Cultural Revolution Research Articles

Reaffirming Loyalty and Legitimacy: Representations of Hui Multi-Layered Identity in Bai Lian’s “Mountain Pass”

In the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) left many writers severed from their cultural roots. Starting in the 1980s, literary authors sought to address this disconnection by turning their attention to rural communities. This tendency is exemplified by the emergence of two significant trends: root-seeking literature and new fiction from Tibet. Root-seeking authors focused on local customs, marginalized cultures, and minority groups to reinvigorate Chinese literature and fill the perceived cultural void. Around the same time, new fiction from Tibet featured diverse responses to post-Mao changes, with some idealizing Tibet as a repository of “authentic” traditions, while others criticized its perceived backwardness. Both trends have been interpreted in scholarship as responses, often critical, to state policies. The short story “Mountain Pass” (1985) by Hui writer Bai Lian intersects with these movements temporally and thematically. However, unlike them, Bai Lian’s portrayal of rural communities emphasizes the Hui’s historical role in resisting the Qing empire, pivotal to the emergence of the PRC, while also highlighting the group’s Arab and Persian origins. This three-layered identification with the local, national, and transnational enriches our understanding of the 1980s literary landscape, challenging the notion that this era was solely characterized by resistance to the central state.

A INTEGRAÇÃO DE EDUCAÇÃO INCLUSIVA NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES

The global movement for inclusive education is a social, cultural, pedagogical and political revolution, born in defense of the rights of all students, so that they can be together, sharing and learning without any discrimination. In this sense, it is worth highlighting that educational inclusion is a gradual, dynamic and constantly changing process. Paths full of challenges are being followed so that inclusive education becomes an effective reality, with teacher training standing out among these challenges. In this context, teacher training is a fundamental commitment of educational institutions, both public and private, to develop the skills and competencies necessary for teaching to be carried out successfully, with quality and efficiency. To this end, the research for this study was conducted based on a comprehensive survey of existing materials on the subject, including books, dissertations, theses, national articles and websites of government agencies and scientific databases available on the internet.

Travelling as Political Engagement Controvoglia: Alberto Moravia’s Voyages to China in 1937, 1967, and 1986

ABSTRACT Over a period of half a century, Alberto Moravia visited China three times, producing valuable travel accounts and completely different portrayals of the country, people, culture, and society. As a young reporter for Gazzetta del popolo in 1937, he narrated a dying civilisation facing internal wars and foreign interference. In 1967, he depicted the People’s Republic of China in the years of the Cultural Revolution and the so-called Maoist utopia. In 1986, Moravia produced a disillusioned account of post-Maoist industrial Chinese society. In this comparative study, I situate Alberto Moravia’s travels and his travel writings on China in the canonical production of knowledge on the country in relation to Italy’s intellectual background in three consecutive timeframes: 1930s, 1960s, and 1980s. I argue that Moravia’s travel narratives display a dialogue between the dominant rhetoric on China in each period and Moravia’s political engagement and worldview, themselves changing and evolving over time.

The artificial intelligence revolution...in unethical publishing: Will AI worsen our dysfunctional publishing system?

Scholarly publishing has been shaped by the pressure of a liquid economy to become an exercise in branding more than a vehicle for the advancement of science. The current revolution in artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to make matters worse. The new generation of large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in text generation and are already being used to write papers, grants, peer review reports, code for analyses, and even perform literature reviews. Although these models can be used in positive ways, the metrics and pressures of academia, along with our dysfunctional publishing system, stimulate their indiscriminate and uncritical use to speed up research outputs. Thus, LLMs are likely to amplify the worst incentives of academia, greatly increasing the volume of scientific literature while diluting its quality. At present, no effective solutions are evident to overcome this grim scenario, and nothing short of a cultural revolution within academia will be needed to realign the practice of science with its traditional ideal of a rigorous search for truth.

Authoritarian governance of academia in Central and Eastern Europe: Chances of a European counter-culture

Abstract This article highlights the challenges of external reactions to authoritarian higher education governance in certain Central and Eastern European countries, especially Hungary and Poland. It interprets the political change in these countries as an authoritarian cultural backlash, which is not just a legal or political problem, but a kind of post-fascist cultural revolution contesting the liberal script. First, the article explains the framework of authoritarian policing in academia based on the more general works of Bob Altemeyer and Zeev Sternhell. Second, it tries to answer the question: What tools could counter these tendencies from the perspective of the European Union? As the article interprets the rise of authoritarianism as a phenomenon rooted in the cultural deficit of the countries concerned, it argues that a programme for a democratic and pluralist cultural counter-revolution should be implemented. However, no nation can be democratized solely by external actors, and the basics of democratic thinking should be developed from the grassroots level. If the crisis in academia is rooted in a value-crisis within the societies concerned, then measures countering this phenomenon should also include promoting Enlightened pluralism at all levels of these societies.

CEO early-life experience and corporate accounting conservatism: Insights from the socio-political context

Using China's Cultural Revolution as a shock to risk attitude, this study investigates the effect of CEOs' early-life experience on corporate accounting conservatism. We find that CEOs who experienced the Cultural Revolution in their early life are more risk-averse and conservative, and thereby are associated with a higher level of accounting conservatism. Such a positive relationship is more pronounced in provinces with higher political risks, e.g., where the provincial leadership changes and where high-profile provincial bureaucratic corruption cases occur. Also, the positive effect of CEOs' early-life experience is stronger in SOEs where CEOs' political career concerns are more pronounced. Additional analysis suggests that CEOs with early-life Cultural Revolution experience are more likely to adopt conservative accounting practice, such as increasing firm's provisions for liabilities and reducing accrual-based earnings management. Our results add new evidence to support the upper echelons theory and imprinting theory by highlighting the enduring impact of influential socio-political events during early life on the decision-making processes of CEOs.

A Chinese Rebel beyond the Great Wall: The Cultural Revolution and Ethnic Pogrom in Inner Mongolia by TJ Cheng, Uradyn E. Bulag, and Mark Selden (review)

A Chinese Rebel beyond the Great Wall: The Cultural Revolution and Ethnic Pogrom in Inner Mongolia by TJ Cheng, Uradyn E. Bulag, and Mark Selden (review)

Domestic Space Structure and Abandonment Behavior: The Ye Family Complex at Baomei, Tong An District (Fujian, P.R. China)

Anthropological archaeology strives to recover, understand and explain past social dynamics. It relies on the uncovered material record to highlight past behavior patterns. For such a research agenda to be successful, one needs to fully understand all aspects of the processes involved in the formation of the archaeological record. It is undisputed that “Abandonment” is the condition _sine qua none_ for the formation of archaeological sites. Fieldwork conducted at the Ye Family high ranking Qing Dynasty office-holder housing complex, outlines the “use-history” of the investigated architectural complex and its adjustment to China recent contemporary history. The housing complex shifted from an initial prestigious imperial office-holder family to a “commune” housing for disadvantaged families during the cultural revolution, to be finally either progressively abandoned and/or re-cycled as storage complex. Combining informant input and field archaeology methodologies, the study of an abandoned elite traditional vernacular house provides the opportunity to decipher abandonment processes and contribute to the theoretical agenda of anthropological archaeology.

Technology as a Threat to Local Values and Culture Among Students: A Case Study in Sabah, Malaysia

The technological and cultural revolution, driven by media manipulation and intensified by social media's cross-border communication, threatens local values and culture (LVC) in any society. In Malaysia, emerging lifestyles significantly challenge LVC, especially among students. Limited research has examined how educators in Sabah perceive the impact of technology on student behaviours related to LVC, leaving a gap in understanding the region's cultural and educational challenges. This study explores educators’ perspectives regarding technological influences in Sabah. Utilising a qualitative case study, nine educators from different educational levels were interviewed individually to explore students’ behaviours in reflecting the LVC in Sabah, Malaysia, particularly in Kota Kinabalu and Tawau. The thematic analysis resulted in four themes, i.e., (a) personality development, (b) technological weakness, (c) emotional intelligence, and (d) suggestions to address student development and digital literacy. The study presented an argument with the previous findings concerning personality disorders in defending LVC due to technological influences. The study suggests the importance of defending LVC in shaping a civilised society. It also contributes new findings on the students' abilities to overcome the challenges of technological influences.

Между имперским и постимперским дискурсом: идеи империи и революции в оптике исследователей XXI века (Рец. на: Идея империи и идея революции в русской философии и культуре XIX–XX веков: коллективная монография / отв. ред. И.И. Евлампиев. СПб.: Изд-во РХГА, 2023. 420 с.)

The paper analyses the collective monograph: “The Idea of Empire and the Idea of Revolution in Russian Philosophy and Culture of the XIX–XX Centuries”, its content being a reflection on one of the most intellectually acute and complex contradictions of Russian history – the problem of empire and revolution. This problem invariably awakens philosophical thought, forcing it to search for an explanation of the notorious “pendulum of Russian history”, the genesis of power, the vector and track of Russian history, which are intellectual outgrowths of the fundamental problem – the problem of Russian civilizational and state identity. The content of the work is an analysis of empire and revolution – the main concepts that are in the focus of philosophical interest and reflection in Russian culture of the XIX–XX centuries. Its aim is to demonstrate the theoretical demand to continue the analysis and philosophical reflection of the concepts of empire and revolution, with the task of rethinking and reinterpreting them. The thesis is presented about the inexhaustibly traditional historical-philosophical narrative (liberalism-conservatism) and the discursively traditional nature of the range of topics, problems and questions, centred on the concepts of “empire” and “revolution”, with the same inexhaustibly traditional duality of interpretation (“us–them”, “East–West”). The result of the analysis of the sections that make up the content of the monograph is the conclusion about the epistemological and axiological value of the concepts of empire and revolution, and the heuristic productivity of the works related to their analysis in the context of the challenges faced by the Russian society and state. The latter can be used as analytical tools for works that develop and deepen the problems of empire and revolution on a modern historiographical basis. The historiographical basis of the article is the works of well-known Russian and foreign authors specializing in this field of humanities, and the methodological basis is hermeneutic analysis with the involvement of the discourse of cultural studies, political science and history.

Analysis of How Hotels Can Achieve Innovative Transformation in Brand Marketing Strategies in the Digital Age

With the rapid development of information technology, driven by new technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, the commercial landscape in China is moving towards digitalization. Digitalization refers to the process and technology of expressing, storing, processing, and transmitting information in digital form. The concept and practice of digitalization permeate all aspects of modern society, symbolizing not only a technological transformation but also a cultural, economic, and social revolution. Through digitalization, human beings can manage information more efficiently, enhance productivity, and explore new possibilities for innovation and development. In other words, digital technology not only improves daily work efficiency but also brings many conveniences to people’s lives; it is a product of the technological era. To stand out in the competitive digital age, hotels must master trends, seize opportunities, face challenges, and quickly achieve innovative transformation in brand marketing strategies to capture market share and become industry leaders. This paper explores how hotels should realize innovative transformation in brand marketing strategies under the new technological era.

THE IMPULSES OF MODERNJADIDISM AND THE ROLEOF PRINTING

Jadidism, a reform movement among Muslims of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, played a key role in cultural and educational evolution. One of the main factors that contributed to its development began to be distributed in the form of newspapers, magazines, fiction books, scientific manuals, etc. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the press in the development and spread of Jadidism.The scientific originality of the work lies in deepening the understanding of the processes of the cultural revolution among the Turkic-Muslim peoples living on the territory of the Russia n Empire, and the role of the press in these processes. Practical originality lies in the possibility of using the data obtained to develop modern traditions of cultural and educational development of the Turkic peoples.The article uses historical analysis as well as descriptive and sociocultural methods to determine the relationships between technological advances in printing and ideological changes in Jadidism, using print methods such as a literacy measurement tool, the promotion of secular education, and the formation of modern Turkic identity.The study showed that print media are a central mechanism in disseminating Jadidist idea s and establishing the positions of reformers. The analysis found that the use of printed materials significantly accelerated economic development and led to profound changes in socia l development.The results of the study can be used to develop strategies for supporting and developing cultural and educational initiatives , as well as to study contemporary media in the field of socia l movement and progressive trends in other cultural contexts.

Tracing Political Implications of the Color Red in China From 1919 to 1976

This study explores the political implications of the color red in China from 1919 to 1976, analyzing its usage and significance within published literature through the lens of historical events and ideological shifts. Utilizing the Google Book Ngram Viewer and Voyant tools, this research traces patterns in the frequency and context of the term "红色" (red) in Chinese texts. The analysis identifies significant peaks in usage corresponding to key historical moments, including the Nanchang Uprising, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and the Cultural Revolution. The study finds that the color red is uniquely intertwined with political discourse in China, contrasting with other politically charged colors such as black, white, and yellow. Despite the color’s symbolic prominence, its direct references in pivotal political texts like Mao Zedong’s Quotations are relatively sparse, suggesting a complex interplay between visual symbolism and textual representation. The findings highlight the color red’s profound role in reflecting and shaping political ideologies during this transformative period in Chinese history.

Exploring the Spiritual Synergy: An Analytical Examination of Sant Tukaram and Sant Dnyaneshwar’s Bhakti Poetry

Sant Tukaram and Sant Dnyaneshwar are the two most reverential figures in Indian spirituality. This paper aims to explore the philosophical ideas and spiritual insights of the Sant Dhyaneshwar and Sant Tukaram. The Dnyaneshwari and Abhangas remain timeless works with significant relevance in the modern world. At the heart of Dnyaneshwari, lies a profound exploration of the human experience, delving into the complex interplay between the individual and the societal constructs that shape our reality. In the corporate world, people are under tremendous intentional stress due to the pressure of output and expectations, and Sant’s teachings often bring comfort and solace. With his heartfelt Abhangas, Sant Tukaram taught the essence of devotion and spiritual liberation on the basis of social equality and inner purity, which fostered a spiritual revolution in Marathi culture and tradition. Similarly, Sant Dhyaneshwar, with his balanced intellectual candour combined with spiritual fervour, offered a holistic approach to spirituality

Piano practice of China’s Cultural Revolution era and students’ musical creativity / La práctica de piano con composiciones de la era de la Revolución Cultural y la creatividad musical de los estudiantes

This paper describes the impact of the performance of piano pieces of the Cultural Revolution era with distinctive artistic features on the development of creative skills among students in the People’s Republic of China. The study used the SME academic test to measure the development of creative thinking. To measure the effect of practising piano on musical prowess, a control test (according to the currently accepted academic programme) was performed at the end of the study. The responses were given by students from three universities in the PRC. The total number of participants was 315 individuals. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that there is evidence of the effectiveness of piano practices that are based on musical compositions from the era of the Chinese Revolution, in terms of their positive impact. Small B groups showed 11.8% higher performance than the control group. Group B students experienced a positive impact on their level of creativity as a result of practising the piano. The average degree of creativity increased by 2.6%, while the high degree of creativity increased by 3.6%.

Politicized Sex Repression and Fascination in The Chinese Cultural Revolution

Politicized Sex Repression and Fascination in The Chinese Cultural Revolution

Michelangelo Antonioni, Tourist Snapshots, and the Politics of the ‘Backward Scene’ in 1970s China

In 1972, Radio Televisione Italiana, Italy's state broadcaster, commissioned famed director Michelangelo Antonioni to film a documentary in the People's Republic of China, following the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two nations. Socialist China, in the throes of the Cultural Revolution, was a subject of intense Western fascination at the time. Radical activists worldwide were drawn to Maoism, and references to the Cultural Revolution abounded in European popular culture. Against this backdrop, Antonioni's Chung kuo/Cina found a receptive audience in Europe and North America. Yet by early 1974 the director's ‘anti-China film,’ which had not yet had a public screening in the nation, became the subject of strident condemnation in China's state media, caught up in struggles between competing political factions. This article presents a close reading of Chung kuo/Cina, and examines how the campaign condemning the film spilled over into stricter management of foreign tourists and the production of new forms of tourist literature by state publishers. Examining how notions of China's ‘backwardness’ implicated photographic practice, this article explores how Chinese officials regulated tourist photography, how foreign tourists understood those regulations, and how guides and ordinary Chinese citizens entered into the visual discourse of tourism on their own terms.

Revolution and feelings: an introduction

ABSTRACT The recent fragmentation of the political landscape and the increasing uncertainty of its boundaries have made historians more acutely aware that politics does not exist only ‘high up’ and on the macro level but reaches deep into the private lives of people, shapes their identities and perceptions, influences their thoughts and emotions, regulates and modifies their behaviour. This makes the public/private divide a starting point from which to explore the multiple layers of politics. This is the perspective adopted in this Special Issue, that is dedicated to forms of revolutionary militancy in nineteenth and twentieth century Italy. Indeed, few other historiographical events are better suited than revolution and its concrete manifestation in history to be investigated from the perspective of private experiences, feelings, and emotions. The aim of these papers is, therefore, to describe the different Italian revolutionary cultures from the nineteenth century until the 1970s, analysing on the one hand the intersection between history and individual stories and on the other the emotional substratum of politics.

Living through an influential socio-political event: Early-life experiences and stock price crash risk

Using China's Cultural Revolution as a shock to risk attitude, this study examines how CEOs’ early-life experiences impact stock price crash risk. We find that CEOs who experienced the Cultural Revolution in their early life are more risk-averse and less inclined to withhold negative news, resulting in a reduced level of stock price crash risk. Further, the more severe the CEO's exposure to the Cultural Revolution, the more pronounced the Cultural Revolution effect. Additional analysis suggests that CEOs’ Cultural Revolution effect is more salient in firms with weak regional law enforcement. Our study highlights the enduring impact of influential socio-political events during early life on the decision-making processes of CEOs.

Cultural Revolution and Revolutionary Culture: A Conversation with Alessandro Russo

Cultural Revolution and Revolutionary Culture: A Conversation with Alessandro Russo