Chinese Birds Research Articles

An AI-based Wild Animal Detection System and Its Application

An AI-based Wild Animal Detection System and Its Application

How do birds with different traits respond to Urbanization? A phylogenetically controlled analysis based on citizen science data and a diverse urbanization measurement

The acceleration of urbanization has globally threatened bird diversity. Understanding how birds respond to the urban environment, and what, if any, traits predict this response to urban environments, is crucial in mitigating these declines. However, existing research often focuses on local or regional scales, utilizes restricted measures of urban tolerance, and does not always consider the interaction between evolutionary relatedness and traits, resulting in an unsettled relationship between some traits and urban tolerance. Our analyses aimed to test whether there is generalizability in previous results with that of the results in China, integrating 947,030 citizen science observations of birds with a continuous measure of urbanization. We synthesized an urbanization index for 874 species, representing their tolerance to urbanization by accounting for stressors such as built-up land, population density, and night-light intensity. First, we aimed to quantify which traits were positively and negatively associated with urban tolerance in Chinese birds, when considering all possible ecological and life history traits. Second, we tested specific hypotheses, based on a priori literature. Third, we tested whether the results from above change when phylogenetic relatedness is included in the models. The findings reveal that passage migrants or species with multiple main migration types with larger clutch sizes and more generalist diets are the most common in urban environments. Moreover, the evolutionary relationship between species conceals the expression of several traits in urban tolerance that omnivorous species that nest on architectural buildings or cliffs showed higher urban tolerance within clades. Our findings highlight the challenges in identifying consistent patterns in the relationships between species traits and their tolerance of urban environments. To optimize urban design and reduce the negative influence on birds from rapid urbanization, protecting existing trees and buildings where birds nest, increasing the proportion of shrubs to compensate for sources of ground-dwelling birds, and controlling the predation risk of the ground nests are beneficial.

First Report ofBlastocystisspp. Infection in Pet Birds in Henan Province, Central China

Blastocystis spp. are common intestinal parasites found in humans and many kinds of animals. Blastocystis spp. infection is associated with a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chronic urticaria, among which asymptomatic infection is the most common. Among the 11 potentially zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis spp., 9 subtypes have been reported in bird species. The purpose of this study was to detect the infection rate and gene subtype distribution of Blastocystis spp. in pet birds in Henan Province, Central China, to provide a foundation for preventing and controlling Blastocystis spp. in pet birds. Fecal DNA was extracted from 382 fresh fecal samples of pet birds collected from five areas in Henan Province, Central China. Twenty-three species of pet birds from four orders, from local pet trading markets, parks, and individuals, were sampled. All DNA samples were investigated by PCR, and positive samples were sequenced to analyze the gene subtypes based on the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. Blastocystis spp. was detected in 0.8% of the samples. Further DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses resulted in the identification of two known zoonotic subtypes, ST1 (n = 2) and ST7 (n = 1). As far as we know, this is the first time that ST1 subtype has been reported in Chinese birds. It is found that pet birds may be the hosts of zoonotic Blastocystis spp. subtypes, and the role of birds in transmitting Blastocystis spp. to humans needs to be further studied.

Contrasting habitat use and conservation status of Chinese-wintering and other Eurasian Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) populations

BackgroundGPS/GSM tracking data were used to contrast use of (i) habitats and (ii) protected areas between three Arctic-nesting Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons, GWFG) populations throughout the annual cycle. We wished to demonstrate that the East Asian Continental Population (which winters on natural wetlands in the Chinese Yangtze River floodplain and is currently declining) avoids using farmland at multiple wintering sites. We also gathered tracking evidence to support general observations from two increasing population of GWFG, the North Sea-Baltic (which winters in Europe) and the West Pacific (which winter in Korea and Japan) winter mostly within farmland landscapes, using wetlands only for safe night roosts.MethodsWe tracked 156 GWFG throughout their annual cycle using GPS/GSM transmitters from these three populations to determine migration routes and stopover staging patterns. We used Brownian Bridge Movement Models to generate summer, winter and migration stopover home ranges which we then overlaid in GIS with land cover and protected area boundary at national level to determine habitat use and degree of protection from nature conservation designated areas.ResultsData confirmed that 73% of European wintering GWFG homes ranges were from within farmland, compared to 59% in Japan and Korea, but just 5% in China, confirming the heavy winter use of agricultural landscapes by GWFG away from China, and avoidance of farmland at multiple sites within the Yangtze River floodplain. The same GWFG used farmland in northeast China in spring and autumn, confirming their experience of exploiting such habitats at other stages of their annual cycle. Chinese wintering birds showed the greatest overlap with protected areas of all three populations, showing current levels of site safeguard are failing to protect this population.ConclusionsResults confirm the need for strategic planning to protect the East Asian Continental GWFG population. While the site protection network in place to protect the species seems adequate, it has failed to stop the declines. Buffalo grazing could serve as one simple strategy to improve the condition of feeding habitats at Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake in the Yangtze, where vast Carex meadows exist. In addition, while we warn against pushing GWFG to winter farmland feeding in China because of the long-term potential to conflict with agricultural interests, we recommend experimental sacrificial, disturbance-free farmland within designated refuge areas adjacent to the Yangtze River floodplain wetland reserves as a manipulative experiment to improve the conservation status of this population in years when natural food sources are limited.

Patterns and drivers of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of understory bird communities in Chinese forests captured by camera traps

Birds are important in regulating and maintaining forest ecosystem functioning and services, which are threatened by human activities in the Anthropocene. Camera traps are now widely used to monitor forest bird diversity. But few studies have tested forest bird diversity distribution patterns based on camera traps, especially from the phylogenetic and functional perspectives. Here, we linked the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of Chinese forest bird communities captured by camera traps with contemporary climate, glacial-interglacial climate change, and elevational range. Our results showed that 2701 cameras in 58 forest sites captured 290 bird species, most of which were ground-dwelling species and the species number was 21% of all Chinese bird species. Notably, the phylogenetic and functional diversity of these understory birds was 28% and 51% of all Chinese birds, respectively. There were also eight endangered species, 13 vulnerable species, and 37 near threatened species among the 290 species. In addition, forest sites with relatively stable glacial-interglacial climate had relatively higher species richness, but lower phylogenetic and functional diversity. Phylogenetic diversity was also negatively associated with elevational range, while functional diversity was negatively associated with contemporary temperature and precipitation. These findings suggest that camera traps could be an effective technology for forest bird monitoring and conservation, especially for the understory species. In addition, forest in regions with relatively stable paleoclimate, warm and wet contemporary climate, and large elevational range may harbor more bird species through recent rapid in situ diversification.

A dataset on the life-history and ecological traits of Chinese birds

A dataset on the life-history and ecological traits of Chinese birds

Species traits linked with range shifts of Chinese birds

Range shifts are important species response to climate change and anthropogenic activities. While many studies have suggested that species traits are also important predictors of range shifts, they are mainly conducted in Europe and North America, and more importantly there are still many controversies about the roles of species traits. As far as we know, this is the first study in China linking bird species traits with range shifts. We aimed to answer two questions: 1) which order and family have most bird species with range shifts? 2) which traits are most associated with the bird species range shifts in China? A total of 204 species (14% of all bird species in China) had changed their ranges. Although passeriformes (126 species) and muscicapidae (23 species) had the most species with range shifts, the order and family with highest proportion of species with range shifts were cuculiformes (40%), rostratulidae (100%) and artamidae (100%). Our results also showed that range shifts of Chinese birds were positively correlated with geographical range size, habitat specificity, trophic level, and negatively correlated with body size. Notably, all the four traits were included in the combination of traits most associated with range shifts, suggesting that priority should be given to birds with large body size, low habitat specificity, low tropical level and small geographical size. Because these species could not adapt the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities in time, and would then face an increased risk of extinction. As China harbors high levels of overall bird species richness, threatened and endemic bird species richness, as well as large human population, this study is of great importance for the bird diversity conservation in China.

Notes of Life: A platform for recording species observations driven by artificial intelligence

Biodiversity research is stepping into a big data era with the rapid increase in the abundance of biodiversity data, especially the large number of species images. It has been a new trend and hot topic on how to utilize artificial intelligence to mine big biodiversity data to support wildlife observation and recognition. In this research, we integrate large numbers of species images, including higher plants, birds and insects, and use a state-of-the-art image deep learning technique to train species auto-recognition models. Currently, we get a model that can recognize more than 900 Chinese birds with top 1 accuracy 81% and top 5 accuracy 95% (top n accuracy means the probability that the correct answer presents in top n predicted results), and more models are coming soon. Based on these models, we developed a platform named Notes of Life (NOL, http://nol.especies.cn), which includes a website and a mobile application (app) for assisting biological scientists and citizen scientists to recognize and record wildlife. Users can upload their observation records and images of wildlife through our mobile app while they are investigating in the wild. The website is used for bulk data uploading and management. Species images can be classified by taxon-specific, plug-in recognition models that speed up the process of identification. There is an expert module in NOL where citizen scientists can work interactively with information provided by biological scientists, and post a species image identification request to experts when they cannot recognize the species by themselves or from models. The expert module is for improving the quality of citizen science data, and it is a supplement of the disadvantage of species auto-recognition models. Above all, NOL embraces the idea that scientific research supports citizen science and citizen science gives feedback to science, and of finding a sustainable way to collect increasingly more reliable data for biodiversity research.

Bird diversity in Chinese urban parks was more associated with natural factors than anthropogenic factors

Urban parks are important for biodiversity conservation in urban ecosystems. Many natural and anthropogenic factors are associated with bird diversity in urban parks. However, so far no studies have compared the relative roles of these factors in shaping bird taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity in urban parks in whole China. In this study, we linked anthropogenic variables (NDVI, population density, park area) and natural variables (altitudinal range, contemporary and historical climate) with the three biodiversity dimensions of bird assemblages in Chinese urban parks. Notably, a total of 495 bird species (36% of all Chinese birds) were found in 140 parks, and the phylogenetic (evolutionary history) and functional diversity of these species is 49% and 80% of all Chinese birds. In addition, there were one critically endangered species (Aythya baeri), eight endangered species, 11 vulnerable species and 53 near threatened species. The two variables most associated with bird taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity were park area and altitudinal range, glacial-interglacial temperature change and precipitation, precipitation and park area, respectively. Notably, all anthropogenic factors, including park area, were not associated with these bird diversity indices after controlling the effects of natural variables. In contrast, most natural variables were significantly associated with bird diversity when controlled the influence of anthropogenic factors. Therefore, these results indicate that Chinese urban parks could harbor high levels of bird diversity, especially for the phylogenetic and functional diversity. More importantly, the weak relations between bird diversity and anthropogenic factors highlight the important role of Chinese urban parks in biodiversity conservation.

Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese birds

China is one of the countries with the richest bird biodiversity in the world. Among the 1372 Chinese birds, 146 species are considered threatened and three species are regionally extinct according to the officially released China Biodiversity Red List in 2015. Here, we conducted the first extensive analysis to systematically investigate the patterns and processes of extinction and threat in Chinese birds. We addressed the following four questions. First, is extinction risk randomly distributed among avian families in Chinese birds? Second, which families contain more threatened species than would be expected by chance? Third, which species traits are important in determining the extinction risk in Chinese birds using a multivariate phylogenetic comparative approach? Finally, is the form of the relationship between traits additive or nonadditive (synergistic)? We found that the extinction risk of Chinese birds was not randomly distributed among taxonomic families. The families that contained significantly more threatened species than expected were the hornbills, cranes, pittas, pheasants and hawks and eagles. We obtained eleven species traits that are commonly hypothesized to influence extinction risk from the literature: body size, clutch size, trophic level, mobility, habitat specificity, geographical range size, nest type, nest site, flocking tendency, migrant status and hunting vulnerability. After phylogenetic correction, model selection based on Akaike's information criterion identified the synergistic interaction between body size and hunting vulnerability as the single best correlate of extinction risk in Chinese birds. Our results suggest that, in order to be effective, priority management efforts should be given both to certain extinction‐prone families, particularly the hornbills, pelicans, cranes, pittas, pheasants and hawks and eagles, and to bird species with large body size and high hunting vulnerability.

Editorial: Avian Research

No abstract.

International Trade of CITES Listed Bird Species in China

Commercial trade of wild birds may devastate wild bird populations. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) controls the trade of wild species listed in its appendices to avoid these species being threatened by international trade. China used to be one of the major trading countries with significant bird trade with foreign countries; on the other hand, China is a country with unique avian fauna, many Important Bird Areas and critically endangered bird species. What is the role of the country in world wild bird trade? What kind of insights can we extract from trade records for improving future management of wild bird trade in the country? We retrieved and analyzed international trade records of the CITES listed bird species of China from 1981 to 2010 from the CITES Trade Database maintained by United Nations Environment Program and World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). We found that: (1) International trade of live birds in China peaked during the late 1990s, then decreased to the level before the surge of trade in a few years, the trade dynamics of wild birds may be affected by governmental policy and the outbreak of avian influenza during the period. (2) Most frequently traded CITES Appendix listed birds in China were parrots, most of which were exotic species to the country. (3) Birds were mainly traded for commercial purpose. Exotic birds in trade were mainly captive-bred while the most Chinese birds traded internationally were captured from the wild. Since many bird species in international trade are threatened to extinction, China should take stricter measures on importing of wild-captured birds and should collaborate with the countries of original in the international bird trade to avoid unsustainable harvesting of wild birds. It is urgent for China to carry out population surveys on those domestic bird species once in significant international trade and to make better conservation decisions based on population status of those birds. In addition, more scientific researchers should be encouraged to participate in the wildlife trade management to avoid misreporting trade data or biased analyses of the trade records.

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part II)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology. The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology

正We are pleased to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds(Vol.3,No.4,2012 and Vol.4,No.1,2013),entitled Avian Brood Parasitism — a Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology.The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in the fascinating research occurring in avian

Molecular identification of avian leukosis virus subgroup E loci and tumor virus B locus in Chinese indigenous chickens

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup E (ALVE) is an endogenous retrovirus in the chicken genome. The chickens carrying ALVE locus 3 (ALVE3), 6 (ALVE6), 9 (ALVE9), and 21 (ALVE21) have been proved to be susceptible to ALV. Tumor virus locus B (TVB) encodes the cellular receptor for ALV subgroups B, D, and E. The insertions of the 4 ALVE loci and the genotypes of TVB have not been demonstrated in Chinese indigenous chicken breeds. In the present study, the existence of ALVE3, ALVE6, ALVE9, and ALVE21 were detected in 10 native breeds of Chinese chickens and an introduced breed, the White Leghorn (2 populations in this study, WL1 and WL2), by locus-specific PCR. The PCR products of ALVE were further confirmed by sequencing assay. We also surveyed the status of genotypes of TVB in Silkie, Beijing You, and White Leghorn (WL1 and WL2) chickens with pyrosequencing assays. The results showed that the carrier frequency of ALVE3 was 1.3% in the Chinese chicken population, and was 10.3 in WL1 and 49.2% in WL2. The carrier frequency of ALVE6 was 5.4% in native breeds of Chinese birds, in contrast with 0% in WL1 and 6.8% in WL2. The carrier frequency of ALVE9 was 0.1% in the Chinese indigenous population, and was 16.0% in WL1 and 11.9% in WL2. The carrier frequency of ALVE21 was 10.4% in Chinese chickens, whereas ALVE21 was detected with a frequency of 0% in WL1 and 50% in WL2. The frequency of the TVB resistance allele (TVB* R and TVB* R′) was 0.4% in Beijing You chickens, whereas it was 70.5% in WL1 and 54.5% in WL2. No carriers of ALVE3, ALVE9, and ALVE21 were detected in Silkie fowl, a famous Chinese native breed that has been used as a source for alternative medicine. These results present molecular evidence of ALVE3, ALVE6, ALVE9, and ALVE21 insertions and TVB genotypes in Chinese indigenous chickens and could provide potential molecular insights into anti-ALV breeding in chickens.

Use of Parsimony Analysis to Identify Areas of Endemism of Chinese Birds: Implications for Conservation and Biogeography

Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to identify areas of endemism (AOEs) for Chinese birds at the subregional level. Four AOEs were identified based on a distribution database of 105 endemic species and using 18 avifaunal subregions as the operating geographical units (OGUs). The four AOEs are the Qinghai-Zangnan Subregion, the Southwest Mountainous Subregion, the Hainan Subregion and the Taiwan Subregion. Cladistic analysis of subregions generally supports the division of China’s avifauna into Palaearctic and Oriental realms. Two PAE area trees were produced from two different distribution datasets (year 1976 and 2007). The 1976 topology has four distinct subregional branches; however, the 2007 topology has three distinct branches. Moreover, three Palaearctic subregions in the 1976 tree clustered together with the Oriental subregions in the 2007 tree. Such topological differences may reflect changes in the distribution of bird species through circa three decades.

Record-high PBDEs in Chinese birds of prey | European body for environmental chemists | U.S. EPA trims the public's right to know | Will REACH serve researchers' needs? | News Briefs: Corn corners carbon emissions ` Atrazine changes phytoplankton ` Sources of mercury tied to hot spots ` Conflict leaves Lebanon at risk ` Doctoring U.S. climate science | Dry

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUENEWSNEXTRecord-high PBDEs in Chinese birds of prey | European body for environmental chemists | U.S. EPA trims the public's right to know | Will REACH serve researchers' needs? | News Briefs: Corn corners carbon emissions ` Atrazine changes phytoplankton ` Sources of mercury tied to hot spots ` Conflict leaves Lebanon at risk ` Doctoring U.S. climate science | Dry deposition of mercury | Mixed news on Chinese farmed fish | U.S. EPA to revisit asbestos toxicity | World's first low-carbon fuel provisionKellyn Betts, Anke Schaefer, Janet Pelley, Naomi Lubick, Erika Engelhaupt, Rebecca Renner, and Kris ChristenCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 6, 1802–1809Publication Date (Web):March 15, 2007Publication History Published online15 March 2007Published inissue 1 March 2007https://doi.org/10.1021/es072488aRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views382Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (446 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Plant derived food,Mercury,Fuels,Environmental science,Toxicity Get e-Alerts

Paleornithology of China: A general review

Study of fossil birds in China was first conducted by western scholars in last century, and extensive study of Cenozoic birds by Chinese scholars since the 1970s. However, it is the finding of Mesozoic birds, mostly from northeast China since the 1990s, that has become the focus and highlight of paleornithology of China. Enantiornithine birds from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of China provide the most complete record of the early evolution of this extinct group. The co-existence of the most primitive ornithurine bird Liaoningornis with the oldest known Confuciusornis indicates an earlier and more significant diversification of birds than previously recognized. Evidence from the Chinese Mesozoic birds seems to support the arboreal hypothesis of the origin of avian flight. Despite the controversy, the recent discovery of various feathered dinosaurs in China may provide the most compelling evidence for the hypothesis of the dinosaurian origin of birds.

On the Food Habits of Some Chinese Birds

The writer made an investigation of the food habits of the Ring-necked Pheasant.The material used in this study consists of 63 individuals of frozen birds exported from Talien (group A) and Tianjin (B) in China. These birds are assumed to be collected in October and November.Crop contents consists of animals, plants and others being predominantly vegetable. Percentages of animals, plants and others are as follows; by dry weight, 0.03: 99.75: 0.22; by find, 21.14: 63.31: 15.55. It is considered that the main foods of the Ring-necked Pheasant are those of which the per-centages by dry weight and by find are high. The animal matter was few.The vegetable matter consists mainly of seeds of the Angiospermae, especially family Gramineae and Leguminosae. Setaria and Panicum in the family Gramineae and Glycine, Lespedeza and Kummerowia in the family Leguminosae are most conspicuous items. The family Polygonaceae is found to be 84.96% by dry weight in the crops of A group but little in B group. The percentages by dry weight of the cultivated plants is 61.53. 85.71% of the investigate Ring-necked Pheasants ate the cultivated plants.

New and Previously Described Dicrocoeliine Trematodes from Chinese Birds

Dicrocoeliine trematodes of birds collected in China by the writer (1920 to 1928) and by C. C. Tang (1935) represent six genera, viz., Athesmia Looss, 1899, Conspicuum Bhalerao, 1936, Lutztrema Travassos, 1941, Zonorchis Travassos, 1944, Lyperosomum Looss, 1899, and Brachylecithum Strom, 1940. New hosts and locality records are established for eight species: Athesmia heterolecithodes (Braun, 1899) Looss, 1899, Lutztrema obliquum (Travassos, 1917) Travassos, 1941, Zonorchis petiolatus (Railliet, 1900) Denton and Byrd, 1951, Lyperosomum longicauda (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899, Brachylecithum mosquensis (Skrjabin and Isaitschikoff, 1927) Yamaguti, 1941, B. emberizae (Yamaguti, 1941), B. eophonae (Yamaguti, 1941), and B. halcyonis (Yamaguti, 1941). Lyperosomum turdi (Ku, 1938) Travassos, 1944, is reported again in the type host from another locality in China. Five new species are described: Conspicuum orientale, from the Eastern curlew, Numenius arquatus lineatus (Cuvier), Peking; Lutztrema spinosum, from the Siberian white wagtail, Motacilla alba baikalensis Swinhoe, and the red-necked thrush, Turdus ruficollis ruficollis (Pallas), Peking; L. sinense, from the mountain sparrow, Passer montanus saturatus Stejneger, T. ruficollis ruficollis, and the rose finch, Carpodacus roseus (Pallas), Peking, and the Eastern red-legged patridge, Alectoris graeca pubescens (Swinhoe), Shansi Province; Zonorchis macrorchis, from the Chinese greenfinch, Chloris sinica sinica (Linnaeus), and the Eastern water pipit, Anthus spinoletta blakistoni Swinhoe, Peking, and Z. multivitellatus, from Anthus sp., Peking. Host distribution, geographical range, predilection of these parasites for the bile tract as compared with the small intestine, food selection of the definitive host and its relationship to intermediate hosts are briefly considered. Present zoological classification of Dicrocoeliinae based on morphological characters for species identification often fails to consider ecological and life-history information as well as underlying genetic factors. While serving as parasitologist in the Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China, from 1920 to 1928, the writer examined many animals, among which were more than 3,600 birds belonging to 230 species and subspecies. Host identification was generously provided by the late Doctor George D. Wilder (identification according to Gee, Moffett, and Wilder, 1926, 1927). After all trematodes were examined alive, they were fixed in Schaudinn's solution, then freed of excess mercuric chloride, hematoxylin-stained, cleared, and mounted in damar for subsequent study. This collection included several dicrocoeliine species which parasitized 11 different families of birds. In 1935 Doctor C. C. Tang, Foochow, coastal South China, sent other liver flukes of birds to the writer