Supply In China Research Articles

Dynamic projection of anthropogenic emissions in China: methodology and 2015–2050 emission pathways under a range of socio-economic, climate policy, and pollution control scenarios

Abstract. Future trends in air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for China are of great concern to the community. A set of global scenarios regarding future socio-economic and climate developments, combining shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) with climate forcing outcomes as described by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), was created by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Chinese researchers have also developed various emission scenarios by considering detailed local environmental and climate policies. However, a comprehensive scenario set connecting SSP–RCP scenarios with local policies and representing dynamic emission changes under local policies is still missing. In this work, to fill this gap, we developed a dynamic projection model, the Dynamic Projection model for Emissions in China (DPEC), to explore China's future anthropogenic emission pathways. The DPEC is designed to integrate the energy system model, emission inventory model, dynamic projection model, and parameterized scheme of Chinese policies. The model contains two main modules, an energy-model-driven activity rate projection module and a sector-based emission projection module. The activity rate projection module provides the standardized and unified future energy scenarios after reorganizing and refining the outputs from the energy system model. Here we use a new China-focused version of the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM-China) to project future energy demand and supply in China under different SSP–RCP scenarios at the provincial level. The emission projection module links a bottom-up emission inventory model, the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), to GCAM-China and accurately tracks the evolution of future combustion and production technologies and control measures under different environmental policies. We developed technology-based turnover models for several key emitting sectors (e.g. coal-fired power plants, key industries, and on-road transportation sectors), which can simulate the dynamic changes in the unit/vehicle fleet turnover process by tracking the lifespan of each unit/vehicle on an annual basis. With the integrated modelling framework, we connected five SSP scenarios (SSP1–5), five RCP scenarios (RCP8.5, 7.0, 6.0, 4.5, and 2.6), and three pollution control scenarios (business as usual, BAU; enhanced control policy, ECP; and best health effect, BHE) to produce six combined emission scenarios. With those scenarios, we presented a wide range of China's future emissions to 2050 under different development and policy pathways. We found that, with a combination of strong low-carbon policy and air pollution control policy (i.e. SSP1-26-BHE scenario), emissions of major air pollutants (i.e. SO2, NOx, PM2.5, and non-methane volatile organic compounds – NMVOCs) in China will be reduced by 34 %–66 % in 2030 and 58 %–87 % in 2050 compared to 2015. End-of-pipe control measures are more effective for reducing air pollutant emissions before 2030, while low-carbon policy will play a more important role in continuous emission reduction until 2050. In contrast, China's emissions will remain at a high level until 2050 under a reference scenario without active actions (i.e. SSP3-70-BAU). Compared to similar scenarios set from the CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), our estimates of emission ranges are much lower than the estimates from the harmonized CMIP6 emissions dataset in 2020–2030, but their emission ranges become similar in the year 2050.

Research on New Business Supply Chain Curriculum Under the Framework of School-enterprise Co-construction

The economic status of China's supply chain industry is increasing day by day, which is very important for the cultivation of talents in the supply chain industry. By discussing the core content of supply chain curriculum of school-enterprise co-construction and the basic path of new business supply chain curriculum reform, this paper suggests that Chinese universities need to carry out in-depth development of talents with school-enterprise co-construction from the perspectives of the supply chain, the reform of science and technology industry, the integration of global industrial system and the balanced development of global industry. Meanwhile, from the perspective of China, extension in three levels of strategic layout with high starting point, high-level strategic integration and forward-looking technology application, should be carried out so as to lay a solid foundation for the leap-forward development of the supply chain industry and provide important talent support for China's global competitiveness improvement.

Medical specialty distribution in China, 2009–17: a longitudinal examination

BackgroundChina's practitioners are responsible for serving the most populous country in the world. Despite the pronounced shortages of areas, such as general practice and paediatrics, little is known about the discrepancies between supply and demand in each specialty. We aimed to examine China's supply of and demand for health care since 2009 to gain an understanding of the progress that reforms have brought about. MethodsWe analysed distribution data regarding licensed medical practitioners and patient visits for all clinical departments between 2009 and 2017 using annual reports and yearbooks provided by the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission, which are published by the government of China and the Peking Union Medical College. The institutional review board of the principal investigator's institution approved this study. FindingsFrom 2009 to 2017, the number of registered practicing physicians increased by 48·5%. Inpatient hospitalisations increased by 98·2%, and outpatient visits increased by 69·4%. Internal medicine had a 64·5% inpatient demand–supply gap in growth rate (DSG) and a 6·5% outpatient DSG. For all specialties, negative inpatient DSGs were found in general practice (–36·8%), preventive medicine (–30·5%), stomatology (–12·1%), and aesthetic medicine (–11·9%); negative outpatient DSG was only found in stomatology (–7·6%). General practice has −41·3% outpatient DSG at the hospital level, suggesting patients in need of general practice might no longer go to hospitals, instead favouring more convenient primary care near home. InterpretationA major goal of China's 2009 reforms was to improve the quality of service during primary care visits. Although between 2009 and 2017 most of the departments' growth rates in physician quantity were slower than those of the patients', China's efforts to train more general practices at primary care institutions over this period has so far been an effective means of promoting equal access to health care. FundingRepublic of China Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 105-2629-S-010-001).

Exploring energy-water-land nexus in national supply chains: China 2012

Ensuring energy, water and food security is a core challenge as well as an opportunity to national sustainable development. This paper aims to perform an in-depth analysis on demand-driven energy, water and land resource requirements by Chinese economy 2012 and corresponding energy-water-land nexus relationships in its supply chains by using the input-output analysis and the structural path analysis. Results show that Agriculture and Light industry, mainly related to household consumption, are critical aggregated sectors for water and land requirements, in contrast to Heavy industry and Construction, which are related to investment for energy requirements. 15.41% of the total energy requirement, 44.18% of water and 58.64% of land can be attributed to the top 20 supply chain paths. The energy-water-land nexuses are explored by industrial sector, supply chain path and final demand category from the perspective of embodiment. On the final demand side, Agriculture, Light industry, Construction and Service are critical nexus sectors. Major sectoral nexus paths in terms of energy-land, energy-water, water-land, and energy-water-land nexuses are further identified. The energy-water-land nexus in China's supply chains reflect a strong dependence relationship of energy, water and land resource requirements, which then demonstrate essential intervention points of demand-side resource management.

Can environmental regulation promote the governance of excess capacity in China's energy sector? The market exit of zombie enterprises

Zombie enterprises, which seriously impede the sustainable development of China's economy and have become a major obstacle to the structural reform of China's supply side, exist throughout the Chinese traditional economy. Based on Chinese industrial enterprise data, this paper identifies zombie enterprises in the energy industries with a modified method used by Fukuda and Nakamura (2011) and uses the survival analysis model to test the impact of environmental regulation on the market exit of zombie enterprises. The empirical results show that environmental regulation can speed up the exit of zombie enterprises to achieve the governance of excess capacity for energy enterprises. Moreover, the effect of environmental regulation is influenced by the regional institutional environment. With the increase in the degree of decentralization and the corruption of officials, the influence of environmental regulation on the overcapacity of energy enterprises is weakened. Finally, the mediating effect model reveals that environmental regulation has a “following cost effect” and “innovation compensation effect” in the energy industry, and the “innovation compensation effect” is dominant.

Tracing natural resource uses via China's supply chains

Abstract This paper makes an in-depth analysis on demand-driven natural resource requirements in China via the methods of thermodynamic input-output analysis and structural path analysis, in order to reveal the connections between the country's rapid economic development and its intensive use of natural resources. The main natural resources investigated include crops, forestry, rangeland, aquatic products, coal, crude oil & natural gas, ferrous metal ores, nonferrous metal ores, nonmetallic minerals and other primary energy, and exergy is adopted as a common metric for the resource accounting. In 2012, the total domestic resource exergy input into Chinese economic system amounted to 130.1 EJ, of which 44.6% was induced by investment demands. The embodied resource use (ERU) in China's exports was equivalent to over one fifth of its domestic resource supply. The two integrative sectors of Manufacturing and Construction accounted for 44.1% and 28.7% of the national total ERU, respectively. We identified critical supply chain paths starting from resource extraction to final demand, as well as key industrial sectors in driving the extraction, transmission and final use of embodied resources. The top 50 paths were responsible for 30.4 EJ of the ERU. The identification of resource supply chains from a systemic perspective is of great importance when resource and environmental policies are to be applied to concrete industrial sectors and other economic agents. Integrated approaches that take account of consumption-based resource indicators should be developed for resource conservation and cleaner production, particularly for the economic system with a complex supply network.

China's supply of critical raw materials: Risks for Europe's solar and wind industries?

This article examines the dependence of the European Union's solar and wind industries on Chinese supply of five critical raw materials: tellurium, gallium, indium, and the rare earths neodymium and dysprosium. Based partly on interviews with experts, this study reviews China's industrial policies that shape the supply of these materials abroad. We also assess the short- and long-term strategies of the European Union and European solar and wind industries to ameliorate potential supply bottlenecks. While these strategies adequately address short-term challenges, we find they pose several long-term risks, such as increasing the dependence on China and hampering European competitiveness in global markets. There is also divergence in the extent to which these two industries are vulnerable to supply bottlenecks and price volatility; because more options are open to them, European solar manufacturers are less exposed to these risks than their counterparts in the offshore wind sector.

Development and Utilization of the World's and China's Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Development and Utilization of the World's and China's Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

International effects of China's rise and transition: Neoclassical and Keynesian perspectives

Opinion over the global implications of China's rise is divided between critics and proponents. Critics see it as having developed at the expense of both investment and employment in the US, Europe and Japan. Proponents emphasise improvements in the terms of trade and reductions to the cost of financing that stem from China's supply of light manufactures, its demand for Western capital and luxury goods and its high saving. The criticism implies Keynesian assumptions while proponents take a neoclassical perspective. In this paper, both are embodied in a global macro-model that emphasises bilateral linkages via trade and investment, with monetary spill-overs represented by globally integrated bond markets. Net gains are suggested for the US and Europe from China's successful export-oriented growth, though there are partially offsetting Keynesian effects. China's recent slower, more consumption focussed, growth appears also to be beneficial in those regions and in Japan notwithstanding terms of trade losses.

Data Analysis and Suggestions of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives Industry in the Agricultural and Sideline Products Deep Management

China's supply and marketing cooperatives play an important role in the depth of management for the agriculture, rural areas and farmers service and agricultural and sideline products. This paper analyzes the plight of this industry to participate in agricultural and sideline products business and the problems of enterprises in operating management and financial management, and finally puts forward suggestions and countermeasures from six aspects.

Effects of raised-bed planting for enhanced summer maize yield on rhizosphere soil microbial functional groups and enzyme activity in Henan Province, China

Although raised-bed planting systems can enhance productivity of summer maize (Zea mays) relative to other systems employed in China, mechanisms for this remain unclear. Because of their potential to enhance maize yield, we examined effects of raise-bed planting on rhizosphere microbial functional groups and associated enzyme activities in 2006 and 2007 crop seasons. Results confirmed that raised-bed planting significantly and substantially increased maize growth. Microbial functional groups and enzyme activities varied during the maize growing season, with patterns often correlated with plant growth. For raised-bed planting, mean numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes across all three sampling times in 2006 were 7.3×106, 1.6×104, 1.9×105CFUsg−1drysoil, respectively, 82, 44, and 43% higher than those in flat planting, respectively. In 2007, relative differences were 108, 40, and 34% higher than those in flat planting, respectively. Raised-bed planting yielded mean saccharase, urease, protease and phosphatase activities across sampling times in 2006 of 2.3mgglucoseg−1h−1, 0.8mgNH3-Ng−1h−1, 10.5mgglycinekg−1h−1, and 0.4mgnitrophenolg−1h−1, 6, 18, 34, and 31% higher than those in flat planting, respectively. In 2007, relative differences were 10, 16, 35, and 27% higher than those in flat planting, respectively. Rhizosphere enzyme activities were significantly correlated with maize yields. These results suggest that raised-bed planting (1) may enhance maize productivity in part by increasing availability of essential crop nutrients by stimulating microbial activity, and (2) is potentially important in sustainable increasing China's supply of maize.

Can China's supply of scientific talent keep up with demand?

Opportunities for scientists abound as China sets its sights on joining the global biotech sector.

Promessa e desafios do desenvolvimento

The global economy is changing rapidly, and China, India, and Mexico represent particularly interesting cases because of their divergent development models. Global consolidation is increasing in the past decade because of the rapid growth of China in manufacturing export industries, and India's surge in the offshoring of information technology services. The apparel industry also illustrates the consolidation trend because of a shift in international regulation with the phase out in 2005 of the quotas associated with the Multi-Fiber Arrangement. Industrial upgrading trajectories in China and Mexico are compared, using international trade data to look closely at export profiles in key industries and products destined for the U.S. market. China's supply chain cities are examined as a new form of economic organization that seeks to geographically integrate export production with other high-value segments of global value chains.

China's Supply Problem

China's Supply Problem

China's Supply Problem

China's Supply Problem