Total Population Of China Research Articles

Study on Population Development and Carrying Capacity of Water Resources and Land Resources in China——Taking the Next 10 Years as an Example

The article takes the next 10 years as the research period to explore the challenges that water resources and land resources will face in the context of the universal two-child policy in China. By adjusting the population parameters in the policy context and using CPPS population forecasting software to predict the population size in the next 10 years, we find that the total population of China will continue growing in the next 5 years. In the next 10 years, the urban population will decrease very slightly after the increase for 7 years, reaching a peak in 2027, and the increase will cause deepening urbanization. It is necessary to take countermeasures to cope with the problem of the carrying capacity of water resources and land resources brought about by the growth of the total population and the deepening of urbanization under the influence of the universal two-child policy effect, so as to achieve the harmonious development of population growth and urbanization with ecological environment.

Water scarcity risks mitigated or aggravated by the inter-regional electricity transmission across China

Traditionally, around 34–38% of China’s population resides in places experiencing high water scarcity for at least one month a year. However, the risk of water scarcity may be further exacerbated by inter-regional electricity transmission, due to the mismatch between the electricity-receiving population living in water-abundant areas and the water scarcity experienced in the electricity-exporting region. Using detailed thermal/hydro- power plants data and water scarcity index at the water basin scale, this study systematically quantified this additional water scarcity risk across China. The affected population, i.e. those living in basins under lower water scarcity but needing electricity generated in basins with higher water scarcity, was estimated to be 134 million, or 10% of the total population in China. Among this, over 60 million people were considered as highly-affected population (i.e. people who live in no/low stress basins rely on electricity generated in severe/extreme scarcity basins), the majority of whom lived in Southern China. This leads to a 12% increase in water-stressed population if the proposed transmission projects were implemented. On the other hand, more people, i.e., 285 million, would benefit from the inter-regional electricity transmissions. They relied on the electricity generated from basins under lower water scarcity. It is found that intra-grid’s thermal electricity transmission was less effective in mitigating the water scarcity than the hydroelectricity. It determined that the southern part of China faced worse environmental performance in coordinating its water endowment with the electricity generation because of its use of electricity from water stressed basins rather than from the water sufficient basins.

How we eat determines what we become: opportunities and challenges brought by food delivery industry in a changing world in China.

Rapid economic growth and urbanization have brought notable changes in China. This trend had dramatic impacts to food industry and diet-related behaviors, which leads to increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). With a rapid development of internet and e-commerce market, another emerging trend that should not be overlooked is the change in food shopping habits induced by the popularity of online-to-offline (O2O) food delivery service in China. The O2O food market is a booming industry in China, the market scale of O2O food industry is increasing with remarkable speed. More than 1/5 of total population in China has already became the users of O2O food delivery market. Development of this new trend in food environment is inevitable. This game-changing trend brings great opportunities to improve food accessibility and availability but meanwhile poses inevitable challenges to the whole public health system and social environment in China. This paper offers a unique perspective of the opportunities and challenges that the new industry brings to food environment, health outcomes caused by related behavior change, and its broader influence on social environment.

Projecting future climate change impacts on heat-related mortality in large urban areas in China

Global climate change is anticipated to raise overall temperatures and has the potential to increase future mortality attributable to heat. Urban areas are particularly vulnerable to heat because of high concentrations of susceptible people. As the world's largest developing country, China has experienced noticeable changes in climate, partially evidenced by frequent occurrence of extreme heat in urban areas, which could expose millions of residents to summer heat stress that may result in increased health risk, including mortality. While there is a growing literature on future impacts of extreme temperatures on public health, projecting changes in future health outcomes associated with climate warming remains challenging and underexplored, particularly in developing countries. This is an exploratory study aimed at projecting future heat-related mortality risk in major urban areas in China. We focus on the 51 largest Chinese cities that include about one third of the total population in China, and project the potential changes in heat-related mortality based on 19 different global-scale climate models and three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). City-specific risk estimates for high temperature and all-cause mortality were used to estimate annual heat-related mortality over two future twenty-year time periods. We estimated that for the 20-year period in Mid-21st century (2041–2060) relative to 1970–2000, incidence of excess heat-related mortality in the 51 cities to be approximately 37,800 (95% CI: 31,300–43,500), 31,700 (95% CI: 26,200–36,600) and 25,800 (95% CI: 21,300–29,800) deaths per year under RCP8.5, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6, respectively. Slowing climate change through the most stringent emission control scenario RCP2.6, relative to RCP8.5, was estimated to avoid 12,900 (95% CI: 10,800–14,800) deaths per year in the 51 cities in the 2050s, and 35,100 (95% CI: 29,200–40,100) deaths per year in the 2070s. The highest mortality risk is primarily in cities located in the North, East and Central regions of China. Population adaptation to heat is likely to reduce excess heat mortality, but the extent of adaptation is still unclear. Future heat mortality risk attributable to exposure to elevated warm season temperature is likely to be considerable in China's urban centers, with substantial geographic variations. Climate mitigation and heat risk management are needed to reduce such risk and produce substantial public health benefits.

The impacts of urbanization on Chinese households' energy consumption: An energy input-output analysis

Since China's economic reforms and opening-up policy in 1980, China has experienced significant urbanization. This rapid urbanization has stimulated the growth of energy consumption. To investigate the impacts of urbanization on Chinese households' energy consumption, this paper analyzed the changes in households' direct energy consumption (DEC) and calculated households' indirect energy consumption (IEC) based on an energy input-output model. By applying an input-output structure decomposition analysis model, this paper quantitatively measured the impacts of urbanization on the direct and indirect energy consumption of households in China. We found that the amount of China's urban households' DEC gradually increased from 48.7 million tons of oil equivalent to 185.2 million tons of oil equivalent. In 2012, the proportion of coal products in urban households' DEC decreased from 91.4% in 1980 to 24.3%, while the proportion of petroleum products, natural gas, and electricity in urban households' DEC increased. During 1980 to 2012, China's rural households' DEC increased from 36.7 million tons of oil equivalent to 121.5 million tons of oil equivalent. However, the proportion of coal products was still greater than 50% in 2012. Chinese households' IEC increased from 302.8 million tons of oil equivalent in 1987 to 769.9 million tons of oil equivalent in 2010. In addition, China's urban households' IEC had a faster growth rate than China's rural households' IEC. Urban households' IEC increased from 139.0 million tons in 1987 to 599.8 million tons in 2010, while rural households' IEC fluctuated during the same period, with 163.8 million tons in 1987, 132.2 million tons in 2000, and 170.1 million tons in 2010. Among the impact factors of households' DEC, which include the population, urbanization rate, urban/rural households' DEC per capita and urban/rural households' DEC structure, China's total population has a positive effect on households' DEC growth. The urbanization rate is the other important factor constantly stimulating China's households' DEC growth. For households' IEC, the urbanization rate and per capita consumption had positive effects on the increase in households' IEC. Except for the period from 2002 to 2005, direct energy intensity had a negative effect on the increase in households' IEC in other periods. The Leontief effect on households' IEC was positive from 2000 to 2005 and negative in other subperiods. The results indicate that China needs to integrate energy efficiency, ecological conservation, and social fairness in its “new-type urbanization” planning. Green lifestyles within the household and low-carbon city construction should be encouraged.

Evolution of social welfare in rural China: A developmental approach

While rural residents still comprise nearly 60 percent of the total population in China, little is known about the evolution of rural welfare. This article explores welfare services in rural China using a broad definition of social welfare: efforts by the entire country and society to promote personal or societal well-being. Diverse approaches have been implemented to provide social services for rural residents with complicated dynamics among different providers, which follows a path different from that in the West. Findings of this study have important policy and research implications for understanding and further developing social welfare services in rural China.

Chinese Medical Reform Program: Start from Internet +

National Bureau of Statistics of China has published a statistical communique of Chinese national economy and social development in 2015. According to this statistical communique, the number of the total population of China (mainland) in the end of 2015 is 137,462,0000. Among these, the population of permanent residents in cities and towns is 771,160,000. And the life expectancy at birth is 76.34. At the end of 2015, there are 990,248 medical organizations. Among these, there are 27215 hospitals. The number of health workers is 803,0000. Among them the number of licensed doctors and assistant doctors is 300,0000. The national average health care expenditure is 2326.8 yuan. The percentage of health care expenditure in GDP is 5.57%. Each doctor in public hospitals should treat 7.6 patients and 2.7 inpatients daily.

China's New Labour Policy: Guided Development for Labour NGOs

AbstractIn line with the principle of ‘small government, big society', the Chinese authorities are likely to considerably expand the service delivery role of NGOs which do not intend to challenge the Party-state. These NGOs could be allowed a respected place in society, and they would have the financial resources from the government to offer needed services. On the other hand, NGOs which are perceived to pose a threat to the Party-state will continue to be suppressed. United front tactics are likely to be adopted, and leaders of these NGOs will be induced to alter their mode of operation into one acceptable to the Chinese authorities — i.e. both carrots and sticks are applied. Meanwhile, civil society will continue to grow quantitatively and qualitatively. Optimistic estimates are that, at this stage, China has about 7‒8 million social organizations involving about 300 million people, about one-fifth of China's total population. This critical mass is still inadequate to exert pressure on the Party-state t...

Chinese pediatricians face a crisis: should they stay or leave?

* Abbreviation: PS-CMDA — : Pediatric Society of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association Chinese pediatricians face a crisis. Not only is there a shortage of pediatricians, but their numbers are actually decreasing.1 In 2012, there was only 0.43 pediatric specialist for every 1000 children, or ∼96 000 pediatricians for the 220 million Chinese children aged <14 years. By comparison, in the United States, the ratio is ∼1.46 pediatricians for every 1000 children.2 Based on this ratio, China is short at least 200 000 pediatricians. A recent event called attention to this shortage. At a 2013 recruitment event for medical staff for the Women and Children’s Medical Center and Children’s Hospital of Dalian, no one was willing to apply for any of the 22 open pediatric positions. Of the 27 physicians who had been offered a position within the public institution system via open recruitment, 9 declined their offers. Among the 18 physicians who did report to work, 3 resigned after <1 month because of the high job pressure and low salary.3 Similar dilemmas are present in pediatric hospitals in Anhui, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and other provinces in China. Individuals recruited through open recruitment by public institutions in China have a regular salary and a career-long job there until retirement, regardless of their performance, but even with these advantages, pediatricians still choose to leave. Because of the shortage of pediatricians, many Chinese hospitals have been forced to dissolve their pediatric departments. According to the Pediatric Society of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association (PS-CMDA), although children account for 20% of the total population in China, there are only 68 specialized hospitals for children with a total of ∼258 000 beds, representing only 6.4% of all hospital beds.1,2 Compared with the huge demand for hospital care, pediatric medical resources are limited. In particular, almost all of the large pediatric hospitals are in big cities. … Address correspondence to Shu-Cheng Zhang, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao St, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, PR China. E-mail: zhangshucheng76{at}126.com

A Model in Chinese Population Growth Prediction

Firstly, we calculated several statistics relating to the population forecast. Secondly, ba-sed on the Logistic prediction models, against Logistic model defects, we obtained the improved prediction model. Finally, using China's total population in 2004 as the initial population, we predict the total population of China in the next 30 years and in 2050 year by applying the model.

Population Exposure to Ambient PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; at the Subdistrict Level in China

Fine particle pollution is a major public health concern in China. This paper assesses China's potential population exposure to PM2.5 at the subdistrict level, the smallest census unit with public information. Using both ground-based measurements and satellite-based Aerosol Optical Depth retrievals, we estimate subdistrict-level daily PM2.5 concentrations by means of the block cokriging approach. Our results reveal that China's population-weighted annual average PM2.5 concentration during April 08, 2013 and April 07, 2014 is nearly 7 times the annual average level suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). About 1,322 million people, or 98.6% of China's total population, are exposed to PM2.5 at levels above WHO's daily guideline for longer than half a year. We also simulate the effects of China's most recent action plan on air pollution control. The simulation results demonstrate that the population exposed to PM2.5 above China's daily standard for longer than half a year will be reduced by 85% if the plan can achieve its target by 2017. Nevertheless, PM2.5 will be still at a harmful level to public health, which calls for additional effort in pollution control.

Cattle production: PR China and Republic of Serbia

The paper presents data on the cattle industry in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia. China is the third largest dairy producing country and the third largest beef producing country in the world. In 2011, the dairy cow population in China was 14.4 million. Chinese dairy breed is mainly obtained by grading hybridization from Holstein, Simmental, etc. which were introduced from foreign countries, and local cattle breeds for long time to form the offspring with stable genetic characteristics. Currently, the dairy breeds cultured in China mainly include Chinese Holstein, Chinese Simmental, dairy buffalo, Brown cattle, Sanhe cattle, etc. Chinese Holstein accounts for about 80% of the total dairy cattle. From 2000 to 2007, Chinese beef production has always been in a rapid growth phase, with an increase from 5.054 million tons to 6.134 million tons, reached a historical highest level of 6.355 million tons in 2009, but rapidly declined since 2009, and dropped to 5 million tons in 2011. In addition, the amounts of reproduction cow and beef cattle in stock were also declined. In 2011, there were about 32.7 million beef cattle slaughtered, and the beef cattle population was about 80 million at the end of 2011, the beef carcass yield was about 5.5 million tons, the national average carcass weight was 201.5kg/cow, and the production value of beef cattle was about 200.75 billion Yuan. Currently, the amount of reproduction cow in stock declined sharply; the contradiction between the lack of cattle resource and the continued growth of beef consumption is more and more serious. Chinese dairy farming is mainly concentrated in the North, Northeast and Northwest of China, the dairy cows population in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and Hebei account for 60% of the total population in China; the beef cattle is mainly concentrated in rural areas as Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces, accounting for 80% of the national amount of slaughtered beef cattle. In recent years, the superior regions of beef cattle breeding have been gradually shifted towards north and southwest. The beef cattle industry in Heilongjiang Province, Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province has been developed rapidly. The beef cattle breeding in pastoral areas are mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Gansu province. Cattle production is important branch of livestock production in Republic of Serbia. Current situation in cattle production is not satisfactory in regard to the production per head and number of heads which has been constantly decreasing in recent years. Based on official statistical data, current situation in cattle production is considered as unfavourable (Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Serbia). Number of cattle in 2011 was 936.000 heads and constantly decreasing over the last 11 years. In this period, number of cattle is reduced by 18%, and number of cows and pregnant heifers by 14%. Data on number and categories of cattle also indicate considerable reduction, so category of cattle at the age of 1 to 2 years has been reduced by 24.5%, and number of calves by 29.2%. Production of cow milk is relatively steady. In 2011 milk production was 1.434.000liters. This can be explained by increased production of milk per cow. Genetic progress in milk traits was achieved by utilization of progeny tested bulls on milk and increased scope of artificial insemination of cows and heifers. Production of meat is in constant decrease which is consequence of reduction of total number of cattle as well as insufficient number of slaughterhouses with EU certificate. Meat production in 2011 was 81.000 t. Our country, although without developed cattle breeding, has been traditional exporter of beef, meat products and fattening young cattle into many countries, even the most developed ones, for instance Italy and Greece. Export of beef was in expansion prior to Italy (1974) and Greece (1980) entering the EEC. For instance, in year 1974, we exported 50.500 t/annually on Italian market, i.e. in 1980 51.310 t and there were 24 registered slaughterhouses with EEC certificate. Today, there are only a few slaughterhouses with EU certificate, and approved export quota of close to 8.000 t of beef we cannot realize. Total production of milk is 1,434.000 l. Cattle production is expected to provide high quality products for export, primarily beef and quality cheeses with defined origin and quality.

Looming dementia epidemic in Asia

Yin Jiliang, 73, looked forward to retirement as a time when he and his wife Su Zhiying, 76, could relax and enjoy the fruits of their labour, but instead he has another full-time job--taking care of his wife, who was diagnosed with dementia in 2001. Every morning I get up at six, and I prepare myself well before waking her up at seven. first thing to do is to take her to the toilet. is no longer able to use the toilet alone says Yin. He also helps Su brush her teeth, have a wash, take a walk, eat a meal. Su is unable to do any of these things independently. She eats very slowly, about one hour on average per meal. Sometimes I doze off sitting at the table while she has her meal, he explains. Every night I set the alarm for 3.30 a.m. to wake her up to pee. Afterwards I often can't get back to sleep, making sleep deprivation the most difficult thing for me. Su is fortunate that her loving husband is able to take care of her, and Yin says their adult children, family and friends are sympathetic and supportive. Living in Beijing, the couple can also receive specialist care at the Care and Research Centre at Peking University's Institute of Mental Health. Yin can tap into a network of others caring for people with dementia. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] It's nice to get to know and to talk to other relatives and to be able to share experiences with them. Some relatives complain that the partners they take care of are extremely difficult to deal with. In that sense, I am lucky. My wife is the over-happy type and seldom makes any trouble he says. China's population is ageing fast. Life expectancy in China has gone from 68.4 years in 1990 to 73.8 in 2008; combined with the one-child policy this development will lead to a massive demographic shift in the coming decades. elderly support ratio, the number of people in the population aged 15 to 64 divided by those aged 65 and above, which was 1:9 in 2010 will become 1:3 by 2050, China's Population Research Bureau predicts. proportion of over-65s to China's total population is estimated to rise from 7.8% in 2005 to 16.3% in 2030, according to data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. China has recognized that dementia will be a significant problem associated with an ageing population, but current initiatives will have to be scaled up fast to meet growing demand. So far there is not even a national estimate of the burden of dementia. There is a great challenge to get dementia on the health policy agenda, but much has been achieved in the past decade says Dr Huali Wang, vice chair and vice secretary-general of Alzheimer's Disease Chinese (ADC). This research and advocacy organization is working to get dementia higher up on the health policy agenda. Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia, but it is often used as an umbrella term for several conditions causing dementia. Dementia care was listed as one of the priorities of mental health services in the Mental Health 2002-2010 and ADC is currently working with the medical community to get it included in the upcoming Major Mental Health Plan explains Wang. The has realized the burden of dementia ... but we need to take action to get a general estimate and we also need more investment in educating the media and government she says. Chinas experience with this pressing public health issue is just one of several in Asia. Of the 35 million people currently living with dementia globally, 58% live in low- and middle-income countries and by 2050 this figure is projected to reach 71% of the total. Eastern Asia and southern Asia will see dementia growth rates more than double in the coming 20 years, Latin America will see increases of 134% to 146% and North Africa and the Middle East can expect a 125% rise, according to research by Alzheimer Disease International (ADI). …

China's Plan Flawed But Courageous

![Figure][1] CREDIT: ISTOCKPHOTO.COM In her News Focus story “Has China outgrown the one-child policy?” (17 September, p. [1458][2]), M. Hvistendahl explores the consequences of China's fertility policies. Overall, the story presents the one-child policy in a negative light, buttressed by statistical data, such as the current gender ratio of 119:100 at birth and the projected graying of the Chinese population. These data are accurate but misleadingly incomplete. The single most relevant statistic is the one that drove the original decision to implement the policy: the total population of China as a function of time. Even with the reduced population growth that came with the one-child policy and with China's rapid shift toward an urbanized and export-driven economy, those numbers are sobering. In 1960, China had a population of 646 million; in 1980, it was 981 million; by 2000, it had grown to 1.267 billion; and in 2010, it is projected to be 1.354 billion ([ 1 ][3]). In the past 50 years, China's population has increased by an amount equal to or greater than the population of all of Central and North America (∼500 million). Without defending or criticizing the one-child policy, we can at least recognize that it stands as a brave attempt by the inhabitants of an overcrowded planet to create a more livable future for our children and grandchildren. 1. [↵][4] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision ( ). [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.329.5998.1458 [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text

Trends in infant/child mortality and life expectancy in Indigenous populations in Yunnan Province, China

The 2000 Census in China registered 55 groups of Indigenous population, including 104.49 million people, making up 8.1% of China's total population. Yunnan Province, located in Southwest China, is the only province where all 55 Indigenous nationalities are represented (14.15 million), making up 33.4% of Yunnan's total population. This study aimed to examine trends in infant and child mortality and life expectancy at birth of the 22 largest Indigenous nationalities and compared these trends with those of the majority Han Chinese in Yunnan and China as a whole. Data sources of mortality and socioeconomic status came from the population censuses of China (1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, and 2000) and Yunnan (1990-2000) and from the Provincial Health Department (1990, 1995, 1996 and 2000). Weighted linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between infant/child mortality and life expectancy at birth, socioeconomic indicators and the use of preventive health services. In 2000, the infant mortality rate was 26.90 for China and 53.64 for Han Chinese in Yunnan per 1,000 live birth versus 77.75 for the 22 largest minority nationalities in Yunnan, despite improvements in health status indicators since 1990. The inequalities in life expectancy at birth between China as a whole and some minority nationalities remained striking in 2000 (57.18 versus 71.40). Literacy, prenatal examination, hospital deliveries, economic development were important predictors of these health indicators. Efforts to continue to improve these intermediate proximate determinants and to target the most disadvantaged Indigenous groups are likely to further reduce health disparities between the Chinese and Indigenous populations.

Blogging Everyday Life in Chinese Internet Culture

Since the mid-1990s China has undergone an explosive growth in Internet usage and coverage. China became the second largest Internet nation (next to the United States) in 2002, with 59.1 million Internet users. By June 2006, the number hit 123 million (although this still comprises only 9.4 per cent of China's total population of 1.3 billion).] The Internet has become an integral part of the daily lives of urban Chinese. For most Chinese Internet users, the Internet provides aggregated sources of a rich variety of content: a platform for online commerce, a huge virtual billboard for advertisements, games and social networking (including cyberlove, or wang lion). This entertainment-and-consumption pattern of Internet use at the micro, individual level is often put side by side with a control model at the macro, institutional level, which views information and communication technologies (lCT) as a means of control (see, for example, Qiu, 2007). People in the West are frequently told about the suppression of freedom of speech by the Chinese government, constraints on politically sensitive websites, arrests of cyber activists, and global Internet search companies (such as Google, Yahoo and MSN) giving in to the Chinese government by imposing stricter censorship to control the flow of Internet information.

Drug abuse, HIV/AIDS and stigmatisation in a Dai community in Yunnan, China

The latest data indicate that between 540,000 and 760,000 people are infected with HIV in China. Although minority nationalities represent 8.1% of China's total population, they account for more than 30% of the reported HIV/AIDS cases. This study examined stigma and discrimination against drug abusers and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in a Dai minority nationality community in Yunnan, China. The study used qualitative research methods, which included participatory observations, in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, transect walking and community mapping. A combination of different sampling strategies was used to maximise diversity of the initially selected sample. The data revealed deeply entrenched stigma and overt discrimination against drug abusers and PLHA that manifested in familial, work, civil and institutional contexts. The stigma reflected pre-existing cultural, religious sanctions against “deviant behaviours”. Intervention programmes that were insensitive to the local culture and religion may have also contributed in part to the stigmatisation of drug abusers and PLHA. The major impact of stigma was that it created a vicious cycle of social isolation, marginalisation and thus addiction relapse. This in turn reinforced the stigmatisation and discrimination against drug abusers and thus hindered efforts towards prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.

Progress in accelerated measles control in the People's Republic of China, 1991-2000.

Measles incidence decreased dramatically following widespread use of measles vaccine in China in 1965. To evaluate continued progress in accelerated measles control, data on measles cases reported to the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System during 1991 to 2000 were analyzed. From 1991-1995 to 1996-2000, average annual measles incidence decreased from 9.0 to 5.7 cases per 100,000 population, mortality rates fell from <0.3 to 0.1 deaths per million population, and the percentage of China's total population residing in provinces with a measles incidence of <2 cases per 100,000 population and having a measles elimination goal increased from 21% to 29%. Incidence rates were highest in western provinces and in infants and young children. Additional attention must be focused on western provinces and toward ensuring that all infants are immunized. Achieving high routine two-dose coverage with measles vaccine and enforcing school entry requirements may be highly effective strategies to support further gains in measles control.

The diagnostic criteria for primary osteoporosis and the incidence of osteoporosis in China.

China has about one-fifth of the world’s population, and this is a large number. To determine this large population number is important not only for policy-making and economic aspects but it is also very important for the purpose of osteoporosis prevention and treatment. According to the recommendations of the United Nations, many countries in the world conducted a census in the year 2000. This was the fifth census conducted in China since 1949. The year 2000 census revealed that the total population in China was 1295330000, with the population of mainland China being 1265830000; Hong Kong, 6780000; Macao, 440000; and the Taiwan area, 22280000. The detailed distribution of the population is shown in Fig. 1. For the detailed population distribution in the five censuses conducted in China since 1949, refer to Fig. 2. For the detailed population age structure in each census refer to Fig. 3. Table 1 shows the population distribution by region, and the percentage of the older population in the year 2000 census in China. A brief summary of the information from the year 2000 census highlights the following features:

Eradication of poliomyelitis

China and the other countries of the Western Pacific Region have a goal of eradication of wild poliovirus by the end of 1995. In this report we examine the progress made toward eradication through the end of 1993. We examined the information about poliomyelitis and wild poliovirus based on the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system. The number of reported poliomyelitis cases decreased from 4623 cases in 1989 and 5065 cases in 1990, which occurred during a large nationwide poliomyelitis epidemic, to 538 cases in 1993. Mass supplemental immunization sessions were conducted during the 1991 to 1992 and 1992 to 1993 winters. After the two rounds of supplemental immunizations in the 1992 to 1993 winter, wild poliovirus was not detected for the subsequent 21 months in 22 contiguous provinces in central and northern China, in which 980 million persons reside. In 1993 wild poliovirus was detected in only 5 provinces in southern China and in 2 provinces in the remote Western region; these provinces have only 14% of the total population in China. China is close to achieving its 1995 poliomyelitis elimination goal. Mass supplemental immunizations in children 0 to 3 years old can rapidly eliminate wild poliovirus from large, very densely populated areas, low income rural areas and remote mountainous areas. There appears to be no technical obstacle, even in the most difficult areas, to achieving global eradication of wild poliovirus by the year 2000.