Structure In China Research Articles

Rural-to-Urban Migration in China and Late-Life Cognitive Trajectories: A Perspective From the Hukou System.

Migrating to urban areas profoundly shapes later-life cognitive function. However, it is unclear whether the acquisition of urban citizenship matters in old age and how the rural-urban hukou differences in cognition change over time. In particular, the existing literature has overlooked the need to differentiate between the effects of health selection and urban hukou attainment. To address these gaps, we use data from five waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The results indicate that those who have obtained urban hukou through policies have better cognitive outcomes later in life compared to hukou non-converters, and these hukou-related differences grow with age. However, their cognitive abilities are lower when compared to merit-based hukou converters, who exhibit similar trajectories to lifelong urban citizens. These findings encourage not only a further breakdown of the urban-rural segregation structure in China, but more importantly, an improvement in the cognitive reserve of individuals.

Analysis of spatial correlation network of urban digital economy in China

ABSTRACT In the context of the digital economy, the structure of China's urban spatial correlation network is undergoing profound changes. Based on social network analysis, this study analyzes the overall network characteristics, city network status and influencing factors of the spatial network of digital economy in Chinese cities. The study finds that China's digital economy presents a complex network of spatial connections, with increasing network strength, a clear ‘core-edge’ hierarchy, and a stable network structure. The developed cities in the east are the center of the network, the less developed cities in the east undertake the function of network radiation, and the cities in the west are located at the edge of the network. Technological innovation, industrial structure, human capital and urbanization all contribute to the spatial relevance of the digital economy. This study helps cities work together to amplify the digital dividend and narrow the digital divide.

Detection Method for Asteroid Interior Structure Verified by Scale Model

Abstract We have developed a radar scheme for detecting the asteroid interior structure. Using the auto rotation of an asteroid, radar system can hover at a fix distance from the asteroid, and continuously measure the internal structure echoes at different spin angles, which can be processed to obtain the internal structure profile image. Through simulation and scale model test, we have verified the internal structure imaging results and conformed the effectiveness of the hovering radar method. The proposed radar scheme was selected as the science payload for internal structure in China’s asteroid exploration program aiming at Asteroid 2016HO3.

Benefits and Vulnerabilities of the Free Trade Agreement for the EAEU Countries and China

Aim. Objective is to formulate the position of the EAEU in the negotiations on the free trade area with China.Tasks. We determine the potential results of the creation of the China-EAEU free trade area for each country.Methods. The indices of complementarity and trade intensity were calculated, and the benefits to society from the abolition of customs tariffs were calculated using a partial equilibrium trade-policy simulation.Results. The study of supply and demand for excavators showed that the total benefit of consumers (the construction industry) from the abolition of customs duties only slightly exceeds the losses of producers and the government. Based on the complementarity assessment, it was found that the free trade agreement is more beneficial for China than for the EAEU countries — the structure of China’s exports better corresponds to the structure of imports of the EAEU countries. It was revealed that the exports of the EAEU countries to China are not diversified, and the main export goods face minimal tariffs — 0% for crude oil from Russia and Kazakhstan, 3% for potash fertilizers from Belarus, 0% for ores and concentrates of precious metals from Kyrgyzstan, 0% for copper ores and concentrates from Armenia. The EAEU countries may be interested in further liberalization of trade with China due to the intention to export frozen fish, corn, wheat and rice (Russia), tobacco (Kyrgyzstan and Armenia), meat and dairy products (Belarus), and cognac (Armenia).Conclusions. Reduction of duties on the specified goods may be the subject of a preliminary temporary agreement. A free trade zone may be created by finalizing the existing Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the EAEU and its Member States and the PRC. It is recommended that, in addition to including provisions on the abolition of customs duties, sections on trade in services, investments, and movement of individuals be included.

Unlocking the Power of Economic Agglomeration: How Digital Finance Enhances Urban Land Use Efficiency Through Innovation Ability and Rationalization of Industrial Structure in China

Unlocking the Power of Economic Agglomeration: How Digital Finance Enhances Urban Land Use Efficiency Through Innovation Ability and Rationalization of Industrial Structure in China

Multi-objective optimization of non-fossil energy structure in China towards the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals

Numerous nations and regions are earnestly dedicated to propelling energy transition. China accounts for 31.78 % of the total global carbon emissions, and China's energy structure holds paramount significance in the broader context of global initiatives. China has officially proposed to achieve the target of carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, imposing substantial pressure on the transformation of the energy structure. In this study, we propose a multi-objective optimization model for the non-fossil energy structure, encompassing three primary optimization objectives: maximizing power generation, minimizing economic costs, and reducing CO₂ emissions. The optimization involves determining the proportion of seven key non-fossil energy sources—hydropower, onshore wind, offshore wind, photovoltaic (PV), bioenergy, geothermal, and nuclear power—while adhering to constraints related to power demand, nuclear safety, and other factors. The analysis explores the installed capacity, power generation, power generation costs, and CO₂ emission reductions of non-fossil energy under distinct scenarios in 2025, 2030, and 2060. The findings reveal that by 2030, the optimal share of power generation should be sequenced as onshore wind, hydropower, nuclear power, offshore wind, PV, bioenergy, and geothermal. Subsequently, by 2060, the top three developed power should be onshore wind, nuclear power, and hydropower.

The Impact of Urbanization on Rural Population Structure in China

Urbanization has been speeding up in China since reform and opening up policies were promoted, which promotes the progression of rural economy, but furthermore provides a certain degree of negative impact on the rural population structure. On the basis of summarizing the concept of urbanization, this study provides a thorough analysis of China's recent rural population structure and urbanization trend, and finally concludes that the quickening pace of urbanization in China makes the rural population structure face some problems and challenges. This study also offers some thoughts and recommendations in this area. At the same time, when analyzing the trend and population structure, by comparing and summarizing the secondary data and relevant literature, this paper concludes that China's urbanization has caused problems such as talent shortage in rural areas, rural aging and gender structure imbalance of the left-behind population. To solve these problems, China should establish a sound and perfect social security system and encourage the integration of rural and urban development. China ought to also establish a sound pension system and optimize the population structure; in rural areas, the promotion of respect for women has been strengthened and relevant laws have been introduced to gradually eliminate gender discrimination. It is beneficial to promote the national economy, cultural development.

Unveiling the effects of influencing factors on PPP project capital structure in China using machine learning

Unveiling the effects of influencing factors on PPP project capital structure in China using machine learning

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Implications of Urban Residential Space Based on the New Commercial Housing in Xi’an, China, 2006–2022

Since 1998, comprehensive housing marketization has led to a more complex urban residential space structure in China, as evidenced by the changes in new commercial housing. The current stage is critical for China in its pursuit of high-quality and sustainable urban development, with the spatial structure of housing being a key aspect in achieving this goal. In order to clarify the characteristics of the urban residential space in China and grasp the spatio-temporal changes of new commercial housing, this study takes the data of new commercial housing projects in Xi’an, northwest China, from 2006 to 2022 as the basis, and uses the GIS method to explore the characteristics of the spatio-temporal evolution of the urban residential space and to investigate the factors influencing it. The results reveal changes in the number, size, and spatial distribution of new commercial housing in Xi’an. The evolution of residential space is influenced by cultural and social changes, population, and economic factors, in addition to the main influence of national policies. The renewal of urban villages into commercial housing projects is a prominent feature of changes in urban residential space, which saves construction land and improves residents’ living conditions. Finally, the expansion of urban residential space parallels the urbanization process, showing a pattern of ‘external expansion accompanied by internal renewal’, and the evolution process and property rights management are different from those of other countries.

I am just a sister: a field study on sister as mother role from Guangdong, China.

This study aimed to explore sister-as-mother (jieximuzhi) roles in families after the implementation of China's universal two-child (quanmianerhai) and three-child policies (saihaizhengce). By conducting in-depth interviews with 10 sisters from Guangdong Province who fit the sister-motherhood profile, this study investigated their motivations for taking on maternal duties, the characteristics of sister-motherhood roles, and the impact of these roles on the sisters. The results revealed that in families with two or more children, sisters passively assume mother-like responsibilities primarily due to biological age differences and parental neglect, as well as their personal initiative to a certain extent. Additionally, the impact of sister-motherhood roles on sisters includes aspects such as time pressure, financial strain, and increased family intimacy. This study elucidated the phenomenon of sister-motherhood roles that emerge with changes in family structure in China while recognizing the diversity of women's roles within the family, appreciating the challenges faced by sisters in sister-motherhood roles, and providing insights into family labor division and education models.

Cross-Border Tourism Spatial Dynamics of the Greater Bay Area in China

ABSTRACT This research studies the spatial dynamics of tourism development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, a cross-border region under a multi-level administrative structure in China. Specifically, it examines tourism spatial spillovers and convergence dynamics across Bay Area cities to assess the extent to which cities’ heterogeneous tourism development trajectories promote or inhibit the deepening of regional tourism cooperation. Results from spatial econometric modeling and nonparametric distribution dynamics reveal positive tourism spatial spillovers and convergence with stratification. Furthermore, certain factors, such as cities’ economic development, basic infrastructure, and tourism capacity, are key drivers of tourism development. Other factors, including cities’ tourism resources and transportation networks, need to be addressed for tourism expansion. These findings on the spatial landscape and determinants of cross-border tourism in the Bay Area provide useful insights into formulating regional policies on collective tourism development.

Long-term spatiotemporal distribution characterization of atmospheric black carbon MERRA-2 concentration over China

Black carbon (BC), a component of atmospheric aerosols, strongly adsorbs solar radiation, thereby influencing atmospheric stability and air quality. In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution, historical trends, and influencing factors of BC concentration in China from 1980 to 2020 have been investigated using MERRA-2 (Modern-era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Vision2) reanalysis dataset, population distribution, and industrial statistics data. The annual total MERRA-2 BC concentration in China (averaging 1.08 μg/m3 over the study period) exhibited three distinct phases: slow growth (1980–1999, 0.02 μg/m3/year), rapid growth (2000–2007, 0.61 μg/m3/year), and gradual decline (2008–2020, -0.014 μg/m3/year). The BC concentration was consistently higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer, being lowest in July (9.6 μg/m3) and highest in December (14 μg/m3). Spatially, the annual average BC concentration from 1980 to 2020 followed the order: central Yangtze River region (3.14 μg/m3) > eastern coastal region (2.72 μg/m3) > northeastern region (1.40 μg/m3) > western riverine region (0.69 μg/m3) > northwestern frontier region (0.31 μg/m3). High BC-concentration areas, mainly in the central and eastern regions, correlate with regions of vigorous human activities and high industrialization levels, confirming that human activity markedly influences BC pollution. Since 2013, the implementation of emission control strategies and adjustments in the energy structure in China had led to a significant decline in BC concentration. By revealing the spatiotemporal distribution and trends of BC concentration in China, this study provides valuable scientific insights for atmospheric science, environmental protection, and air pollution.

Comparative study on emotional behavior and parental job stress of only-child and non-only-child preschool children.

Studies have revealed that Children's psychological, behavioral, and emotional problems are easily influenced by the family environment. In recent years, the family structure in China has undergone significant changes, with more families having two or three children. To explore the relationship between emotional behavior and parental job stress in only preschool and non-only preschool children. Children aged 3-6 in kindergartens in four main urban areas of Shijiazhuang were selected by stratified sampling for a questionnaire and divided into only and non-only child groups. Their emotional behaviors and parental pressure were compared. Only and non-only children were paired in a 1:1 ratio by class and age (difference less than or equal to 6 months), and the matched data were compared. The relationship between children's emotional behavior and parents' job stress before and after matching was analyzed. Before matching, the mother's occupation, children's personality characteristics, and children's rearing patterns differed between the groups (P < 0.05). After matching 550 pairs, differences in the children's parenting styles remained. There were significant differences in children's gender and parents' attitudes toward children between the two groups. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores of children in the only child group and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) scores of parents were significantly lower than those in the non-only child group (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that after matching, there was a positive correlation between children's parenting style and parents' attitudes toward their children (r = 0.096, P < 0.01), and the PSI-SF score was positively correlated with children's gender, parents' attitudes toward their children, and SDQ scores (r = 0.077, 0.193, 0.172, 0.222). Preschool children's emotional behavior and parental pressure were significantly higher in multi-child families. Parental pressure in differently structured families was associated with many factors, and preschool children's emotional behavior was positively correlated with parental pressure.

Research on the health monitoring and maintenance strategy of highway structuresg

Under the current background of The Times, China's economic and social development presents a good situation, the construction of transportation infrastructure has been better developed, and the highway transportation industry has made outstanding achievements. At the present stage, the highway transportation industry has become an important pillar industry of China's national economy, and is an important guarantee to promote economic growth and facilitate people's travel. Highway transportation infrastructure is an important foundation for China's national economic and social development, especially in the process of "Belt and Road" construction, highway transportation infrastructure has played a vital role. Under the influence of the increasing number of expressways and heavy-haul transport vehicles, there are also some problems in the highway traffic infrastructure. Therefore, this paper studies and analyzes the health monitoring and maintenance strategy of highway structure, aiming to provide some reference for further improving the health monitoring and maintenance work of highway structure in China.

Prediction of personalised postprandial glycaemic response in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) face unique challenges in glycaemic control due to the complexity and uniqueness of the dietary structure in China, especially in terms of postprandial glycaemic response (PPGR). This study aimed to establish a personalized model for predicting PPGR in patients with T1D. Data provided by the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 13 patients with T1D, were recruited and provided with an intervention for at least two weeks. All patients were asked to wear a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device under free-living conditions during the study period. To tackle the challenge of incomplete data from wearable devices for CGM measurements, the GAIN method was used in this paper to achieve a more rational interpolation process. In this study, patients' PPGRs were calculated, and a LightGBM prediction model was constructed based on a Bayesian hyperparameter optimisation algorithm and a random search algorithm, which integrated glucose measurement, insulin dose, dietary nutrient content, blood measurement and anthropometry as inputs. The experimental outcomes revealed that the PPGR prediction model presented in this paper demonstrated superior accuracy (R=0.63) compared to both the carbohydrate content only model (R=0.14) and the baseline model emulating the standard of care for insulin administration (R=0.43). In addition, the interpretation of the model using the SHAP method showed that blood glucose levels at meals and blood glucose trends 30 minutes before meals were the most important features of the model. The proposed model offers a heightened precision in predicting PPGR in patients with T1D, so it can better guide the diet plan and insulin intake dose of patients with T1D.

Potential of achieving sustainable development through integrated optimization of mariculture species based on the food-energy-water nexus in China

The sustainability of mariculture possesses substantial enormous potential in food security and the mitigation of global warming. Based on the food‑carbon-water nexus, this study assessed the carbon and water footprints of mariculture in China, identified key drivers, and constructed a multi-objective optimization model of mariculture structure. Results showed that the carbon and water footprints of mariculture in China increased continuously from 2008 to 2020, with the intensity of carbon footprint increasing from 0.08 to 0.14 t CO2/t and that of water footprint increasing from 5436.72 to 6169.01 m3/t. Shellfish showed lower intensity of footprints than fish and crustaceans. The carbon footprint intensity of mariculture was high in Tianjin and Hainan but resulted in negative carbon emissions in Shandong and Liaoning. Hainan, Hebei, and Liaoning provinces had the highest average annual water footprint intensity. Provincial population and total mariculture production significantly impacted the carbon and water footprints of mariculture. Optimizing mariculture species structure can reduce carbon and water footprints while increasing protein production. However, a large gap still exists between the current development and optimization scenarios for mariculture structure in China. A targeted increase in the production of mariculture species such as plaice in Tianjin, American redfish in Guangxi, oysters and scallops in Guangdong, wakame in Liaoning, and gracilaria in Fujian, can help promote low carbon and water-saving practices, thus achieving sustainable mariculture development. Therefore, China's mariculture should continuously optimize its structure and enhance carbon sink capacity in the future.

A Study on the Impact of the Scale and Structure of China's fiscal expenditure on people's Livelihood

As a public finance model with Chinese characteristics, people's livelihood finance is rooted in China's current national conditions and development stage. This concept marks a major shift in China's development strategy, from a single fo cus on economic construction in the past to a comprehensive development model that attaches equal importance to economic growth and people's well being. This change not only reflects the country's great attention to people's livelihood issues, but also indicates that China's economy and society are moving towards a new stage that pays more attention to people's livelihood. However, translating ideas into concrete policies and practices does not happen overnight, and requires time to settle and co ntinuous explorati on. Therefore, the key to the construction of people's livelihood finance is to reasonably determine and optimize the scale and structure of financial expenditure in the field of people's livelihood. This paper aims to deeply analyze the current sit uation of China's fiscal expenditure investment in the field of people's livelihood, explore its development trend through empirical an alysis, and reveal the existing problems. Specifically, this paper first makes a quantitative analysis of the scale of China's f iscal livelihood expenditure to reveal its changing trend over time. Then, we will further explore the changes in the expenditure structure, i ncluding the proportion and distribution of investment in key livelihood areas such as education, health care and social security. On this basis, this paper will reveal the existing problems of the current financial expenditure on people's livelihood. In order to deeply analyze the reasons behind these problems, this paper will further explore the main factors that le ad to the scale and structure of fiscal expenditure on people's livelihood. These factors may include unclear policy guidance, imperfect fisc al system, and imperfect supervision mechanism. Through the in depth analysis of these reasons, this paper aims to provide targeted optimization suggestions for the construction of livelihood finance.

The Change of Demand Structure and the Dynamic Evolution of Industrial Structure in China—On China’s Deindustrialization Issues

The Change of Demand Structure and the Dynamic Evolution of Industrial Structure in China—On China’s Deindustrialization Issues

Analysis of energy consumption structure in China, the United States and Germany based on forecasting models

This study analyzes and models the energy consumption structure of China, the United States and Germany, and reveals the characteristics, trends and influencing factors of energy consumption by comparing the energy consumption of different countries. The grey GM(1,1), ARIMA, LSTM and GLVM models are used to model and forecast energy consumption, and the model results are evaluated. It is found that there are significant differences in the structure, transformation speed and influencing factors of energy consumption in different countries, which has important implications for formulating energy policies and promoting sustainable development.

Seasonal changes in ecosystem health and their spatial relationship with landscape structure in china's Loess plateau

Environmental managers have sought to optimize landscape structure to maintain regional ecosystem health (EH). However, we still lack a full understanding of the effects of changing landscape structure on EH, especially in terms of shorter time scales (e.g., monthly or seasonal scales) and spatial heterogeneity. To address this gap, this study used the vigor-organization-resilience-services (VORS) model to assess the annual and seasonal variation of EH in the Loess Plateau (LP) during 2000–2015, and then applied the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to investigate the spatial effects of different aspects (i.e., landscape composition and configuration) of the landscape structure change on EH over time. Our results showed that the EH level in the LP from 2000 to 2015 displayed temporal non-stationarity at annual and seasonal scales, and a spatial pattern of decreasing from southeast to northwest. The effects of landscape structure on EH had obvious spatial and temporal heterogeneity, depending on the local landscape composition and configuration. In general, landscape configuration exerted a greater impact on EH than landscape composition apart from Shannon’s diversity index and percentage of forestland area, but the intensity and direction of the impact displayed higher temporally instability and therefore should receive more attention. Furthermore, regulation of the dominant patch size, landscape connectivity and forest spatial spacing is the optimal choice for regional ecosystem management. The results suggest that EH responses to changes in landscape structure in the LP vary by time and place, and that the integrating temporal variation and spatial characteristics can help decision-makers make precise spatial arrangements and temporal adjustments to keep the negative ecological impacts within reasonable limits.