formed a conceptual framework to investigate the moderating effect of Chinese cultural values in the relationship between residents' perceived empowerment and their support for sustainable tourism. We collected 794 survey responses from residents of communities at a nature-based tourism destination in China. Results show there was a significant relationship between empowerment and support for sustainable tourism. The moderating role of cultural values was partially supported. Our findings provide implications on how to better empower residents with an East Asian cultural background, to make sustainable tourism achievable and maintainable.

Two Sides to Face: Integrity- and Achievement-Centered Face-Saving, Parental Psychological Control, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Adolescents

Depressive symptoms can be serious, but often overlooked, health risk factors, especially for Asian Americans who are vulnerable to acculturation stress but tend to underreport mental health problems. The present study examines how specific cultural values and parenting practices are associated with Chinese American adolescents’ depressive symptoms. One hundred and nine Chinese American adolescents (61% females; Mage = 15.93 years, SDage = 1.39 years) and their parents completed online surveys about their endorsement of traditional Chinese cultural values that reflect integrity and achievement as two forms of face-saving, parents’ use of psychological control, and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Parents’ endorsement of Conformity To Norms was positively associated with adolescents’ endorsement of the same value, which further correlated positively with adolescents’ depressive symptoms. However, adolescents’ endorsement of Family Recognition Through Achievement was neither associated with parents’ endorsement of the value nor with adolescents’ depressive symptoms. In addition, while parental psychological control was positively related to adolescents’ value belief in Conformity To Norms and depressive symptoms, parental psychological control was negatively related to adolescents’ value belief in Family Recognition Through Achievement. The findings suggest the richness and complexities of the face-saving cultural values and the usefulness of unpacking parenting dimensions in understanding familial processes and developmental specificity among immigrant youth.

Do guanxi and harmonious leadership matter in the sociocultural integration by Chinese multinational enterprises in The Netherlands?

PurposeThe study aims to examine the effects of guanxi and harmonious leadership on acquisition performance and the role of sociocultural integration as a mediating mechanism impacting the above links, with a focus on Chinese cross-border acquisitions in The Netherlands.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through survey questionnaire with 91 respondents who work in Dutch-acquired companies. Regression analysis was used for exploring the relationship.FindingsThe study finds that both guanxi and harmonious leadership are positive to acquisition performance, and sociocultural integration represents a significant mediating mechanism by which guanxi and harmonious leadership can result in improved acquisition performance.Originality/valueThis study contributes to culture research by emphasizing the clarification of specific Chinese cultural values and cultural practices in cross-border acquisitions and examining the role of guanxi and harmonious leadership in acquisition performance. Meanwhile, this study helps to unveil Chinese cross-border acquisitions in The Netherlands by examining the mediating force – sociocultural integration.

On the Significance and Methods of Inheriting and Developing Chinese Traditional Culture

In the face of the grand proposition of Chinese traditional culture, what attitude we should take has always been a question for Chinese people to think about. This paper expounds on the intrinsic value of Chinese traditional culture from three aspects: the connotation of Chinese traditional culture, the significance of excellent traditional virtues and national spirit to individuals, and the national level of solving international problems with Chinese traditional wisdom. In the aspect of the path, we also need to take the essence to remove the dross, integrate the ancient and modern to see the future, and based on the development concept of cultural self-confidence and self-worth to inherit and develop Chinese traditional culture. The specific measures include vertical embodiment in content, multi-faceted integration, broadening ways in form, enhancing feelings, and inheriting and developing Chinese traditional culture correctly and efficiently.

Psychological and Cultural Analysis of Attitude to Entrepreneurship in Russia and China

The article considers the attitude to entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurs as a social group in society, which is one of the factors of formation of economic self-determination of entrepreneurs at the present time, from the position of interdisciplinary approach in the context of historical, cultural, psychological analyses. The values of Chinese and Russian business culture were influenced by traditional religious attitudes in these countries. Theoretical analysis showed that in Chinese culture the attitude to entrepreneurship was more stable and positive, the basis of entrepreneurship is rationality, pragmatism, compliance with social hierarchy. Incoherent images are rather inherent for the Russian culture; thus, the stereotype of the entrepreneur was endowed with negative qualities, both in pre-revolutionary times, and in the Soviet period, changes towards positive side emerged only in the 2000s. The article summarizes the empirical data on the prevailing value judgments regarding such economic categories as wealth, poverty, money, as well as the formed stereotypical images of the entrepreneur. According to Russian respondents, a positive and rational attitude to money dominates, but along with positive associations, the negative ones are vividly expressed, such as: dependence, cynicism, conflict, hopelessness, retrenchment, need, quarrels, crisis, etc. From the Chinese respondents’ point of view, money and wealth are values, on which status and credibility depend, and are associated with nobility and humanity. According to Russian and Chinese respondents, the stereotype of the mo­dern entrepreneur is characterized by the following qualities: respectful for people, communicative, cooperative, critical thinking, selective, rather independent, serious, intelligent.

A Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Group: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective This study aimed to evaluate a culturally adapted cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) group for Chinese people with depression that aimed to alter participants’ negative beliefs of themselves, which were influenced by traditional Chinese cultural values. Method In this randomized controlled trial, 43 participants diagnosed with depression were randomly allocated to a 10-session culturally adapted CBT group or treatment as usual (TAU). A research assistant, who was blinded to the group allocation process, used the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II to assess participants’ depressive symptoms during the pre-treatment and post-treatment periods. Results The results of the mixed linear model for repeated measures showed that the CBT group had significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than treatment as usual, with a medium effect size. Conclusion This study supports the efficacy and effectiveness of the culturally adapted CBT group in facilitating clinically significant improvement in Chinese people with depression.

Leveraging a Population-Based Dyadic Data Set to Promote Health Equity Among Chinese Americans

Recognizing the central role of family-oriented values in Chinese culture, developing a family-based understanding of health and wellbeing in Chinese Americans is imperative. By linking two unique population-based datasets (one on Chinese older adults, and another on their corresponding adult children caregivers), the purpose of this symposium is to present interactive analyses of dyad-level data to achieve an interpersonal understanding of health outcomes of Chinese older adults and their adult children within the family context. Data were obtained from 807 Chinese older adults-adult children dyads by merging data from two epidemiological studies, namely the Population Study of ChINese Elderly in Chicago (the PINE study) and the PIETY study of corresponding adult children caregivers of PINE participants. Specifically, this symposium presents findings from five interconnected research projects. Session 1 provides an overview of study design and sample characteristics of the dyadic dataset. Session 2 examines the relationship between adult children’s endorsement of the filial piety value and older parents’ mental health outcomes. Session 3 investigates the level of congruence between older parents’ self-perceived mental health and adult children’s evaluation of their parents’ mental health. Session 4 investigates the extent to which depressive symptoms among older parents were associated with those of their adult children. Session 5 explores the relationship between older parents’ physical function and adult children’s perceived caregiving burden. Taken together, this symposium presents potential contributions of dyad-level analyses in advancing minority population health. Study findings have the potential to inform the development of family-centered intervention strategies targeting Chinese Americans.

Future Eldercare Planning Among Chinese Aging Families in Hong Kong

In environmental gerontology, the home and the neighborhood have always been of particular interest for empirical research. Issues such as orientation and safety, place attachment and biographical bonding, have proven to be important for community dwellings older adults and for those living in care homes. However, with Covid-19, the seemingly stable person-place-relationships have been challenged. This symposium provides a set of applied research contributions that demonstrate the persistent salience of the environment by examining person-place-relationships in the old and the new normal in private homes and care homes. Contributions draw from ideas of “precarious ageing” (Grenier & Phillipson) and “pandemic precarity”, for instance to understand housing insecurity, while concepts from environmental gerontology are used to explain processes of environmental agency and belonging. The first contribution by Mahmood and colleagues introduces an environmental audit tool for people at risk of homelessness to assess built environmental features of housing and neighborhood that support housing stability in the face of insecurity. Second, Wanka provides data from people framed as ‘risk-groups’ through the Covid-19 pandemic and how they dealt with contact restrictions, showing the role of intergenerational neighborhood relations to mediate risks of pandemic precariousness. Third, Elkes examined mobility and wayfinding challenges for residents in a long-term care home and subsequent environmental interventions to improve orientation. Forth, Leontowitsch and colleagues present findings from long-term care home residents during the pandemic to gain understanding of their experiences of social isolation and a biographical sense of resilience. Finally, Amanda Grenier will serve as the session’s discussant.

Children’s Filial Piety and Parents’ Depressive Symptoms: Findings From a Dyadic Study

Filial piety is an important Chinese cultural value that prescribes child behavior towards their parents, but little is known about its relationship to the parents’ psychological wellbeing. This study utilizes dyad data from the PINE and PIETY Studies. Filial piety was measured by asking how much the participant thought children should 1) care; 2) respect; 3) greet; 4) please and make happy; 5) obey; and 6) provide financial support to their parents. Depressive symptoms were measured by Patient Health Questionaire-9 with a cutoff of 5 indicating the presence of depressive symptoms. Logistic regressions were used to examine the associations controlling for both children’s and parents’ sociodemographic characteristics. Higher filial piety in happy (OR:0.80, (0.65-0.99)) or obey (OR:0.83, (0.68-1.00)) was associated with a lower likelihood of depressive symptoms among parents. Future research should explore the potential causal relationships between children’s filial piety and parents’ mental health.

Child-Parent Relation and Older Adults' Health: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between China and the United States

Western culture emphasizes independence in the child-parent relationship while Chinese culture values interdependence between adult children and older parents. This study compared the association of child-parent relationships with older adults’ multidimensional health over time in the U.S. and China. Two waves of data (2012-2015) from HRS and CHARLS were used (n=6,641, aged ≥65). Linear regression models were estimated. Results showed that, compared to Chinese older adults, fewer older Americans co-resided with or lived nearby their children, had less weekly contact, and fewer financial transfers from/to their children. Most child-parent relationship variables were nonsignificant predictors of older Americans’ health. However, a closer child-parent relationship was linked to fewer depressive symptoms and better cognition among older Chinese. Co-residence was associated with poorer health among Chinese parents. The associations of child-parent relationships with older adults’ health exhibited cross-cultural differences. A cultural perspective is recommended in understanding how family relations affect older adults’ health.

WITHDRAWN: Understanding Chinese cultural values and cultural psychology

The traditional norms of Chinese culture impact the way employees choose to speak or keep silent. In particular, the direction of the power distance, self-perception, and self-censors regulate the association between an idea and employee quiet; orientation of the power distance moderated the connection between an idea and the employee voice. In the current paper, a Structural Equation Model (SEM) is proposed where variations in cultural value affect participants' fairness judgments towards selection methods and work results. This SEM views Chinese tradition as a primary precedent of the seen fairness of the applicant and as an essential moderator for the applicant's perceived equity and work results. This exploratory endeavor to explore and improve the structure and dimensions of Chinese cultural values (CCVs) connected to service provision is conducted via factor and reliability analyses. Based on factor analysis results, CCVs may best impact employees' attitudes or behaviors in service delivery. This model discusses the theoretical and concrete consequences. Convenient solutions for promoting internal communications of the network are presented to reduce cultural impact. The results are obtained as improvement of meditation ratio is 85.7%, development of entrepreneurship ratio is 86.2%, increment of economic ratio is 84.25%, reduction of psychology among employees ratio is 86.8%, and customer satisfaction vs. employees' work ratio is 91.65%.

Interpretation of the Connotation of Socialist Core Values in the New Era

Culture carries the future and destiny of a country’s development, and socialist core values represent the mainstream direction of culture. In depth interpretation of the basic connotation of the socialist core values is helpful to grasp the essence through the phenomenon, truly understand the connotation and value of Chinese culture from the source, and then realize the conscious practice with action.

Аксиологическое измерение современной китайской культуры

The purpose of the research is to determine the features characterising cultural modernisation influence on the development of the axiological aspect of the Chinese culture. The article considers three main groups of factors driving the development of the Chinese cultural values in the setting of modernisation. Scientific novelty of the research lies in analysing the value structure of the modern Chinese culture, using the proposed model as a tool for its study. As a result, it is proved that the axiological dimension of the Chinese culture can be considered according to regionalisation, globalisation and modernisation facets, influence of which can be identified by analysing the Chinese culture bearers’ value attitudes, directions of various modernisation practices in the field of culture, as well as information channels that promote exchange and dissemination of global values in the process of cultural globalisation.

Chineseness and behavioural complexity: rethinking Chinese tourist gaze studies

Carácter chino y la complejidad de comportamiento: repensar los estudios de la mirada del turista chinoObjetivoEste artículo reconsidera los estudios de la mirada del turista chino para investigar hasta qué punto los estudios y los modelos teóricos existentes sobre la mirada del turista chino han superado los límites eurocéntricos del concepto de la mirada del turista de John Urry y explicado la complejidad de la mirada del turista chino y las prácticas visuales.Diseño/metodología/métodoSe lleva a cabo el análisis de contenido investigando artículos de investigación, libros, capítulos de libros y las tesis de PhD y de MSc provenientes de las diversas bases de datos tanto en inglés como en chino.HallazgosLos resultados de la investigación manifiestan que, en general, los estudios anteriores movilizan el esencialismo cultural con una sobrestimación del “carácter chino” del modelo del comportamiento de turistas chinos, se cree en gran medida que el cual es motivado por la cultura china mientras forma parte de ella. Lo que la fuente de los fundamentos básicos sobredepende de los valores culturales y la filosofía tradicional de China resulta una pequeña cantidad de marcos teóricos, que no son suficientes tanto para la contribución al modelo original de la mirada del turismo como para manifestar la complejidad del comportamiento visual de turistas chinos. De hecho, se destaca la intención de la separación del Occidente y el Oriente, o hablando de forma precisa, de la mirada del turista occidental y la del turista chino al estudiar y escribir sobre la mirada del turista chino. Los estudios anteriores reflejan el eurocentrismo de la mirada de Urry en vez de ponerlo en duda.Originalidad/valorA pesar de que el artículo no tiene la reconceptualización de la mirada del turista chino como su objetivo, contribuye al ámbito de la investigación de la mirada del turista a través de revelar de manera crítica el prejuicio y la insuficiencia teórica que ya ha existido cuando se usa y se reformula este concepto para explicar la mirada del turista chino y las prácticas visuales. Con lo que hemos mencionado, planteamos una redirección crítica de los estudios existentes de la mirada del turista chino, lo cual sería significativo para aquellos que tienen la intención de investigar qué prefieren ver los turistas chinos durante el viaje y cómo van a interactuar con los mirados en el futuro.Límites de investigación/inferenciaEsta investigación tiene varios límites, sobre todo, como solo revisamos y analizamos los estudios de la mirada del turista chino, lo cual significa que nuestra conclusión no se podría generalizar tanto a la investigación de la mirada del turista de otras culturas como a los estudios del turismo chino, que mostrarían un modelo diferente que merece más atención académica en el futuro. Al mismo tiempo, recomendamos a las personas que se interesen por investigar el modelo del comportamiento de los turistas chinos buscar nuevos caminos y paradigmas alternativos, los cuales serían útiles para superar los límites de las representaciones culturales y reducir la división problemática sino-occidental.

New horizons in understanding the experience of Chinese people living with dementia: a positive psychology approach.

As the global average age increases, the incidence of dementia is also rising. Given improvements in diagnosis and life expectancies, people now live longer with dementia. Thus, the wellbeing and quality of life among people living with dementia are increasingly important areas for research. Research with Western populations has recently begun to apply positive psychology concepts to understand wellbeing in people with dementia. Positive psychology focuses on positive emotions and traits that allow individuals to flourish and thrive-it highlights the possibility of positive subjective experiences in the face of loss and functional decline, and contrasts the traditional deficit-focused perception of dementia. Despite being a major driver in the global growth of dementia prevalence, there is a dearth of research using such positive concepts to understand people with dementia in non-Western communities. This review contains discussion of research on positive constructs in Chinese older adults, and parallels between traditional Chinese cultural values and positive psychology. On this basis, we propose the applicability of a positive psychology framework to Chinese people with dementia, and that 'harmony' is an important culturally specific concept to consider in this area of research. A positive psychology approach acknowledges that strengths and positive experiences can endure after dementia diagnosis. This not only adds to the under-researched area of lived experience of dementia in Chinese people, but highlights areas that could be the focus of interventions or measured as outcomes. By improving understanding, this approach also has potential to reduce carer burden and stigma around dementia.

Elder abuse in life stories: a qualitative study on rural Chinese older people

ABSTRACT Holding beliefs such as elder respect seems to make Chinese older adults vulnerable to feel abused. This study investigated how Chinese older people in the countryside perceive abuse and make sense of their abusive experiences while telling their life stories. Following a narrative approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 older persons living in a rural village, Yunnan province, China, collected their life stories, and paid special attention to their telling of abuses. Thematic analysis of the data suggests that elder abuse for the participants is a betrayal of trust that is established within Chinese cultural values. Four themes were identified in explaining the participants’ experiences of abuse: disrespect, dependency and the down-valued self, disconnection and rejection, and social comparisons in the construction of abuse. We discuss implications for future research and practices in stopping elder abuse.