Chinensis Baill Research Articles

Schisandrol A Alleviates Allergic Asthma in Mice via Regulating the NF-κB/IκBα and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways.

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill (S. chinensis) is the key traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of asthma used by ancient and modern medical practitioners. However, the material basis and the main mechanism of its antiasthmatic effect remain unclear. Our preliminary results showed that schisandrol A (SCA), a representative monomer of Schisandra lignans, had the best relaxation effect on tracheal rings in isolated rats. In this research, a mouse asthma model was prepared by combining ovalbumin (OVA) with Al (OH)3 for exploring the antiasthmatic action and the underlying mechanism of SCA. The study results demonstrated that SCA improved the behavior of mice with asthma and pathological changes in their lung tissues and airways, decreased serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and OVA-IgE levels, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin contents, and leukocytes number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. SCA downregulated the gene expressions of keratinocyte-derived protein chemokines and ILs and reduced the expressions of phosphorylated IκB kinase α (p-IKKα) and p-nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proteins in lung tissues. In addition, it was found that SCA could significantly increase T-superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, decrease malondialdehyde content, and elevate p-IκBα, NF-E2-related-factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expressions. In summary, SCA treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the allergic bronchial asthma in mice, and its mechanisms may involve the regulation of the NF-κB/IκBα pathway to reduce inflammatory response and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to improve the body's antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that SCA is a key component of S. chinensis in exerting antiasthmatic effects.

Immobilization of α-amylase on mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a target fishing tool for rapid affinity recognition of an active component from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

α-Amylase inhibitors constitute a category of compounds capable of diminishing α-amylase activity and hold significant promise for the development of novel drugs. This study focused on assessing the potential of Schisandra chinensis Baill extract to inhibit α-amylase. However, sieving and segregating inhibitors from intricate mixtures presents an obstacle. Consequently, this study devised and refined a methodology centered on immobilized α-amylase to identify and isolate natural inhibitors from S. chinensis. The immobilized α-amylase, featuring a load capacity of 254.18 ± 1.20 μg/mg and a specific activity of 2.69 ± 0.01 U/mg, was achieved through meticulous optimization of preparation conditions. Subsequently, this immobilized enzyme was used to isolate bioactive compounds from S. chinensis extract. The results revealed the presence of an active compound with an IC50 of 324.12 ± 11.23 μg/mL. This compound was isolated via magnetic immobilized enzyme-based ligand fishing, employing high-speed countercurrent chromatography, and was conclusively identified as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The molecular docking analyses revealed its ability to interact with the active pocket of α-amylase through multiple hydrogen bonds.

Comparative analysis of the synergetic effects of Diwuyanggan prescription on high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using untargeted metabolomics

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders worldwide and had no approved pharmacological treatments. Diwuyanggan prescription (DWYG) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation composed of 5 kinds of herbs, which has been used for treating chronic liver diseases in clinic. Whereas, the synergistic mechanism of this prescription for anti-NAFLD remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the synergetic effect of DWYG by using the disassembled prescriptions and untargeted metabolomics research strategies. The therapeutic effects of the whole prescription of DWYG and the individual herb were divided into six groups according to the strategy of disassembled prescriptions, including DWYG, Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (AC), Curcuma longa L. (CL), Schisandra chinensis Baill. (SC), Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (RG) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GU) groups. The high fat diets-induced NAFLD mice model was constructed to evaluate the efficacy effects of DWYG. An untargeted metabolomics based on the UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS approach was carried out to make clear the synergetic effect on the regulation of metabolites dissecting the united mechanisms. Experimental results on animals revealed that the anti-NAFLD effect of DWYG prescription was better than the individual herb group in reducing liver lipid deposition and restoring the abnormality of lipidemia. In addition, further metabolomics analysis indicated that 23 differential metabolites associated with the progression of NAFLD were identified and 19 of them could be improved by DWYG. Compared with five single herbs, DWYG showed the most extensive regulatory effects on metabolites and their related pathways, which were related to lipid and amino acid metabolisms. Besides, each individual herb in DWYG was found to show different degrees of regulatory effects on NAFLD and metabolic pathways. SC and CL possessed the highest relationship in the regulation of NAFLD. Altogether, these results provided an insight into the synergetic mechanisms of DWYG from the metabolic perspective, and also supported a scientific basis for the rationality of clinical use of this prescription.

Secondary metabolites of Schisandra chinensis in homeostasis regulator adaptogen herbal formula for preventive oncology

The original herbal formula of homeostasis regulator Multiphytoadaptogen (MPhA) for preventive oncology developed by the N.N. Blokhin Center of Oncology containing phytocomponents from Schizandra chinensis has been investigated in vitro, in vivo and in clinical studies. The MPhA multi-target effects are achieved by optimizing the functioning of the nervous, immune and endocrine defense systems that regulate homeostasis under stress. Everything that has been previously studied for MPhA can be considered as preclinical testing, including clinical research, which can be regarded as the pilot studies. This was allowed because MPhA in Russia is registered as a parapharmaceutical agent and therefore standardized according to established requirements. However, due to the high efficiency of MPhA, a detailed study of the chemical composition and standardization of it is required, including the composition of Schisandra chinensis Baill (Schisandraceae) active components, which turned out to be translocated into MPhA as a result of the extraction technology developed. So, for MPhA identification and standardization we detected the secondary metabolites in the herbal formula MPhA as well as in fruits extract of Schisándra chinénsis using high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Chromatography was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column in a gradient mode. A TSQ Vantage triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization was used. Lignans Schizandrin and Schizantherin A were identified in the MPhA as well as in Schisándra chinénsis fruits extract obtained by the technology developed. The determined secondary metabolites can be used for standardization and quality testing of the herbal formula MPhA. In addition, we performed in silico analyzes of Schizandrin and Schizantherin A biological activity spectra using computer program PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances). Schizandrin and Schizantherin A activities, according the scientific literature and in silico analysis, correspond to the properties studied for MPhA which therefore fits into the concept of a drug – homeostasis regulator adaptogen for preventive oncology.

Exploring the anti-inflammatory effect of Fructus Gleditsia sinensis Lam., Fructus Gleditsiae abnormalis, and Gymnocladus chinensis Baill. using SPME-GC-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking

Fructus Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (FGSL), Fructus Gleditsiae abnormalis (FGA), and Gymnocladus chinensis Baill. (GCB) are fruits of leguminous plants that are used in traditional medicine. Among them, FGSL and FGA are developed to different degrees, and GCB is related to them. The literature records indicate their use in the external treatment of carbuncle. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the formation of a carbuncle is closely related to the occurrence and development of inflammation, and the volatile components contained in the FGSL/FGA drugs have significant anti-inflammatory effects. The solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME–GC–MS) method was used to analyze the volatile components contained in FGSL, FGA, and GCB. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects was explored based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The SPME-GC-MS demonstrated significant differences in the chemical constituents and percentage contents among FGSL, FGA, and GCB. 13 common volatile components were identified in FGSL, FGA, and GCB. Through network pharmacology and molecular docking, the differences in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FGSL, FGA, and GCB were initially revealed. This study laid the foundation for further study of FGSL, FGA, and GCB. Simultaneously, it also provided a reference for the correct use of FGSL, FGA, and GCB in the clinic.

Inhibitory effect of α-cubebenoate on atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by regulating Th2/Th1/Th17 balance in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBakumijiogan (Kampo herbal formulation) and Kangqian decoction (Chinese herbal medicine formulation) have been used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) like symptoms. Schisandra chinensis Baill (Family: Magnoliaceae) is a component of both formulations. Its extracts showed inhibition of AD. Aim of the studyWe aimed to elucidate an active phytochemical from Schisandra chinensis and evaluated its effects on AD-like symptoms. Materials and methodsWe fractionated a component from Schisandra chinensis by chasing inhibitory activity on mast cell degranulation. We identified α-cubebenoate as an active phytochemical and investigated its effects by using an in vivo 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)-induced AD model in BALB/c mice. Resultsα-Cubebenoate significantly decreased CDNB-induced skin hypertrophy and accumulation of mast cells in the epidermis and dermis. Increases in pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine levels in the skin, lymph node size, and immunoglobulin E levels in the serum were significantly ameliorated by α-cubebenoate. Conclusionα-Cubebenoate regulates dermal immune responses by suppressing the Th2/Th17/Th1 immune balances, resulting in amelioration of AD-like symptoms and suppression of immune response in lymph nodes. Thereby, this study provides evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of AD symptoms.

Methodological Approach to the Elaboration of the Analytical Procedure of the Antioxidant Activity Determination of the Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill. Extracts

The DPPH assay provides an easy and rapid way to evaluate the antioxidant activity of herbal preparations. The most important stage of the elaboration of the analytical procedure of total antioxidant activity measured by the DPPH test is to select the volume of an extract or its appropriate dilution for the determination of the reliable total antioxidant activity of the extract. If the concentration of antioxidants is too high in an extract, the kinetic curves of antioxidant activity changes on time are more parallel to axis X (time) and what is more, the total antioxidant activity does not depend on the volume of the extract. The analytical procedure of the antioxidant activity determination of the Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Bail. extracts was elaborated, namely a volume and dilution of the extract was selected, rutin was chosen for the calibration curve. The calibration curve was plotted in the concentration range of 95–305 mg/L (y=0.228x+7.0992, R²=0.9945). The results suggest that the leaves of S. chinensis are a valuable source of antioxidant compounds with significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. It was equal to 227.2–443.6 mg/L in the extracts or 1.14–2.22 mg/g in the leaves of rutin-equivalents depending on the particle size. Additionally, it was established that particle size in the range of 2 to 3 mm was optimal for the preparation of Schisandra chinensis extracts as the antioxidant activity was the highest. The ethanol absorption coefficient is a main technological parameter in the pharmaceutical manufacture of extracts. The absorption coefficient of the Schisandra chinensis leaves for 70 % ethanol was in the range of 3.4 to 6.5 ml/g and depended on the particle size.

Effect of Mixed Organic Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Component Content of Saururus chinensis Baill in Paddy Field Cultivation

Effect of Mixed Organic Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Component Content of Saururus chinensis Baill in Paddy Field Cultivation

Two new quinic acid derivatives from the leaves of Schisandra chinensis

Two new (1-2) and three known quinic acid derivatives (3-5) were isolated from the leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, especially the NMR techniques, and also by comparison with reported data in the literature. The cytotoxicity activities of these compounds were evaluated on human tumor cell lines LN229 and three of them showed a certain activity.

Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Coupled with HPLC-UV for Simultaneous Extraction, Purification and Determination of Six Lignans in Schisandra chinensis Fruits.

An efficient method for simultaneous extraction, purification and determination of six lignans in Schisandra chinensis Baill was developed by employing matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction followed by HPLC-UV determination analysis. Several sorbent and desorption solvent that affected the extraction yield of lignans were investigated; neutral alumina and absolute ethanol were selected as the best dispersing material and desorption agent, respectively. Other extraction conditions for MSPD were optimized as follows: 1:2 of S. chinensis raw material to neutral aluminum oxide mass ratio, 1:30 (g/mL) of sample to absolute ethanol, 2.5h of desorption time and 50°C of desorption temperature. Under the above conditions, the total extraction yield for six lignans have reached (16.99±0.33) x 103 mg/kg with a higher content of 6.88±0.25% in the extracts. Comparative studies were explored by conducting other six extraction approaches including Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, smashing tissue extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction. Results showed MSPD technique not only improved the extraction yield, but also improved the purity of lignans, it can be generalized to more extraction of natural compounds. In addition, the validated HPLC-UV method had been successfully applied to analysis of lignans from 10 real S. chinensis samples.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Gymnocladus chinensis Baill

Gymnocladus chinensis Baill (Fam.: Leguminosae; Trib.: Caesalpinieae) are widely distributed in China. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of G. chinensis. The total cp genome size was 165,315 bp in length, containing a large single-copy region of 92,356 bp, a small single-copy region of 20,449bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 26,255 bp. The all GC content of G. chinensis cp was 34.95%. It encodes a total of 105 unique genes, including 75 protein-coding genes, 26 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Seventeen genes contain a single intron, and two genes (ycf3 and clpP) have two introns. Phylogenetic analysis results strongly supported that G. chinensis was closely related to Angylocalyx braunii.

Antioxidative activities of volatile and non‐volatile extracts of Schisandra chinensis Baill fruit

AbstractIn this study, the antioxidative activity of volatile and non‐volatile extracts from Schisandra chinensis Baill fruit was evaluated. The antioxidative activity of the sample was measured via aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and lipid/malonaldehyde assay. The sample was steam distilled under reduced pressure for extracting out the volatile components. The volatile extract was fractionated into seven fractions. The non‐volatile compounds were extracted using methanol. The antioxidative activities of 500 μg/mL of non‐volatile extract were estimated to be 76.80% by DPPH assay and 85.55% by lipid/malonaldehyde assay. Aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay revealed that fractions ⅰ and ⅱ of the volatile extract exhibited the most potent and dose‐dependent antioxidative activity. Terpenes in the volatile extract including α‐ylangene (733.512 μg/g), β‐elemene (145.690 μg/g), and bornyl acetate (321.825 μg/g) were found to contribute to the antioxidative activity.

A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Saururus.

The genus Saururus, belonging to Saururaceae, contains two species, S.cernuus L. and S.chinensis (Lour) Baill. with common utilization in traditional medicine from Asia to North America for the treatment of edema, beriberi, jaundice, leucorrhea, urinary tract infections, hypertension, hepatitis diseases, and tumors. An extensive review of literature was made on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology of Saururus using ethno-botanical books, published articles, and electronic databases. The 147 of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from S.cernuus and S.chinensis, and lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, and phenols are the major constituents. Various pharmacological investigations in many in vitro and in vivo models have revealed the potential of the genus Saururus with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, antimelanogenic, lipid-lowering, and bone protective activities, supporting the rationale behind numerous of its traditional uses. Due to the noteworthy pharmacological properties, Saururus can be a better option for new drug discovery. Data regarding many aspects of this plant such as toxicology, pharmacokinetics, quality-control measures, and the clinical value of the active compounds is still limited which call for additional studies.

Effects of Saururus chinensis BAILL Extract in Rats with Experimentally Chronic Constipation: An application of Clinical Pathology and Digital Image Processing

Effects of <i>Saururus chinensis BAILL</i> Extract in Rats with Experimentally Chronic Constipation: An application of Clinical Pathology and Digital Image Processing

Two new lignans from the aerial parts of Saururus chinensis with cytotoxicity toward nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Two new lignans (1 and 12), together with 15 known compounds (2–11 and 13–17), were isolated from the aerial parts of Saururus chinensis Baill. Their structures were determined through extensive spectroscopic analyses. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (HONE1, CNE1, CNE2, and SUNE1). Compound 13 showed the most potent cytotoxicity toward HONE1, SUNE1, CNE2, and CNE1 cells with IC50 values of 0.76, 5.42, 5.86 and 6.28 μM, respectively. Further studies revealed that compound 13 suppressed cell growth by arresting the cell cycle at the S phase and induced cell apoptosis in the HONE1 cell line.

Manassantin B shows antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3 infection by activation of the STING/TBK-1/IRF3 signalling pathway

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an important human pathogen associated with the development of acute pancreatitis, myocarditis, and type 1 diabetes. Currently, no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics are approved for the prevention and treatment of CVB3 infection. We found that Saururus chinensis Baill extract showed critical antiviral activity against CVB3 infection in vitro. Further, manassantin B inhibited replication of CVB3 and suppressed CVB3 VP1 protein expression in vitro. Additionally, oral administration of manassantin B in mice attenuated CVB3 infection-associated symptoms by reducing systemic production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, CCL2, and CXCL-1. We found that the antiviral activity of manassantin B is associated with increased levels of mitochondrial ROS (mROS). Inhibition of mROS generation attenuated the antiviral activity of manassantin B in vitro. Interestingly, we found that manassantin B also induced cytosolic release of mitochondrial DNA based on cytochrome C oxidase DNA levels. We further confirmed that STING and IRF-3 expression and STING and TBK-1 phosphorylation were increased by manassantin B treatment in CVB3-infected cells. Collectively, these results suggest that manassantin B exerts antiviral activity against CVB3 through activation of the STING/TKB-1/IRF3 antiviral pathway and increased production of mROS.

Cyanidin 3-Rutinoside, an Anthocyanin Pigment of Schisandra chinensis Baill, Inhibits Allergic Inflammation.

The occurrence of allergy-mediated inflammatory diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis have increased, but comprehensive treatment remains difficult. Previous studies have shown that Schisandra chinensis Baill has antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumorigenic effects. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside (CR) is the major anthocyanin pigment of S. chinensis. However, the biological effects of CR have been rarely studied to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of CR on phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/A23187-induced allergic inflammation in vitro. CR inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and it also suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B. These results show that CR ameliorated PMA/A23187-induced allergic inflammation via the suppression of inflammatory cytokines in HMC-1 cells. Therefore, CR has potential as a therapeutic agent for allergic diseases.

Isolation, Structural Elucidation of Three New Triterpenoids from the Stems and Leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill.

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill. is sufficiently well known as a medicinal plant worldwide, which modern research shows has many pharmacological activities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory effect, potent anti-HIV-1 activity, anti-tumor effect, and activity on the central nervous system. With considerable chemical investigation, three new triterpenoids (1–3), together with four known triterpenoids were isolated from the S. chinensis (Turcz) Baill. Their structures were elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and high-resolution mass spectroscopy, which were identified as Schisanlactone I (1), Schinalactone D, (2), Schisanlactone J, (3) Kadsuphilactone B (4), Schisanlactone C (5), Schisphendilactone B (6), and Schinchinenlactone A (7). The cytotoxicity of those compounds (1–7) was tested against Hep-G2 cell lines, but no apparent antitumor activity was observed at 50 µg/mL using MTT method.

Cognitive enhancement of volatile oil from the stems of Schisandra chinensis Baill. in Alzheimer's disease rats.

The volatile oil (VO), extracted from the stems of Schisandra chinensis Baill. (SCS), was separated and identified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The study was devised to investigate the effects of VO on oxidative stress and cognitive deficits induced by amyloid-β (Aβ(1-42)). Alzheimer's disease (AD) models were established by injecting Aβ(1-42) into the rat hippocampus and the effects of learning and memory were observed by a Morris water maze test, immunohistological alterations, and correlative indicators covering nerve growth (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-cell-derived trophic factor, and nerve growth factor), interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and microglial CD11b in AD rats. And activities of SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px were ameliorated by VO. The neurotrophic factors GFAP and microglial CD11b were noticeably improved in histopathologic changes. These data suggested that VO from SCS had potential activities for the prevention and treatment of AD.

Sedative and hypnotic effects of Schisandrin B through increasing GABA/Glu ratio and upregulating the expression of GABAA in mice and rats

Schisandrin B (SchB) is an active lignan component from Schisandra chinensis Turcz. Baill that has been long used as Traditional Chinese Medical Herb in the prescriptions for “tranquilizing the mind and overcoming anxiety”. Given that SchB is one of the most abundant ingredients of Schisandra chinensis Baill, we examined the sedative and hypnotic effects of SchB and explored the underlying mechanism. The results showed that SchB can significantly decrease mouse locomotor activities and improved sleeping quality index, including increased number of sleeping mice treated with the subthreshold dose of pentobarbital sodium, increased sleep time, shortened sleep latency and prolonged sleep duration. We found that SchB could significantly elevate the level of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and reduce the level of glutamic acid(Glu)in the peripheral blood of mice as well as in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus of rats, resulting in the increased ratio of GABA/Glu. GABA receptor inhibitor picrotoxin could antagonize the effect of SchB on the sleep latency and duration in the mice treated with the threshold dose of pentobarbital sodium. Furthermore, SchB up-regulates the expression of GABAA Rα1 and GABAA Rγ2 genes in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. In conclusion, SchB is the active component in Schisandra chinensis Baill responsible for the sedative and hypnotic function through up-regulating the expression of GABAA receptors and modulating the content of GABA and Glu in the peripheral blood and brain tissues.