Chinese Commercial Banks Research Articles

Unveiling endogeneity between competition and efficiency in Chinese banks: a two-stage network DEA and regression analysis

Although there is a growing number of research articles investigating the performance in the banking industry, research on Chinese banking efficiency is rather focused on discussing rankings to the detriment of unveiling its productive structure in light of banking competition. This issue is of utmost importance considering the relevant transformations in the Chinese economy over the last decades. This is a development of a two-stage network production process (production and intermediation approaches in banking, respectively) to evaluate the efficiency level of Chinese commercial banks. In the second stage regression analysis, an integrated Multi-Layer Perceptron/Hidden Markov model is used for the first time to unveil endogeneity among banking competition, contextual variables, and efficiency levels of the production and intermediation approaches in banking. The competitive condition in the Chinese banking industry is measured by Panar–Rosse H-statistic and Lerner index under the Ordinary Least Square regression. Findings reveal that productive efficiency appears to be positively impacted by competition and market power. Second, credit risk analysis in older local banks, which focus the province level, would possibly be the fact that jeopardizes the productive efficiency levels of the entire banking industry in China. Thirdly, it is found that a perfect banking competition structure at the province level and a reduced market power of local banks are drivers of a sound banking system. Finally, our findings suggest that concentration of credit in a few banks leads to an increase in bank productivity.

Solvency contagion risk in the Chinese commercial banks’ network

We study a model for solvency contagion risk in financial networks, which allows the spread of contagion to occur before the point of default. This model can quantify systemic contagion loss through stress testing. In the usual case, only the total liabilities and total assets in such a network can be observed. To overcome this problem, we adopt a Gibbs sampling method to generate samples of the interbank liabilities matrix conditioning on the edges. This methodological approach is applied to a Chinese commercial bank network. Our results show that the systemic contagion losses of this network are highly dependent on the perceived exogenous recovery rate, especially when the external shock is strong. In the stress testing, we also analyze solvency contagion losses due to equity and exposure by decomposing the changes in contagion losses from 2008 to 2018 into several individual parts. We find that the contagion losses of the network exhibit a downward trend, indicating a more robust and stable network.

Bank efficiency estimation in China: DEA-RENNA approach

The current study proposes a new DEA model to evaluate the efficiency of 39 Chinese commercial banks over the period 2010–2018. The paper also, in the second stage, investigates the inter-relationships between efficiency and some bank-specific variables (i.e. bank profitability, bank size, expenses management, traditional business and non-traditional business) under the Robust Endogenous Neural Network Analysis. The findings suggest that the sample of Chinese banks experiences a consistent increase in the level of bank efficiency up to 2015; the efficiency score is 0.915, after which the efficiency level declines and then experiences a slight volatility, while finally ending up with an efficiency score of 0.746 by the end of 2018. We also find that among different bank ownership types, the state-owned banks have the highest efficiency, the rural commercial banks are found to be least efficient and the foreign banks experience the strongest volatility over the examined period. The second-stage analysis shows that bank size exerts a positive influence on the development of non-traditional banking business and a proactive expense management, bank size and non-traditional businesses have a positive impact on efficiency levels, while bank profitability, traditional businesses and expenses management have negative influences on bank efficiency.

Pricing of Embedded Options in Bank Deposits and Loans Based on Jump-Diffusion Interest Rate Model

The marketization of interest rate is an inevitable requirement for China’s financial reform and joining the WTO to connect with the international financial market. It is also an important link to improve the marketization degree of China’s financial system. The marketization of interest rate in China is gradually advancing according to its preset mode. In the process of interest rate marketization, an unavoidable problem is that while the interest rate marketization gives the commercial banks the autonomy of capital pricing, the fluctuation of interest rate is more and more frequent. However, due to the fluctuation of interest rate, the loan as the main assets of commercial banks will be prepayed by borrowers, and the time deposit as the main liabilities of commercial banks will be withdrawn by depositors in advance; that is, embedded options are implied in asset liability items, which makes it difficult for commercial banks to accurately calculate the actual interest margin of deposits and loans and manage the interest rate risk. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify and price such embedded option value. On the basis of identifying and decomposing the embedded options in deposit and loan of commercial banks, according to the change characteristics of deposit and loan interest rate of Chinese commercial banks, this paper chooses jump-diffusion interest rate model to describe the change of benchmark interest rate of deposit and loan in China and demonstrates the advantages of this model compared with other models. Based on Monte Carlo simulation technology, the embedded options of five-year fixed deposit and ten-year prepayable loan in China are priced. On this basis, it points out that the real interest margin of commercial bank’s deposit and loan should be the nominal interest margin minus the value of deposit and loan’s embedded options. In the process of interest rate risk management, we should pay attention to the existence of embedded options and carry out effective management.

Shadow banking from China's perspective: an empirical analysis of bank-issued wealth management products

PurposeWealth Management Products (WMPs) are the largest and most crucial component of China's Shadow banking, which are off the balance sheet and considered as a substitute for deposits. Commercial banks in China are involved in the issuance of WMPs mainly to; evade the regulatory restrictions, move non-performing loans away from the balance sheet, chase the profits and take advantage of yield spread (the difference between WMPs yield and deposit rate).Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors investigate what bank related characteristics and needs; influenced and prompted the issuance of WMPs. By using a quarterly panel data from 2010 to 2019, this study performed the fixed effects approach favored by the Hausman specification test, and a feasible generalized least square (FGLS) estimation method is employed to deal with any issues of heteroscedasticity and auto-correlation.FindingsThis study found that there is a positive and significant association between the non-performing loan ratio and the issuance of WMPs. Moreover, profitability and spread were found to play an essential role in the issuance of WMPs. The findings of this study suggest that WMPs are issued for multi-purpose, and off the balance sheet status of these products makes them very lucrative for regulated Chinese commercial banks.Research limitations/implicationsNon-guaranteed WMPs are considered as an item of shadow banking in China, as banks do not consolidate this type of WMPs into their balance sheet; due to that reason, there is no individual bank data available for the amount of WMPs. The authors use the number of WMPs issued by banks as a proxy for the bank's exposure to the WMPs business.Practical implicationsFrom a regulatory perspective, this study helps regulators to understand the risk associated with the issuance of WMPs; by providing empirical evidence that Chinese banks issue WMPs to hide the actual risk of non-performing loans, and this practice could mislead the regulators to evaluate the bank credit risk and loan quality. This study also identifies that Chinese banks issue WMPs for multi-purpose; this can help potential investors to understand the dynamics of WMPs issuance.Originality/valueThis research is innovative in its orientation because it is designed to investigate the less explored wealth management products (WMPs) issued by Chinese banks. This study's content includes not only innovation but also contributes to the existing literature on the shadow banking sector in terms of regulatory arbitrage. Moreover, the inclusion of FGLS estimation models, ten years of quarterly data, and the top 30 Chinese banks (covers 70% of the total Chinese commercial banking system's assets) make this research more comprehensive and significant.

Regulatory changes and loan loss provisions management by Chinese banks

PurposeThe authors examine whether Chinese banks use loan loss provisions (LLPs) for capital management, income smoothing and signaling purposes, and assess the effect of the recent regulatory changes following the implementation of Chinese Basel III on such behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a unique set of hand-collected data on bank capital combined with financial data downloaded from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) database. Multivariate regression models are used to test our hypotheses.FindingsThe authors find that while there is no evidence to suggest capital management practice before the Chinese Basel III, the implementation of the new regulations induced listed banks to manage tier-1 capital via LLPs. The authors also find strong support that Chinese banks engage in income smoothing via LLPs management, and there is no change in such tendency following the issuance of Chinese Basel III. Lastly, the authors do not find support for the signaling behavior by Chinese banks using LLPs.Practical implicationsThe authors’ evidence suggests that elevated tier-1 capital and provisioning requirements may induce capital management by banks, which indicates a potential unintended effect brought forth by the new Basel regulations.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine Chinese banks' behavior relating to LLPs in terms of capital management, income smoothing and signaling. In particular, the authors use a sample containing a large number of Chinese commercial banks – previously a major data issue in other studies.

Study on the Influence Factors of Interest Rate Liberalization on Net Interest Margin of Chinese Commercial Banks

Interest margin income is the main business and profit source of commercial banks. With the promotion of interest rate liberalization, net interest margin can measure the operation and management level of a bank to some extent. Interest rate liberalization has a great impact on the development of China’s commercial banks. In order to study and deal with this situation, this paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges brought by interest rate liberalization to china’s commercial banks, and puts forward relevant suggestions for china’s commercial banks on how to effectively utilize the development opportunities and actively deal with the challenges.

Overall efficiency of operational process with undesirable outputs containing both series and parallel processes: A SBM network DEA model

This paper proposes a new slacks-based measure network data envelopment analysis (SBM-NDEA) model with undesirable outputs to evaluate the performance of production processes that have complex structure containing both series and parallel processes. We demonstrate the proposed approach by evaluating Chinese commercial banks during 2012–2016. The operational process of these banks could be divided into deposit producing and deposit utilizing processes connected serially, while deposit utilizing process is further divided into profit generating and deposit reserve interest earning processes, which are parallel. The overall efficiency is decomposed into deposit producing and deposit utilizing efficiency. Deposit utilizing efficiency is further decomposed into profit generating and deposit reserve interest earning efficiency, respectively. Our empirical results suggest that the overall inefficiency is mainly from the profit generating process. The results also estimate the adjustment of variables for the network process of an inefficient bank.

The Impact of Cross-Border Capital Flows on the Chinese Banking System

With the accelerated opening of China’s capital account, China’s banking sector is exposed to the impacts of cross-border capital flows. This article explores the impact of cross-border capital flows on banks’ risk-taking in China. Employing bank-level data of 50 Chinese commercial banks from 2005 to 2018 and a sys-GMM (system generalized method of moments) estimation method, we show that cross-border capital flows are positively associated with the risk-taking of Chinese commercial banks. Moreover, banks that are larger, more capital adequate, and more profitable are more sensitive to the degree of capital account openness toward risk-taking, and the capital account openness has the greatest influence on the profitability-driven bank risk-taking. Nevertheless, such positive effects of capital account openness on bank risk-taking may be weakened under bad macro-environment, indicated by low economic growth, poor legitimate law enforcement, and unstable political condition.

Liquidity creation cyclicality, capital regulation and interbank credit: Evidence from Chinese commercial banks

The cyclicality of the banking industry is closely related to financial crisis. Based on the methodology of Berger and Bouwman (2009) to measure bank liquidity creation, this paper investigates whether liquidity creation is cyclical for Chinese banks during 2012–2018. Our results indicate that liquidity creation by Chinese banks is procyclical and this procyclicality is more pronounced among regional banks. And we further explore the influence of capital regulatory pressure and interbank credit on the procyclicality of Chinese bank liquidity creation. We find that capital regulatory pressure and interbank credit are helpful in mitigating the procyclicality of bank liquidity creation, especially among regional banks. As the Chinese banking industry takes a great proportion of the global banking industry, our findings provide various implications on capital regulation and interbank business supervision for national and international bank regulators and policymakers.

Regulation adaptive strategy and bank efficiency: A network slacks-based measure with shared resources

Banks have two primary strategies for adapting to a regulation change in the era of big data which can be characterized as natural disposability and managerial disposability. Natural disposability implies a negative strategy by which a bank attempts to decreases its vector of inputs to decrease undesirable outputs. In contrast, managerial disposability indicates a positive strategy by which a bank considers a regulation change as an opportunity and adapt the regulation change by utilizing big data technology. The operational process of a bank can be decomposed into a productivity stage and a profitability stage. Furthermore, the operation costs, a shared resource, can be used to characterize natural disposability and managerial disposability. Based on natural disposability and managerial disposability, this paper proposes two network models to estimate the efficiencies of banks. To test their practical implications, the proposed models were applied to examine the efficiencies of Chinese commercial banks in the period 2014−2018. Our key findings are as follows. (1) There exist great disparities in the inefficiencies between two adaptive strategies. The inefficiencies are primarily driven by the profitability stage under natural disposability, whereas the inefficiencies are equally attributed to both stages under managerial disposability. (2) The efficiency differences among different types of banks are insignificant under natural disposability but are significant under managerial disposability. (3) Joint-stock commercial banks are more oveall efficient than state-owned commercial banks, city commercial banks and rural commercial banks, while state-owned commercial banks show worst practice for overall efficiency and profitability stage efficiency.

Peer effects of bank loan portfolio on systemic insolvency risk: evidence from China

ABSTRACT By empirically analysing the panel data of Chinese commercial banks, we find that regional city commercial banks significantly mimic their peers in multiple lending parts of loan portfolio, while large nationwide commercial banks behave oppositely to their peers. In addition, by using a Euclidean distance way to measure bank interconnectedness, we reveal that the overlap of loan portfolios between banks is significantly correlated to the similarity of insolvency risk between them. It implies that peer effects of bank loan portfolio are likely to be sources of systemic insolvency risk in the bank system. These results help deepen the understanding of peer effects of bank activities, and provide insights into the correlation between peer effects and systemic risk in banks.

Fintech and the economic capital of Chinese commercial bank's risk: Based on theory and evidence

AbstractThis article examines the impact of “finance + technology” (Fintech) on different sizes of banks economic capital through the application of Fintech perspective in China during the period January 2011 and September 2019, using a dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique. The study found compared with small and medium‐sized banks, large state‐owned commercial banks have advantages in scale, capital and experience. There is a negative correlation between the scale of assets of commercial banks and economic capital. Further tests reveal the impact of Fintech on the profitability of different types of commercial banks shows significant heterogeneity.

An Empirical Study on the Profitability of Chinese Commercial Banks — Based on Factor Analysis

<p>The supporting role of financial development on the real economy is unquestionable. How to improve the profitability of commercial banks, allocate more resources efficiently and quickly to the key links of development, and urge financial institutions to better serve the real economy, is our breakthrough in economic development bottlenecks important node. Based on the data of 16 listed commercial banks in 2018, this paper uses factor analysis to calculate the profitability scores of each bank, discusses how commercial banks can better serve the real economy, and proposes corresponding policy recommendations.</p>

Fintech and Banking Efficiency: Evidence from Chinese Commercial Banks

Will the development of FinTech improve the efficiency of commercial banks in China? In recent years, FinTech has been continuously developing and applying to the financial industry which has brought opportunities and challenges to the operation and management of commercial banks in China. We focus on the empirical analysis of the impact of FinTech on the operating efficiency of commercial banks. By examining Chinese commercial banks as an empirical sample, we find that the development of FinTech has a significant role in promoting the efficiency of Chinese commercial banks. On this basis, we further compared the feedback of changes in the efficiency of different Chinese commercial banks to the development of FinTech. Accordingly, the efficiency changes of city commercial banks in China have been most significantly affected by the development of FinTech. Based on the empirical results, the financial development elements are further added to explore the geographical characteristics of city commercial banks. We find that the development of FinTech has a stronger effect on the efficiency change of city commercial banks in areas with higher levels of financial development.

Application of Financial Technology Innovation in Commercial Banks: A Case Study of Bank of China

With the development of financial science and technology, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other technologies are becoming more and more mature. As the core sector of China’s financial industry, the innovative application of financial technology in domestic commercial banks has gradually become the focus of the financial industry, after studying the application of financial technology in commercial banks and introducing the benign interaction mechanism between finance and technology, from four aspects of system innovation, organization innovation, Channel Innovation and technology innovation, this paper analyzes the application status of its financial technology in the Bank of China, finally, from the angle of the bank itself and the external environment, it provides the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for the innovative application of financial science and technology in Chinese commercial banks.

Bank Risk-Taking and Monetary Policy Transmission: Evidence from China

We present evidence that monetary policy easing reduces bank risk-taking but exacerbates capital misallocation in China after implementing the Basel III capital regulationsin2013. Thenewregulationstightenedbankcapitalrequirementsandintroduced a new risk-weighting approach to calculating the capital adequacy ratio (CAR). To meet tightened capital requirements, a bank can boost its effective CAR by raising capital or by increasing the share of lending to low-risk borrowers. Using confidential loan-level data from a large Chinese commercial bank, merged with firm-level data on a large set of manufacturing firms, we document robust evidence that a monetary policy expansion raises the share of new bank loans to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) after 2013, but not before, because SOE loans receive high credit ratings under government guarantees. Since SOEs are on average less productive than private firms, shifts in bank lending toward SOEs exacerbate capital misallocations, reducing aggregate productivity. We construct a two-sector general equilibrium model with bank portfolio choices and show that, under calibrated parameters, an expansionary monetary policy shock raises the share of bank lending to SOEs, leading to persistent declines in total factor productivity that partially offset the expansionary effects of monetary policy.

The Impact of Financial Disintermediation on the Credit Business of Chinese Commercial Banks

The Impact of Financial Disintermediation on the Credit Business of Chinese Commercial Banks

中国商业银行开展绿色信贷的发展战略分析

中国商业银行开展绿色信贷的发展战略分析

녹색신용대출이 중국 상업은행 경영성과에 미친 영향에 관한 연구

녹색신용대출이 중국 상업은행 경영성과에 미친 영향에 관한 연구