Chinese Design Research Articles

Contradictions and trends in the development of museum architecture in China

Contradictions and trends in the development of museum architecture in China

Garden Landscape Design Method in Public Health Urban Planning Based on Big Data Analysis Technology.

Aiming at the goal of high-quality development of the landscape architecture industry, we should actively promote the development and integration of digital, networked, and intelligent technologies and promote the intelligent and diversified development of the landscape architecture industry. Due to the limitation of drawing design technology and construction method, the traditional landscape architecture construction cannot really understand the public demands, and the construction scheme also relies on the experience and subjective aesthetics of professionals, resulting in improper connection between design and construction. At present, under the guidance of the national strategy, under the background of the rapid development of digital technologies such as 5G, big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things, and digital twins, the high integration of landscape architecture construction and digital technology has led to the transformation of the production mode of landscape architecture construction. Abundant professional data and convenient information processing platform enable landscape planners, designers, and builders to evaluate the whole life cycle of the project more scientifically and objectively and realize the digitalization of the whole process of investigation, analysis, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. For the landscape architecture industry, the significance of digital technology is not only to change the production tools but also to update the environmental awareness, design response, and construction methods, which makes the landscape architecture planning and design achieve the organic combination of qualitative and quantitative and also makes the landscape architecture discipline more scientific and rational. In this paper, the new method of combining grey relational degree with machine learning is used to provide new guidance for traditional landscape planning by using big data information in landscape design and has achieved very good results. The article analyzes the guidance of landscape architecture design under the big data in China and provides valuable reference for promoting the construction of landscape architecture in China.

Research on Order Aesthetics of Traditional Chinese Architecture from the Perspective of Design Geometry

Design geometry is a discipline that studies the scale division standards of ratio and composition, which reveals the aesthetic laws based on human aesthetic preferences. The construction of traditional Chinese architecture combines “circular heaven and square earth”, “harmony between human and nature”, “golden mean” and other philosophical thoughts to form √2 and √3 ratio relationships and the expression form of central axis symmetry, which also combines mathematical relationship with cultural and aesthetic preferences. Taking core architecture complex of Beijing Ancestral Temple as an example, this paper analyzes its spatial construction method and mathematical ratio relationship, and order aesthetics of traditional architecture based on the design geometry theory, in order to provide references for the combination of traditional Chinese culture and modern design theory, and to provide more bases for practicability of design geometry.

Hexi Seal Painting of Ming and Qing Dynasties -- Image Segmentation Based on CiteSpace Scientific Knowledge Analyze

Hexi seal painting is a form of color painting of ancient Chinese architecture and a symbol of the supreme status and power of the royal family. Hexi seal paintings are mainly painted in the main buildings and temples by court painters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They are gorgeous in color and rigorous in structure. This paper makes a visual analysis of the related articles of Hexi seal painting, analyzes the knowledge map of Hexi seal painting in CNKI database from 1979 to 2021, and roughly outlines the development context and frontier of Hexi seal painting research from 1979 to 2021; and based on the cluster analysis of the key words, it is concluded that the study of Chinese Hexi seal painting can be divided into five directions: the Study of Cultural Relic Protection, the study of patterns, the Study of Color, the study of techniques, and the modern application, it is concluded that the Dragon Grass Color Painting is the Research Frontier in Hexi seal painting. There are three main fields in the study of Hexi seal painting in China, they are archaeology, architecture and art. The best way to study Hexi seal painting is inter-discipline and joint research, which promote the protection and development of Hexi seal painting art.

An Artistic Architectural Modernity: Past and Tradition in Liu Jipiao’s Decorative Architectural Design in the Late-1920s China

Local traditions have been the critical considerations in the current project of iterating architectural modernities outside of the West. Situated in these emerging debates, this article investigates an underrepresented artistic architectural modernity created by Liu Jipiao in the late-1920s China and re-evaluates the relationships among the past, tradition, and modernity. It recovers the method Liu used and how he used it to address the “past,” invent “tradition,” and create an “artistic modernity.” Moreover, it adopts the concept of collective identity to interrogate the way in which Liu harnessed the contemporary Chinese architectural zeitgeist to promote both his chosen method and the artistic modernity. Two related desires – the desire for designing tradition and the desire to define what it is to be both “Chinese” and an “architect” – had interwoven together, creating the artistic architectural modernity. This article thus explores the possibilities of China’s multiple architectural modernities, investigating more diverse positions for the past and tradition than previous research has revealed. Meanwhile, the article’s use of the concept of collective identity unveils more perspectives on Chinese architects’ longstanding desire for tradition in building Chinese modernity and avoids simplifying the motivation for this desire into a political stance on national identity.

《說文解字》에서 본 고대 중국건축의 구성요소

This paper describes “ancient Chinese architectural culture” based on 《Shuo Wen Jie Zi》 The author has been discussing the “history of Ancient Chinese culture” based on 《ShuoWen JieZi》and found that there are few research results about ancient Chinese architecture. Therefore, from 《Shuo Wen Jie Zi》 for the base of the selection of relevant characters and start, First, with the study of the form of primitive Chinese architecture, Then, “From《ShuoWen JieZi》, the components of Chinese woodcarving architecture are mainly columns. This study continues the previous research and continues to describe the culture of “eaves and walls” in the components of ancient Chinese architecture. Its research method is based on 《Shuo Wen Jie Zi》, compared with the characters on the unearthed cultural relics, and recorded ancient documents as evidence. In《Shuo wen Jie Zi》, there are eight characters about eaves, such as “檐, 㮰, 梠, 楣, 樀, 櫋, 槾, 宇”, and five characters about walls, such as “牆(墻) ,壁, 垣, 墉, 堵 ”. Based on these 13 words, this paper discusses the culture of “eaves and walls” in ancient Chinese architectural culture.

From China to Chinatown: Poy Gum Lee and the Politics of Self-Representation, 1945-1960

The search for a national architectural identity in China during the Republican era (1911-1949) is well documented, in particular the emergence of hybrid styles blending essentialized Chinese forms with Western materials and typologies. This paper explores how ideas of architectural nationalism originating in China during the 1920s and 1930s were transferred to New York’s Chinatown during the 1940s and 1950s in service of the Republic of China (ROC) and its Kuomintang (KMT) political party. Chinese American architect Poy Gum Lee (1900-1968), unique as an American-born member of the first generation of professional Chinese architects, aided in this transfer. After twenty years in China, Lee’s repatriation to New York in 1945 placed him in Chinatown at a critical moment of ROC/KMT cultural and political claim-staking as well as Chinese American identity formation. In 1946, Lee was engaged to lead the Chinatown Building Project (CBP), an ROC-backed effort to promote itself as the legitimate Chinese government through displays of Chinese culture. Rather than aiding the ROC, the CBP and a concurrent ROC-backed slum clearance effort, the China Village Plan, unfolding against the backdrop of American immigration reform and anti-Communist paranoia, paradoxically helped affirm Chinese American identity.

Reviving a sense of poetry: assessing Wang Shu’s contemporary design practice

Chinese men of letters pursued the idea of a poetic life in feudal times, and this ideal was often embodied in traditional gardening and landscape paintings. However, it has been argued that the pursuit of this traditional notion of poetic life has been lost with the arrival of modernity. In this view, Chinese cities are seen as losing their identities and becoming Westernised. Wang Shu, the Pritzker Prize-winning Chinese architect, has taken great efforts to rebuild an understanding of Chinese cultural identity: by looking back to the idea of poetic life reflected in traditional gardens and landscape paintings, and attempting to recompose a sense of poetry for contemporary architecture. This article aims to examine Wang’s approaches to this sense of poetry in one of his projects, the design of Xiangshan campus while, at the same time, seeking to offer a Chinese reflection on the architecture of poetry.However, Wang’s approach to using visual and metaphoric techniques in reviving the city’s poetic system can be questioned. His tactics, considered here in relation to the Xiangshan campus, arguably do not fully understand Chinese aesthetics, and do not pose fully a contemporary definition of the ‘sense of poetry’ in relation to the traditional Chinese mind. A holistic interpretation of architectural poetry should concern life, both as living and pleasure, material and spirit, rather than dealing primarily in visual composition. Nevertheless, his efforts in exploring Chinese-ness and his influence on Chinese architects remain highly significant.

Arsitektur Kontemporer Kota Pada Penggal Jalan D. I. Panjaitan, Kampung Cina Bengkulu

The old town of Bengkulu has elements of urban architecture with distinctive characteristics, one of which is Chinese Town. .D. I. Panjaitan is the main street of Chinese Town which is busy with vehicles, so it acts as the main image of the area. Over time, various architecture has changed in the area, as evidenced by indications of contemporary city architecture in the form of geometric spaces (building form, solid, void, skyline) and functional spaces (functions of spaces and buildings) so it is very interesting to study. Therefore, this research aims to formulate a contemporary architectural formulation of the city on D. I. Panjaitan street by using qualitative and deductive method with geometric space and functional space approach. This research reveals that the contemporary architecture of the city at D. I. Panjaitan street tends to consist of original chinese architecture on the south side and modern architecture on the south side. The functional space consists of settlement, trade and tourism areas. The character of space tends to be related to Chinese cosmological architecture, namely the concept of Sanqing, Wuxing, Bagua or Feng Shui, Jiugongtu and Jingtianzhi. These formulation shaped due to hictorical influences, policies, location, culture and important event.

Architectural Glazed Tiles Used in Ancient Chinese Screen Walls (15th-18th Century AD): Ceramic Technology, Decay Process and Conservation.

The glazed tile is an important building material used throughout the history of traditional Chinese architecture. Architectural glazed tiles used to decorate the screen walls of ancient China are studied scientifically for the first time. More than 30 glazed tile samples from the screen walls of the 15th to 18th century AD of the Hancheng Confucian Temple and Town God’s Temple in Shaanxi Province were carefully investigated using SEM–EDS and XRD. Microstructure and chemistry indicated the raw materials, the recipes and the technological choices used to produce the paste and glaze of the glazed tile samples studied. The causes for the key degradation processes of these glazed tiles used as building materials in the screen walls have also been discussed. This work has clear implications for the restoration and conservation treatments on these kinds of ancient Chinese building materials.

Symmetry Detection and Analysis of Chinese Paifang Using 3D Point Clouds

The Chinese paifang is an essential constituent element for Chinese or many other oriental architectures. In this paper, a new method for detection and analysis of the reflection symmetry of the paifang based on 3D point clouds is proposed. The method invokes a new model to simultaneously fit two vertical planes of symmetry to the 3D point cloud of a paifang to support further symmetry analysis. Several simulated datasets were used to verify the proposed method. The results indicated that the proposed method was able to quantity the symmetry of a paifang in terms of the RMSE obtained from the ICP algorithm, with resistance to the presence of some random noise added to the simulated measurements. For real datasets, three old Chinese paifangs (with ages from 90 to 500 years) were scanned as point clouds to input into the proposed method. The method quantified the degree of symmetry for the three Chinese paifangs in terms of the RMSE, which ranged from 20 to 61 mm. One of the paifangs with apparent asymmetry had the highest RMSE (61 mm). Other than the quantification of the symmetry of the paifangs, the proposed method could also locate which portion of the paifang was relatively more symmetric. The proposed method can potentially be used for structural health inspection and cultural studies of the Chinese paifangs and some other similar architecture.

Chinese Architecture Evolved with Changes in Snowfall

Roof design in northern China changed over centuries in response to extreme snow events, new research suggests.

What a Difference a Brick Makes? Transitions of Memory and Shanghai Shikumen Walls

This essay is intended as an appreciation of an overlooked element of Chinese material culture: discarded blue bricks from demolished shikumen houses in Shanghai. It contemplates the concept and materiality of a wall from a unique perspective, combining insights from Chinese architecture history and scholarly tradition of appreciating stones. Combining scientific and poetic approaches, the author argues that these bricks can be contemplated analogically to ink landscape paintings and famous Dali dreamstones. The author uses these clay objects as a starting point to reflect on the rapid transformation of Chinese cities and complex relationship between enduring tradition and ongoing modernization.

FORMS OF SYNTHESIS OF ARTS OF CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

The article examines the synthesis of arts on the example of Chinese architecture. General historical questions of the development of Chinese culture and various arts during historical evolution are raising. Philosophical and religious positions of culture are distinguishing, which are identifying with the development of art. The question arises of the lack of a full analysis of ancient Chinese art for all types of artistic creativity that were developing during cultural development and formation: architecture, painting, calligraphy, music, sculpture, dance, and so on. A number of scholars who have developed methods of approaches to the systematization and study of the synthesis of the arts of ancient Chinese culture throughout its development are presenting. A number of techniques in painting and calligraphy that have a direct impact on the formation of the Chinese architectural environment are analyzing. These methodical conclusions can be useful in planning the activities of various organizational departments of architectural education and science. Problem statement: it became necessary to analyze and describe the methods and principles of organizing forms of art synthesis in Chinese architecture. Objective of the article: analyze the impact of forms of art synthesis in Chinese architecture. There is describing that the most important art form in China is painting. It is thanks to its compositional, color and harmonic laws that the general cultural world of ancient China is building. Color relationships, combinations with nature - all this through painting builds the canonical laws of architecture, music, dance, calligraphy, etc., taking into account national authenticity. It becomes the central core of the synthesis of Chinese art, generating its various forms for individual regions. In architecture, the action of forms of synthesis of Chinese arts is embodying through the organization of plasticity of the building, interior and exterior space, the ratio of small and large forms, and the location of accents. Experienced predecessors should be a role model for modern architects and artists. The combination of long-standing traditions of "synthesis of arts" with modern production technologies, as well as creative ideas of architects and artists of the XXI century can give new vectors of development of Chinese architecture and art science.

The cultural acculturation in architecture of Karawang Chinatown, West Java

Chinese architecture which is part of Indonesia’s history is an interesting topic, because each of Chinese architecture in Indonesia carries its own characteristics which are quite unique with suitable materials based on existing local conditions. The character of Chinese architecture in various places in Indonesia is the result of a combination of Chinese architectural characters mixed with local architecture which is part of Indonesian architecture and also plays a very large role in Indonesian architectural styles. One of the interesting Chinatown areas used as a study location is Karawang Chinatown, Karawang Regency, West Java. The purpose of this study is: 1) To get a picture of Karawang Chinatown which has a concept of Chinatown architecture; and 2) To know the cultural acculturation in the architecture Karawang Chinatown. This study uses a qualitative approach that is based on the naturalistic paradigm with an inductive method. The cultural acculturation between Chinese culture and local/colonial culture creates a unique architecture and a symbolic meaning, the character is a blend of Chinese architecture with local architecture that needs to be preserved.

Guo Daiheng, Gao Yilian, and Xia Lu, Chinese Master Architect: Liang Sicheng. Beijing: Paths International Ltd. and China Architecture and Building Press, 2019. Pp. 422, with black-and-white illustrations. US$98.00 (cloth).

Guo Daiheng, Gao Yilian, and Xia Lu, <i>Chinese Master Architect: Liang Sicheng</i>. Beijing: Paths International Ltd. and China Architecture and Building Press, 2019. Pp. 422, with black-and-white illustrations. US$98.00 (cloth).

Planning a Christian campus in Quasi-colonial China: Lingnan University, Guangzhou, 1904–1931

ABSTRACT Constructed from 1904 to 1931 in Guangzhou, Lingnan University was among the thirteen Christian universities founded by Western missionaries in China. It featured a hybrid campus with ‘Chinese-style’ buildings disposed on a Beaux-Arts planning scheme. This article argues that the campus planning and architectural design of Lingnan University was shaped by the unique quasi-colonial power interactions in Guangzhou involving both cooperation and conflict between multiple forces – Western missionaries and architects, local governments, merchants both local and overseas, and ordinary people in Guangzhou. Responding to the shifting social contexts, Lingnan contributed to the modernization of Guangzhou’s city plan in the early twentieth century. The architectural design of Lingnan University exemplified a re-invention of Chinese architectural styles in response to Guangzhou’s quasi-colonial context, achieved through the efforts of its American architects to learn and adapt ‘Chinese-ness’ in their building designs, and the political and financial support of local Chinese people and overseas Chinese merchants. The concept of Chinese architecture was not settled at Lingnan, but nevertheless the Beaux-Arts campus and its building designs were interpreted by multiple groups and were later adopted and modified by Chinese architects, illuminating a broader cross-cultural dialogue between China and the West.

Change of extreme snow events shaped the roof of traditional Chinese architecture in the past millennium.

As a symbol of civilization and culture, architecture was originally developed for sheltering people from unpleasant weather or other environmental conditions. Therefore, architecture is expected to be sensitive to climate change, particularly to changes in the occurrence of extreme weather events. However, although meteorological factors are widely considered in modern architecture design, it remains unclear whether and how ancient people adapted to climate change from the perspective of architecture design, particularly on a millennium time scale. Here, we show periodic change and a positive trend in roof slope of traditional buildings in the northern part of central and eastern China and demonstrate climate change adaptation in traditional Chinese architecture, driven by fluctuations in extreme snowfall events over the past thousand years. This study provides an excellent example showing how humans have long been aware of the impact of climate change on daily life and learned to adapt to it.

Comprehensive Assessment of Thermal Comfort and Indoor Environment of Traditional Historic Stilt House, a Case of Dong Minority Dwelling, China

The stilt house is one of the most representative of Chinese architecture among national minority traditional dwellings, most of which are located in mountainous regions whose climate is characterized by hot summers and cold winters. Moreover, it is widely distributed in Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, etc., as well as tropics like Hawaii, Guam. These kinds of dwellings have unique architectural aesthetics as well as high climate adaptability. However, because of their remote locations and rapid disappearance in urbanization, few studies have focused on their real indoor environment and thermal comfort. More studies were engaged in their architectural aesthetics and space patterns. In this study, based on the measurement and evaluation of residential natural lighting, ventilation, air quality, and thermal comfort in traditional stilt Dong village houses, the air temperature, humidity, CO2 and PM2.5 concentrations, wind speed, direction, and other variables are monitored and analyzed. Results show that the inhabitants have a higher thermal comfort adaptation than urban residents under natural ventilation. Meanwhile, the humidity of Dong stilt dwelling can reach a satisfactory level within 24 h except for the morning period. The satisfaction of the acoustic environment needs to be improved via reasonable structural maintenance.

Application of 3D Information Expression Method of Ancient Buildings Based on Point Cloud Data and BIM

Recently, with the continuous development of technologies such as smart cities and virtual reality, the demand for 3D geospatial data is also growing. 3D laser scanning technology can be used to collect 3D geospatial data, create 3D scenes and collect other data to obtain outstanding Visual effects and scalability. This article puts forward the application research of ancient architecture three-dimensional information expression method based on point cloud data and BIM. Using 3D point cloud modeling and surface reconstruction of 3D point cloud data, in the form of a grid of a given point cloud, a 3D point cloud modeling is used to reconstruct a 3D model based on point cloud data and perform surface reconstruction of 3D point cloud data. process. The 3D digital protection of ancient Chinese buildings is an important way to inherit the essence of Chinese architecture. It helps to record the structural shape and historical, cultural and scientific value of ancient buildings, and provides accurate data support for the maintenance and repair of buildings. Accurate data support for building repairs and maintenance has improved the accuracy and visibility of information by 50% for the protection of ancient buildings.