Chinese Commentaries Research Articles

<한선문신옥편(漢鮮文新玉篇)>에【華】로 표기된 한자(어)의 형태적 특징 고찰

The Han 漢鮮文新玉篇(HànXiānWénXīnYùPiān) was an attempt to compile an autobiography suitable for the times by examining newly created new Chinese characters, Japanese characters, and Chinese characters among the autobiographies compiled in the modern period, you can see Chinese characters with the notation of “華[Hua]” in the Chinese commentary of 漢鮮文新玉篇(HànXiānWénXīnYùPiān). The Chinese characters with this sign are said to be 'Chinese characters (language)' used in China, it is necessary to examine whether this is really a Chinese character used in China, and if so, what its properties are. herefore, as part of a study to identify the properties of Chinese characters marked as “華[Hua]”, this paper intends to extract data from Chinese characters marked as “華[Hua]” in 漢鮮文新玉篇(HànXiānWénXīnYùPiān), in addition, the morphological characteristics of the Chinese characters marked “華[Hua]” were considered. The results are as follows. First, there are a total of 90 Chinese characters written as “華[Hua]” in 漢鮮文新玉篇(HànXiānWénXīnYùPiān). Among them, there are a total of 35 Chinese characters that can be found in old records but are explained by replacing them with other letters. These Chinese characters showed structural differences such as differences in strokes, differences in one-sidedness, and use of other letters. All of these were divided into cases where the subject was a 俗字 and the case where the subject was a 俗字 character because of the transfer between letters, and the subject was taken with the representativeness of the time centered on the 俗字 character. Second, in the Chinese annotation of Chinese characters with the notation of “華[Hua]” in 漢鮮文新玉篇(HànXiānWénXīnYùPiān), the form and word order of Chinese characters in which Chinese characters exist could be divided into five categories: (1) simple row type/order relationship type/parallel relationship type, (2) predicate-object structure/subject-order structure type, (3) predicate-bore structure type, (4) formal relationship type, and (5) other types. Third, it is a Chinese character that does not exist in the Chinese annotation of Chinese characters with the notation of “華[Hua]” in 漢鮮文新玉篇(HànXiānWénXīnYùPiān). At that time, the font and meaning exist in Korea, but the meaning of the Chinese character marked “華[Hua]” is mainly used in China.

Optimizing Bilingual Sports Commentary under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Approach

This paper explores the application of functional equivalence theory in enhancing bilingual sports commentary, with a focus on Chinese and English languages. By analyzing commentary from various sports events, including the F1 British Grand Prix, NBA games, FIFA World Cup matches, and League of Legends World Championships, the study identifies key differences and areas for improvement in both language commentaries. Chinese commentary often suffers from clarity issues due to excessive commentators and informal language, while English commentary lacks cultural and idiomatic richness. The research demonstrates that integrating functional equivalence theory can significantly improve the quality of sports commentary by ensuring that it is culturally and linguistically tailored to the audience's experience. This approach not only provides a richer viewer experience but also bridges the gap between different linguistic audiences, maintaining the excitement and context of the sports event.

Update in interstitial lung disease 2023

The notable advances in interstitial lung disease (ILD) published in Chinese and international authoritative journals from November 2022 to October 2023 were systematically reviewed in our annual review. The year 2023 brought significant advances about mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, connective tissue diseases associated ILD, sarcoidosis, progressive pulmonary fibrosis and rare ILDs. The related global and/or Chinese commentaries and guidelines were also reviewed in our paper. We also highlighted the important findings of epidemiologic and health economic data on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis.

The Influence of Wŏnhyo’s Understanding of “Shenjie” 神解 on the Chinese Commentaries on the Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna

This study aims to reveal the influence of Wŏnhyo’s Kisillon so (Wŏnhyoso) on Chinese commentaries on the Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna (AFM), which is regarded as important in East Asian Buddhism. Previous studies focused only on the influence on Fazang’s Qixinlun shu (Fazangshu), but it should be noted that the Wŏnhyoso also had an effect on the understanding of the AFM in China. First, by comparing the usage of “shenjie” in the Fazangshu and in the Wŏnhyoso, one can identify Wŏnhyoso’s unique interpretation. The Wŏnhyoso defines it as “mystical understanding as the nature of One Mind in the aspect of thusness and the nature of the mind of original enlightenment in the aspect of arising and ceasing”, whereas the Fazangshu defines “shenjie” as “an excellent comprehension”. Next, examining the usage of “shenjie” of the Wŏnhyoso in the later commentaries on the AFM after Fazang, such as the Shilun, the Zanxuanshu, the Puguanji, the Zongmishu, the Bixueji, the Shulue, and the Huiyue, has confirmed the influence of the Wŏnhyoso in Chinese Buddhism. In addition, the relationships between Chinese commentaries on the AFM were also clarified based on the commentaries’ acceptance of “shenjie”.

Իդեալական հասարակարգի դաոսական մոդելը / The Taoist Model of an Ideal Society

Dao De Jing (DaoD Tsin) holds a pivotal place in Taoism, ranking as one of its most significant texts and boasting the distinction of being the most translated book worldwide after the Bible. Surprisingly, within the Armenian context, there exists no translation of this seminal work from its original Chinese. The primary objective of this article is twofold: to introduce the Armenian translation of the 80th chapter of Dao De Jing and to offer interpretations of key expressions within that chapter based on Chinese commentaries on Dao De Jing. Additionally, this work embarks on an examination of the concept of an ideal society or utopia as presented in various Taoist writings. This exploration is rooted in a comprehensive study encompassing the original texts, their English translations, and contributions from various scholars in the field. The study culminates in the recognition that the vision of a "small country with few people," as described in chapter 80, stood in stark contrast to the ambitious pursuits of contemporary Chinese rulers and was deemed unfeasible. Notably, prominent Taoist figures, Laozi and Chuangzi, both regarded a return to a simpler, original social order as a prerequisite for fostering peaceful and contented lives. One of the most necessary conditions of the Taoist utopia was that people should go back to the old way of making notes by knotting ropes, live a very simple life, but most importantly, there should be no communication between the inhabitants of neighboring countries.

A Study of Chinese Commentaries on the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment

The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, also known as Yuanjuejing 圓覺經 or, in full, Dafang guangyuanjue xiuduoluo liaoyijing 大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經, is a mindfulness meditation sutra with a particularly high reputation that has been the subject of a great deal of annotations and commentaries throughout the history of East Asian Buddhism. However, hitherto, the literature has not systematically organized and studied these annotations and commentaries. The aim of this paper is to organize the Chinese commentaries on this sutra from the 8th to the 17th centuries systematically and tointroduce the different situations by the commentaries produced by different schools of Buddhism. Briefly, these works mainly include the commentaries by Weique 惟愨, Wushi 悟實, Jianzhi 堅志, Daoquan 道詮, and Tsung-mi 宗密 during the Tang Dynasty (618–907); the commentaries of the Huayan 華嚴宗, Tiantai 天臺宗, and Chan 禪宗 schools during the Song Dynasty (960–1279); and the literal interpretations and collected commentaries produced during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1912).

Non-humans in the Zhuangzi: Animalism and anti-anthropocentrism

ABSTRACT Some argue that animals and non-human figures in the Zhuangzi help displace the significance of humans. According to others the Zhuangzi suggests a certain time of ‘animalism,’ asking us to be more like various types of fauna and flora that do not share our self-centeredness. In this paper the use of non-human characters in the Zhuangzi will be examined through a survey of traditional Chinese commentary, comparisons with the Lunyu, and placing the use of non-human characters within the larger context of the Zhuangzi. Thus we find that while anti-anthropocentric and animalistic perspectives can be philosophized with the Zhuangzi, the text itself is not overly concerned with these subjects. Animals and non-human characters are mainly allegorical or metaphorical, allowing the Zhuangzito 1) make broadly applicable arguments; 2) playfully discuss ideas that may be unappealing at first glance, and; 3) create a distance that allows the text to resist ossification.

Strategic Pro-environmental Persuasion: Use of Hedges in Chinese Environmental Commentary

Strategic Pro-environmental Persuasion: Use of Hedges in Chinese Environmental Commentary

Fifty-Plus Years of Watching Asia: An American Perspective

Fifty-Plus Years of Watching Asia: An American Perspective Sheldon W. Simon (bio) As a prelude to this personal rumination on the issues in Asian international politics that have occupied my professional life, I wish to express appreciation to See Seng Tan for asking so many well-qualified colleagues to contribute their own assessments to this compendium. My fascination with Asian politics began as an undergraduate in the 1950s at the University of Minnesota, where on a cold, snowy morning in January, Professor Werner Levi—a German-Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany who held three doctorates, including one in politics—stated that the world’s future would lie in Asia. A combination of ancient civilizations, historical grandeur, and a strong work ethic among its populations, he argued, would transform Asia in due course into the world’s most dynamic region. He went on to say that those of us who planned for a career in public affairs should consider becoming students of Asia. I was convinced. Upon completing my PhD in political science, I took a position with the U.S. government for three years analyzing Soviet and Chinese commentary on Asia. During this time, I honed the research interests that characterized my subsequent academic life—the interface between the great powers and Asian states as well as the dynamics of the developing Asian actors in dealing with great-power pressures and blandishments. Of course, the Asia-Pacific was home to three of those great powers—the United States in the aftermath of World War II, China under the aegis of its Communist Party, and the Soviet Union. This essay addresses these dynamics in two sections—one on the security arrangements in North and Southeast Asia and one on recent U.S. relations with states in both subregions—before concluding with some final thoughts. Northeast and Southeast Asian Security Arrangements From an American perspective, it is useful to divide the analysis of East Asia into its northern and southern components. The United States’ Cold War and post–Cold War attention to the region may be assessed through its security arrangements. For Northeast Asia, this would be the ongoing presence of U.S. forces in the aftermath of World War II. Japan and the [End Page 74] Republic of Korea (ROK) became junior partners in Washington’s East Asia strategy opposing the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and North Korea. Thus, the U.S. hub-and-spoke security arrangement came into existence. Unlike NATO, a multilateral European military alliance requiring each member to come to the others’ defense in the event of an attack, Washington was unable to effect a similar arrangement between Japan, the ROK, and the United States. Korean bitterness over Japan’s colonial legacy meant that Seoul was unwilling to engage in any security agreement with Tokyo. The alternative was separate U.S. bilateral defense treaties between the United States and each country. The United States was the “hub” and its bilateral partners were the separate “spokes.” These spokes for the most part did not interact militarily with each other. For example, until recently, the Japanese and ROK navies only directly interacted with each other through U.S. intersession in multilateral maritime exercises such as the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC). By contrast, the Southeast Asian states assayed a number of times to create multilateral institutions beginning in the 1950s—for example, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, the Association of Southeast Asia, and Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia (MAPHILINDO). None were successful, but all demonstrated a realization among non-Communist elites in the region that some form of political collaboration was necessary to deal with both extraregional and intraregional challenges from China, the Soviet Union, and North Vietnam. Southeast Asian leaders were also concerned that Western states might leave the region as the Indochina wars of the 1950s and 1960s ended with Communist victories. Southeast Asian leaders conceived a new regional organization in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), composed of Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. In the mid-1960s, Indonesia’s president and founding father Sukarno had attempted to destroy Malaysia, which he saw as a neocolonialist country...

The Representation of Affect in Chinese Visual-Verbal News Commentary: A Corpus-Based Study

Visual-verbal discourses are often loaded with affect which is one of the three semantic types of attitude in Appraisal Theory. After corpus collection and annotation on the basis of 100 cases of Chinese new commentary, this research conducts a quantitative study of the representation of affect in Chinese visual-verbal news commentary, which reveals that 1) Affect is not common in the corpus and the most frequently occurred affect is the kind of affect from the depicted disadvantaged participant. 2) While authorial and third-party affects are mainly negative affect toward negative behaviors, affects from the depicted disadvantaged participant mainly express their negative emotion toward the poor encounter, and affects from the depicted negative participant mainly show their negative emotion toward positive behaviors. 3) As for the types of semiotic modals, the majority of affects are verbal affects. Besides, there are both visual and verbal affects from the depicted participants, but neither visual authorial nor third-party affect is found. Findings above prove that the visual-verbal representation of affect in Chinese visual-verbal commentary is a complex process of systematic choices-making of different representational factors, and these choices exactly contribute to the construction of such genre.

The Theory of <i>Gotra</i> and <i>Tathāgatagarbha</i> in Dunhuang Manuscript S.6388 <i>Shengmanjingshu</i>

Dunhuang manuscript S.6388 is a classical Chinese commentary on the Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda Sūtra 勝鬘経.Akira Fujieda inferred that S.6388 was written in China between A.D. 515 and the accomplishment of the Shengmanjing yiji 勝鬘経義記,a work of Jingyingsi Huiyuan 浄影寺慧遠 (523–592). Thechnical terms of the Shidijing lun 十地経論 can be found in S.6388.

The Inheritance of Śūnya Tathāgatagarbha and Aśūnya Tathāgatagarbha: Focusing on Several Commentaries on the <i>Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra</i> in Northern and Southern Dynasties Buddhism

The Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra 勝鬘師子吼一乗大方便方広経 (SMS) is one of the earliest tathāgatagarbha scriptures. The SMS relates śūnya to tathāgatagarbha, and creates śūnya tathāgatagarbha and aśūnya tathāgatagarbha. In this paper, I discuss the peculiar interpretations of śūnya tathāgatagarbha and aśūnya tathāgatagarbha in four Chinese commentaries composed during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. All the commentaries, except the Wumingshi Shengmanjingshu 無名氏勝鬘経疏,explain śūnya in terms of defilements, i.e., the xiangkong 相空.This is obviously different from the explanation of xingkong 性空 in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. This shows that explaining śūnya in terms of xiangkong has become mainstream in Northern and Southern Dynasties Buddhism.

『論語』 ‘攻乎異端’章에 대한 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 주석의 비교

『論語』 ‘攻乎異端’章에 대한 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 주석의 비교

Jesuit Figurists’ written space

As the Jesuit Figurists journeyed through the sea of commentaries on the Yijing and the trans-textual dialogue, they did not just play the role of translators and commentators by doing intralingual translation. They also sought the attention of the Kangxi Emperor and the elite literati by producing handwritten Chinese manuscripts that mimicked the format and grammatology of Chinese commentaries. Besides the commentarial tradition, and the Classical and vernacular language employed in the Chinese manuscripts of the Jesuit Figurists, their formats, writing/calligraphy, layout and other visual features had a life and history of their own. The manuscripts served as a visual medium that helped the Jesuit Figurists communicate and proselytize via a shared identity with the Chinese literati. They strove to imitate the format used in commentaries on the Yijing by earlier or contemporary literati. Thus, their Chinese manuscripts were a written space that showed the interaction among the forms of the books, their content, and their imagined readers. The Jesuit Figurists also faced mixed feelings and fluctuating support from their target audience in this translation space.

Minglitan: Chinese Translation and Commentary of Aristotle’s Categories from the 17th Century

This article puts forth the first Polish translation of fragments of Minglitan, „Investigation into the Meaning of Names”, that is Chinese translation and commentary of Aristotle’s Categories prepared by Chinese scholar, Li Zhizao and Portuguese Jesuit, Francisco Furtado, and published in 1631. Five pieces have been select for the translation: Li Tianjing’s preface to Minglitan; a groundbreaking essay on sources of philosophy, containing the very first Chinese transliteration of the term φιλοσοφία; chapter on the category of substance; of quantity; and chapter on opposites. The translation has been furnished with footnotes elaborating on Chinese terms employed in the Minglitan, and has been preceded by an introduction that delineates historical context of Minglitan, its content and structure, along with a brief sketch of its main linguistic determinants.

The Controversial Cases of Hyunt’o(懸吐) in Interpreting Chinese Classic Texts and Commentaries of Collected Commentaries on the Four Books

The Controversial Cases of Hyunt’o(懸吐) in Interpreting Chinese Classic Texts and Commentaries of Collected Commentaries on the Four Books

A corpus-based study on Chinese sentiment parameters of Chinese sentiment discourse

Most previous work on sentiment identification and annotation has focused on the identification and annotation of attitudes and targets, while less work has been done on other sentiment parameters. In this paper, we aim to discover different lexical, syntactic and semantic features of Chinese sentiment parameters based on Appraisal Theory. The data are from an annotated corpus of Chinese commentaries, analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. We find that sentence-level sentiment production is the collaborative work of the core sentiment parameter (attitude) with other peripheral sentiment parameters (topic, source, field, process and degree of attitude). The distribution of sentiment parameters is also restricted by word classes, syntactic and semantic features and functions. This work not only offers a new analytic framework for Chinese sentiment analysis, but will improve the precision of sentence-level machine extraction of sentiment expressions in Chinese, with implications for possible extension to other languages.

Habsburg Nostalgia and the Occidental Other: Chinese Perspectives on Stefan Zweig’s Novellas

Stefan Zweig (1881–1942) is often seen as the “nostalgic” Austrian writer par excellence who has been accused of producing a distorted and misleading image of a glorified Habsburg Empire in his works. This essay explores Chinese approaches to Zweig’s works which significantly complicate these readings of his Habsburg nostalgia. Drawing on Svetlana Boym’s theory of nostalgia and postcolonial approaches to Occidentalism, this study focuses on the reception of Stefan Zweig’s novellas in China during the second half of the twentieth century. The extensive Chinese commentary and, in particular, academic discussions of these works reveal strategies of employing Zweig’s depiction of Habsburg Austria for different, even contradictory, purposes as part of official as well as subversive anti-official discourses. The focus on the Chinese reception of Zweig’s literature offers alternative readings and fascinating new insights into the powerful socio-critical potential in the works of Zweig.

초본류 한약재 감별을 위한 용어의 비교연구

ABSTRACT Objectives : To investigate terminology of Herbal drug discrimination commo nly used in China, and it was translated into Korean. It also has been modified to fit the ci rcumstances of the Korean for easier understand for Korean student.Methods : First,Terminology for Identification of the Chinese Herbal Mat eria Medica (TICHMM) was classified by the appearance, cut surface, material, processing and storage o f Herb. Chinese commentary of TICHMM was translated into Korean. Comparative Study was performed based o n the Pharmacopoeia of Korea and China. Depending on the meaning of the word, TICHMM was modified to revised Korean expression or remain chinese expression or suggest new Korean expressionResult : In the 28 TICHMM terms that describes the shape properties of herbal medicine, 5 was remained in Chinese expression, 22 was modified to revised Korean expressio n and 1 was suggested in new Korean expression. 8 terms that describes the Section properties of he rbal medicine, 6 was modified to revised Korean expression and 2 was suggested in new Korean expression. 3 term s that describes the Material properties of herbal medicine, 1 was remained in Chinese expression, 2 was mo dified to revised Korean expression. 3 terms that describes the processing and storage properties of herbal medicine, 2 was modified to revised Korean expression and 1 was suggested in new Korean expression.Conclusion : By comparative Study of TICHMM, commonly used in China, it will contribute new guideline on the Visual Examination of Herbal Medicine for Korean student.Key words : Terminology, Herbal drug discrimination, translation

Evolution of Sport-Broadcast Commentary: The Case of China

The Olympic Games are one of the most popular global televised sporting events. In the greater body of sport communication literature, a great deal of focus has been placed on examining sport media from the West. This article considers the unique and specific case of Chinese Olympic broadcast commentary televised by state media. In this, an evolutionary process of sport media can be seen in the analysis of several themes: nationalism and identity, heroes and failure, collectivism and individualism, and the portrayal of female athletes. In considering the dynamic changes that have come about in the past 3 decades of Chinese commentary, it is evident that many themes in Chinese sport media have become reflective of those found in Western sport media. While Chinese sport media have similarities to Western sport media, it is important to note that Chinese sport media are unique. Results of this work can help provide richer understanding of sport media and consumers in China.