Chinese Authorities Research Articles

The Policy Advice on Implementation of Social and Emotional Education for Chinese Students in Compulsory Education Stage

With the rapid pace of modernized development and more and more risks and challenges in such a Chinese transforming period, it has been more and more necessary for kids and teenagers to master skills of emotional and social awareness and management, to cope with existing or potential social and emotional problems. At present, there is no professional and systematic social and emotional education (SEE) for Chinese students in elementary and junior high schools, which belong to the compulsory education period. With an intention to propose feasible suggestions for Chinese educational authority to implement SEE in compulsory schooling and help students develop future competency, the paper first introduces the core concept social and emotional learning (SEL) which originates from western countries by reviewing literature, including aspects of originality, definition, function, practical conditions, as well as affected actors. Following that, the necessity of conducting SEE in Chinese compulsory education stage is analyzed. On the basis of that, the paper offers two policy options for decision-makers and executors in Chinese Ministry of Education, which are from different starting points and therefore with different advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion, its critical to conduct SEE for Chinese students in elementary and junior high schools, and the two offered options here can be taken into consideration depending on the practical circumstances of multiple aspects.

Assessing the Potential for Energy Efficiency Improvement through Cold Ironing: A Monte Carlo Analysis with Real Port Data

Ports in China are facing significant pressure to reduce carbon emissions in alignment with carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. Onshore power supply (OPS) is regarded as a promising approach to accomplish these targets, necessitating a thorough evaluation of its impact for port authorities to make informed decisions regarding its adoption. This research focuses on Ningbo Zhoushan Port, the largest port globally, as a case study. Two metrics are proposed to quantify the energy efficiency of ships powered by onshore energy while berthed. The installation and connection status of OPS in the port area are analyzed. Subsequently, the energy demand of berthed ships is assessed, and the potential for energy efficiency improvement resulting from OPS implementation is evaluated using Monte Carlo methods. The findings reveal untapped potential in the studied port area, with OPS demonstrating the ability to improve energy efficiency of berthed ships at a rate parallel to the connection rate, excluding indirect emissions. However, considering indirect emissions and energy loss diminishes the effectiveness of OPS. The paper discusses practical implications for enhancing the energy efficiency of OPS, enabling port authorities to make well-informed decisions. These findings are invaluable for Chinese port authorities striving to achieve carbon reduction goals and enhance sustainability in the maritime industry.

COVID-19 and Mental Health Consequences: The Way Forward

On 31 December 2019, the WHO China Country Office was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology detected in Wuhan City in Hubei Province of its territory. The Chinese authorities isolated a new type of coronavirus on 7 January 2020. The consequences of this viral infection were later termed as COVID-19 disease. Direct and indirect psychological and social effects can affect mental health now and in future. COVID-19 can infect brain and can affect brain function. During and after this pandemic, harmful behaviors like suicide and self-harm are likely to increase. SARS (2003) had 30% increase in suicide in those over 65 years. Half of the recovered patients remained anxious; 29% health care workers experienced emotional distress. When a person becomes infected with COVID-19 disease, s/he is also at higher risk for sleep problems owing to acute stress responses. Anxiety and depressive symptoms constitute common reactions for people with COVID-19 diagnosis, especially for those who may be hospitalized, due to concerns for one’s own health or the health of others, the need for physical isolation. Other concerns include the potential risk of death, concerns over the risk of infecting others, and concerns over leaving family members alone who may need care. Stress-related psychiatric conditions including mood and substance use disorders which are associated with suicidal behavior. COVID-19 survivors may also be at elevated suicide risk during and after the pandemic. The suicidal behaviors are likely to be present for a long time and peak later than the actual pandemic. Lifestyle during the pandemic is characterized by prolonged inactivity, increased eating and consequent obesity, alcohol and other substance abuse. All of these behavioral characteristics are included in maladaptive coping strategies.
 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Coll. J. 2022;1(1):01-03

Ideological Categories in the Discourses of World Health Organization on Covid-19

On 31 December 2019, WHO received information from National Health Commission concerning the outbreak of Covid-19 which was identified by the Chinese authorities. The WHO depends to a great extent on its announcements and instructions on Chinese authorities’ declaration. Consequently, positive and negative announcements and strategies are adopted in dealing with this pandemic. This causes a great extent of fear and confusion for people around the world despite all the efforts that WHO to pass this crucial period successfully and safely. The present study is one of the first studies that seeks to offer critical discourse analysis, description, interpretation, and explanation of ideological categories of institutional discourse, and more specifically of WHO on Covid-19 by using Van Dijk’s Three-Dimensional Model of Ideology (2004). It is found that WHO focuses on certain ideological categories such as repetition, actor description, authority, hyperbole, burden, evidentiality, and number game more than other categories. It is also found that these ideological categories should be based on scientific, psychological, cognitive, social, and cultural perspectives and not just numbers, authority, hyperbole, etc. because they are used to persuade different people around the world with different cultures and they may affect those people lives positively or negatively.

Regulating Platform Economy in China: Shocks and Revisions

Abstract: In 2020 and 2021, the Chinese government attempted to structurally tighten its regulatory controls over the country’s major digital platform firms. It was widely observed that the government’s once tolerant regulatory regime had shifted into a more heavy-handed mode, culminating in the proposed imposition of “primary responsibility,” a type of ambiguous yet encompassing legal responsibility. By the end of 2022, however, endeavors for structural reforms were mostly shelved by the authorities due to changed economic circumstances. The Chinese authorities, trying to strike a balance between growth stimulation and social protection, will now likely return to a more marginal regulatory approach to platform practices and operations. This paper explains that the initial policy turn was attributable to not only legitimate concerns over the industry’s flaws but also the popular societal sentiments associated with the firms’ perceived betrayal of their progressive promises.

What establishes citizens' household intention and behavior regarding municipal solid waste separation? A case study in Jiangsu province

Management of municipal solid waste in China requires special attention because China has become the world's largest producer of municipal solid waste, and the overall volume of municipal solid waste produced is still increasing. Recently, local and central Chinese authorities have significantly enhanced municipal solid waste treatment. Therefore, this current study aims to extend the theory of interpersonal behavior with perceived benefits to assess citizens' household municipal solid waste separation intention and behavior in Jiangsu province. This study will help widen and improve the comprehension of the key factors affecting citizens' household municipal solid waste separation. Utilizing data from 615 sampled citizens in Jiangsu, analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Empirical evidence revealed that affect, attitude, and social factors positively influence citizens' household municipal solid waste separation intentions. Perceived benefits also positively impact citizens' household municipal solid waste separation intentions via attitude. Facilitating conditions influence citizens' household municipal solid waste separation intentions and behaviors. The study also found that facilitating conditions negatively moderated the association between intention and behavior in Jiangsu Province. Habits significantly and positively influenced and moderated citizens' household municipal solid waste separation intentions and behaviors. These findings provide great insights and contributions to pro-environmental research and can be applied to various provinces that value household municipal solid waste separation in China.

The impact of eco-innovation and economic growth on carbon emission: Evidence using novel QARDL approach

High economic growth in fast growing country like China is not without its environmental repercussions and eco- innovations have been promoted as a successful strategy for striking a balance between environmental performance and economic growth. However, there has not been much focus on how eco-innovation affects the performance of carbon emission in China. This study estimates the impact of eco- innovation on CO2 emission under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis over the 1986–2022 period. To estimate the nexus empirically, we applied Quantile ARDL (QARDL) approach. The results of the research reveal that eco-innovations have significant yet negative effect on CO2 emission at all quantiles (0.05–0.90). Economic growth is linked positively with carbon emission over 0.05 to 0.70 quantiles, whereas its square impacts CO2 emission negatively and significantly at 0.60 to 0.95 quantiles. These findings confirm that EKC hypothesis exists in China. The findings in short run find that eco-innovations had negative impact on carbon emission, whereas in case of economic growth it shows positive connection, however, the GDP sq. shows negative linkage. On the basis of these results, the research recommends Chinese authorities to promote eco-innovations by providing influential incentives to households and business sectors to eliminate the negative trends of economic growth on environment. In addition, the study recommends that “renewable energy law” needs be implemented by institutions to encourage the renewable energy use in all sectors that is proved to have positive environmental impacts for China.

The Onus on Coal Consumption and the ‘Beautiful China Initiative’: Economic and Policy Implications

China’s need for rapid economic growth and its hunger for natural resources significantly challenge its economic and policy vision of sustainability, social stability and economic development. The ‘Beautiful China Initiative’ plans to put China on the path of sustainable development in line with the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development GoaSls. The Chinese authorities are expected to reconsider traditional economic policy models to integrate environmental protection while ensuring that their economy proliferates. The shift from a traditional and heavy coal-dependent economy towards greener energy and a sustainable economic model brings additional challenges to China due to its historical dependence on coal as its energy engine. This research paper examines causality patterns between economic growth and fossil fuels energy consumption by analysing coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions policies using Pesaran’s autoregressive distributed lag model. The research findings offer insights into China’s challenges to transition towards a more sustainable economic model, making the country’s ‘Beautiful China Initiative’ quite complex as it needs to navigate through high levels of environment-friendly economic growth whilst trying to avoid the middle-income trap.

Sleep medicine in China: current clinical practice.

Xu S, Li Y, Ye J, Han D. Sleep medicine in China: current clinical practice. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(12):2125-2131.

Masakra nankińska 1937–1938 jako źródło chińskiej narodowej traumy kulturowej

NANKING MASSACRE 1937–1938 AS A SOURCE OF CHINESE NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAUMA The Nanjing massacre is today one of the most important historical events for the Chinese national identity, however, until 1982, the topic of the massacre did not enjoy much interest. This paper, using Jeffrey C. Alexander’s theory of cultural trauma and the example of the Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre, shows how the Chinese authorities gave the initially unknown massacre the rank of a national trauma. Symbolic representation, trauma narratives, and the institutionalization of trauma were crucial in this process.

Tibet’s response to state nationalism: Utilising China’s fear of secession

AbstractTaking document analysis as its method, this paper examines the Tibetans’ response to the Chinese state nationalism. Due to the fear of political secession, the Chinese government has stayed silent about the Tibetans’ right to self‐determination and subjected regional ethnic autonomy to the centralised political system. The Chinese authorities continue to dismiss the Tibetans’ nationalist struggles as an imported foreign design and warn the international community not to sympathise with the Dalai Lama and his supporters. Amidst an adverse national and international political environment, the Tibetans have managed to sustain their nationalist wishes and obtain substantive international attention. Taking this background into account, this paper explores how the Tibetans have succeeded to resist China's state nationalism and position themselves as a champion of inclusion, justice, and minority rights. It argues that the Tibetans recognise the Chinese government’s fear of secession and utilise that fear to forward their nationalist aspirations. The Tibetans shift their demand from independence to autonomy and highlight their own desire for recognition as a distinct community within the Chinese state. This strategy has helped them to claim that they are against the violations of autonomy but not against the Chinese state’s territorial norms.

Judging Collective Labour Disputes in People's Courts: Is There a Right to Strike?

Abstract: To mitigate collective actions arising from labour disputes, the Chinese central authority has promoted reforms regarding trade unions and the judicial system. The author examines court judgements of collective labour disputes involving strikes and finds that these reforms have led the courts to deny the right to strike through informal institutionalisation. In conjunction with the fact that political centralisation impeded trade union reforms, these reforms have not effectively enhanced the authoritarian regime's resilience.

Using the COVID-19 lockdown to identify atmospheric processes and meteorology influences on regional PM2.5 pollution episodes in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

A major tool for curtailing the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in China was a nationwide lockdown implemented by the Chinese authorities, which also led to significant reductions in anthropogenic emissions and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. However, the lockdown measures did not prevent high PM2.5 pollution episodes (EPs). Three severe EPs were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during the lockdown. The integrated process rate (IPR) analysis tool in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was employed to identify and quantify the contributions of individual atmospheric processes to PM2.5 formation during the EPs in four representative cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and Baoding) of the BTH. The influence of meteorological conditions on the accumulation and dispersion of PM2.5 during the EPs was also elucidated. The results of the IPR showed that emissions and aerosol processes were the dominant sources of net surface PM2.5 in Beijing and Tianjin, constituting a total of 86.2% and 92.9%, respectively, while emissions, horizontal transport, and aerosol processes dominated the net surface PM2.5 formation in Shijiazhuang and Baoding. In addition, the three pollution episodes in Beijing and Tianjin were primarily driven by local emissions, while the pollution events in Shijiazhuang and Baoding were attributed to the combined local emissions and regional transport. Also, the EPs were driven by low planetary boundary layer heights, low vertical export of PM2.5 from the boundary layer to the free troposphere, and substantial horizontal import, especially in Shijiazhuang and Baoding. Furthermore, the elevated PM2.5 concentrations during the EPs were greatly enhanced by unfavorable meteorological conditions, with the first two EPs being characterized with low ventilation coefficient (VC) values in the four representative cities. This study improves the understanding of buildup of PM2.5 during the pollution episodes, and the results provide insights for designing more effective emissions control strategies to mitigate future PM2.5 pollution episodes.

Lying in the age of artificial intelligence: A call to moral and legal responsibility

In Western culture, perceptions and emotions have often prevailed over truth and reality, trivializing the act of lying and undermining trust between individuals and institutions. Today, freedom of expression and the right of citizens to freely form their own opinions—based on facts and not falsehoods—are sometimes threatened by the impunity with which lying is allowed in public debate, even in societies that consider themselves democratic. Lying, especially when practiced by public representatives, can cause serious social harm, and we believe that globalization calls for a higher common standard of respect for the truth. Along with the reflections of historical authors on the subject, in this essay we analyze two cases as examples: the false statistics used to achieve the decriminalization of abortion in democratic countries, and the lies of the Chinese authorities during the Covid-19 pandemic in one of today’s leading totalitarian states. We believe that these behaviors should not go unpunished, and therefore we propose to insert new criminal offenses in national and international criminal law, especially for those in public office and media professionals. Our objective is to preserve and promote truthfulness in our societies in order to foster trust and peaceful coexistence among free and equal people.

Populist Protests and the Dynamic Zero-COVID Policy: (Re)emerging Pragmatic Populism in China

Populist protests in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have recently emerged as a reaction against the Chinese authorities’ stringent measures under its dynamic zero-COVID policy. Besides the vehement criticism and protests against the dynamic zero-COVID policy, during some protests, there have been ensuing calls across the country for President Xi Jinping to step down. The article argues that this scenario can further deteriorate the overall political legitimacy of the Communist Party of China on a long-term basis. According to the article, the protests indicate the re-emergence of populism in the PRC, which incidentally and historically has parallels to the protests at Tiananmen Square, and the 1919 May Fourth Movement. The article theorizes John Dewey’s concept of ‘pragmatic populism’ and the aspect of protests during the period, which inherently provides many ideational and relational facets with the recent protests in China.

Цинский фронтир казахов: Средний и Старший жузы между двумя империями во второй половине XVIII – первой половины XIX века

The article deals with the history of cross-border interaction between the Qazaqs of the Middle and Senior Zhuzes, or Hordes, and the Chinese Qing Empire in the second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. Based on archival and published materials, as well as previously conducted research, the policy of the Qing Empire towards the Qazaqs is highlighted. The Qing Empire approached the borders of the Qazaq Zhuzes after it destroyed the Dzungar Kaganate and seized its territories. The eastern pasture areas of the Qazaqs, previously captured by the Dzungars, now were in the possession of China, which sought to establish its control over them. The Chinese authorities tried to prevent the relocation of the Qazaqs to the former Dzungarian territories, repeatedly sending special military detachments against them, but after the withdrawal of the Chinese troops, the Qazaqs used to return to these nomadic areas. These "territorial disputes" contributed to the establishment of contacts between the two countries. The conquest of the Qazaq Khanate was not the goal of the Qing Empire; it was content with recognizing the formal vassalage of the Qazaqs. In the first half of the 19th century, the Qazaqs of the Middle and Senior Zhuzes were relatively independent from the Qing Empire. Unlike the Russian Empire and the Khanate of Kokand, the Qing Empire at that time was the only state interested in preserving the Qazaq statehood; Qing tried not to interfere in the internal political life of the Qazaqs. The article examines the development of diplomatic and trade relations of the Qing Empire with Abylai Khan and his descendants and gives an analysis of archival documents reflecting the confrontation between Russia and China for political supremacy in the Qazaq Steppe. The inclusion of the Qazaq lands in the Russian Empire has been studied.

Qozheke Nazaruly and Archival Sources

The article is devoted to the activities of Qozheke Nazaruly, one of the leaders of the Qazaq national liberation uprising against the Russian colonial policy in Zhetysu (Semirechye). The formation of Qozheke Nazaruly as a bright socio-political figure, defending the interests of the Qazaqs, took place in his childhood in the conditions of the changing political situation in Zhetysu in the 1840-50s. His versatile activity, participation in the organization and leadership of the Qazaqs, military command and creative mastery were manifested early in his life under the influence of his father Nazar. He proved to be a skillful organizer and ruler, a brave batyr, a skilled composer and performer of kyuys (kyushi). Qozheke Nazaruly was one of the prominent representatives of the Zhetysu school of kyushi, who participated in its formation. In the article the biography and activities of Qozheke Nazaruly, his childhood, and his struggle with the colonial policy of the Russian Empire are examined on the basis of new and little-known archival documents. The sources being introduced to academy show the reasons that forced Qozheke Nazaruly to continue the struggle from outside his homeland and to retreat to China in 1862, among them the capture of Zhetysu by Russian troops at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, the strengthening of colonial oppression, persecution against the Qazaqs and against Qozheke personally. His activity in Aitbozymskaya volost of Kulja region is studied. While in China, Qozheke also suffered political persecution. In 1884, he was arrested on false charges of robbing a caravan. For about a year, the Chinese authorities tortured him, seeking his confession. Between interrogations and torture in prison, he created his famous kyuys “Türmedegı qinau” (“Torture in prison”) and “Tas kömır şoğymen qinau” (“Torture with burning coals”), showing the tragedy of his fate. In the autumn of 1885 Qozheke Nazaruly died under torture in a Chinese prison. New archival documents reveal the life path and activities of Qozheke Nazaruly.

China’s Capital Formation in the Volatile Time

China’s capital formation is an important theme, which, however, so far received only limited attention of researchers. The purpose of this study is to explore the major characteristics of the uniquely high rate of capital formation, close to 45% of GDP, that for many years has supported growth and structural changes in China. Data show that the official plans to alter the GDP structure by shifting the focus from investment to domestic consumption have not materialized. The shifts in the structure of capital investments demonstrate the country’s modernization strategy and tactics, but they have not led to significant changes in the key macro proportions, so export remains crucial for economic growth and investments. Today, the country concentrates capital expenditures in machine industry and in the advanced branches of manufacturing. The real estate segment experiences financial difficulties, which may cause its GDP share to decline. Shifts in manufacturing investments reflect the focus of the Chinese authorities’ decision-making, as well as their reaction to market signals. Although some proportions and correlation coefficients between profits, revenues and investments by industry remained fairly stable for a long time, the turbulent years of 2020-2022 prompted both declines and revivals in industrial investments with a changed structure. This paper offers an analysis of large statistical material on the sectors of the Chinese economy including manufacturing, its dynamics and structure, thus creating a clearer picture of the Chinese industries’ investment behavior as a way to adapt to new trends or withstand various shocks. The work has its limitations since statistical evidence is available on a smaller set of indicators than that for many other market economies.

The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence

The political scene of Hong Kong both before and after the transition from British to Chinese authority was one of negative calm - the absence of violence. Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984), for instance, & a mini-constitution (i.e., Basic Law) picturing the city's future under the People's Republic of China were to guarantee the public's autonomy in politics and social rights. Nevertheless, Hong Kong's political context evolved from poor peace (with the Joint Declaration providing a foundation for positive peace) to indirect and ultimately direct violence. The writings that envisioned "a substantial amount of autonomy" and "democratization" were riddled with inconsistencies and contradictions. The rise of the National Security Act continued this aggressive trajectory, in which underlying conflicts created cycles of continual violence that were originally entrenched in structure but became explicitly evident at a level of mindset and subsequently conduct after 2014.

Regime dependent dynamics of parallel and official exchange markets in China: evidence from cryptocurrency

ABSTRACT This paper studies the dynamic relationship between the parallel and official exchange rates of Chinese Yuan (CNY) to U.S. Dollar (USD). Motivated by recent evidence about Bitcoin as a major channel for capital flight from China, we construct a parallel exchange rate implied by Bitcoin prices in the Chinese and U.S. crypto exchanges. While the dual exchange rates are cointegrated, adjustment to long-run equilibrium is non-linear and depends on policy changes and state of the markets. Results from our Markov Switching Vector Error Correction model suggest the parallel exchange rate responds one-to-one in the long-run with respect to an official exchange rate innovation. However, an unexpected change in the parallel rate is countered by an opposite and state-dependent response in the official exchange rate, suggesting active exchange policy interventions by the Chinese monetary authority.