Rise Of China Research Articles

How the state frames its engagement in renminbi internationalization: The case of Indonesia

AbstractThe rise of China has accelerated Renminbi (RMB) internationalization. While there seems to be global support for RMB internationalization, there is a gap in understanding how developing nations, facing potential domestic skepticism, rationalize and articulate their support. This article discusses narratives that states use to legitimize their support for RMB internationalization. Using the case of Indonesia, this article examines the country's policy responses to China's RMB internationalization strategy. It uncovers that Indonesia frames its engagement with RMB internationalization not merely as an endorsement of China's global ambitions but as a strategic move to hedge against US dollar vulnerability and to foster broader Asian regional integration, particularly in terms of currency cooperation. This article enriches the existing literature, providing a nuanced perspective on how states navigate the complexities of international economic diplomacy, crafting narratives that align with their strategic interests and policy objectives in the evolving landscape of global currency politics.

Indo-Pacifički region kao geopolitički "pivot" na početku 21. veka

The subject of the paper refers to the analysis of the geostrategic importance of the Indo-Pacific region and the geopolitical movements and events in it at the beginning of the 21st century. The rise of China as a political, economic, and military power is the most important event in the transformation of the global international system, which, until recently, was sovereignly ruled by the USA. This geopolitical reality directed the world's attention from the Euro-Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific region. In addition, the economic growth of the region, in inseparable synergy with political and military strategic interests, represents a major challenge to the long-standing US dominance in the Indo-Pacific region. The transformation of China into a regional power with global aspirations has changed the structure of regional relations, undermining the recently unquestioned American hegemony in this part of the world. The paper will focus on the basic geopolitical developments in the Indo-Pacific region, the new geopolitical "pivot" of the 21st century. The research used the content analysis method of the numerous relevant sources in which the Indo-Pacific region is considered, which includes a large expanse of water and land, where this specificity is reflected in the fact that the most significant "geopolitical game" today is related to the events in the waters of the South China Sea. The method of analysis and deduction in considering the character form and relationship of the rise of China as a political, economic, and military power and the events in

Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World

Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World

Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World

Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World

CHANGES IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES' WAGES AS A RESULT OF CHINA'S TRADE LIBERALIZATION

The rapid expansion of China's economy and the subsequent liberalization of its commerce have far-reaching implications for the world's LICs. Focusing on the implications for labor markets and income distribution, this research analyzes how China's trade liberalization has affected salaries in LICs. This study aims to shed light on how China's trade policies have affected wage dynamics and societal shifts by reviewing the relevant literature.China's exports have increased as the country liberalized its trade policies and opened up to international markets. The flood of Chinese imports has affected wages in LICs, both positively and negatively. Cheap Chinese imports have especially hard-hit wages in businesses that heavily rely on human labor. Because of this, low-skilled employees in LICs face more competition and less bargaining leverage, both of which contribute to wage stagnation or decline. The rise of China's exports, however, has opened new doorways for economic development and increased employment in LICs. Increased demand from China has fueled employment growth and pay inflation in LICs' comparative advantage sectors, including natural resources and specialized manufacturing. Chinese investment in low- and middle-income countries (LICs) has boosted local economies by creating jobs and raising salaries in the manufacturing and infrastructure sectors. The overall effect of China's trade liberalization on LICs' salaries is nuanced and sector-specific. Economic diversification, trade patterns, and the structure of LIC economies all play a role in determining the size and direction of these impacts.

Book Review: Has China Won? By Kishore Madhubani

The rise of China in last the three decades has started the debate as to whether the primacy of America can be sustained or will it be replaced by another superpower (Brooks & Wohlforth, 2016; Jervis ,1991). If the United States were to be replaced, the key question arises: who would assume its role? The author of the book under consideration is extensively engaged in the exploration of a pivotal narrative in the 21st century, centred on the enduring competition between the United States and China. This discourse has evolved into a prominent arena of intellectual inquiry for scholars globally, and Kishore Mahbubani is no different in this regard. His book titled Has China Won? The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy discusses a wide range of issues which has engulfed both America and China. The book consists of nine chapters, with an additional condensed article by Stephen M. Walt in the appendix. This article delves into the prevalent myths surrounding American supremacy.

Exploring the International Community Based on 100 Years of Change

As history keeps moving forward, it’s increasingly clear that the East is rising while the West is declining against the whole political landscape. In the 21st century, the rise of China has gradually shifted the focus of human civilization to East Asia. In this context, China has become the main driving force of globalization. The current international competition has entered a stage where developed countries and emerging powers are competing for transformation and reform. This thesis aims to analyze the current world pattern from political, economic and ethical perspectives. The pivot of global economic development is shifting, while the global political pattern is also quietly undergoing great transformations.

India-China Geopolitical Tensions: Strategic and NationalSecurity Implications with respect to Maldives

The geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean is undergoing significant shifts, with thechanging political dynamics in the Maldives, the evolving India-China relationship, and India'sstrategic moves in the Lakshadweep archipelago. This paper examines the intricate interplaybetween domestic politics, regional alliances, and strategic concerns in the Indian Ocean,focusing on the implications for India's national security. The Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagosarchipelago has historically been strategically important to India, and recent developments,such as the establishment of India’s second naval facility in the Lakshadweep and the politicalshift in the Maldives, have brought this region into the spotlight. The changing India-Chinarelationship, fuelled by China's growing influence in the Maldives and India's historical tieswith the previous Maldivian administration, has raised concerns about the potential creation ofa power vacuum in the Indian Ocean. The Maldivian President's call for the withdrawal ofIndian troops from the country could potentially favour China's influence and jeopardize vitalsea routes, increasing the risks of instability, piracy, terrorism, and other criminal activities.India's proactive diplomacy under its "Neighbourhood First Policy" aims to sustain its imageas a great power while countering China's rise in the region. This research explores therelationship between China and the Maldives, its implications for India, and the patterns ofinvestment by both India and China in the Maldives. The broader implications of the India-China geopolitical conflict on India's national security in international waters are also examined.

How the Rise of China Led the United States to Wreck the World Trade Organization

How the Rise of China Led the United States to Wreck the World Trade Organization

International and Regional Security Issue: Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS) and National Security of Nepal

International security is a comprehensive concept. There is a change in the dynamics of international security in the international arena. In the present context, the world has been shifting from unipolar to multipolar. The rise of China and the latest Russian attack on Ukraine have changed previous paradigms and parameters of international and regional security. After the proposed Belt and Road Initiate (BRI) by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, the United States and its alliance proposed the Indo-pacific strategy (IPS) to counter the BRI. This article aims to give answer how and why IPS is crucial for international security, South Asian regional security and national security of Nepal. The objectives of this article are to analyze the security challenges created by IPS in international arena, to assess the security threat created by IPS in South Asian region, and to explore how Nepal can resolve and minimize a threat created by IPS and protect and promote its national security regarding IPS. In the context of South Asia, India is also involved in IPS. India is the dominant power in South Asia, so the active involvement of India in IPS also creates a threat to the regional security of South Asia. Nepal has to be conscious of the security aspect while cooperating with China, India, and other countries. Nepal is sensitive in terms of geopolitical, geo-strategic, and geo-economic aspects. The immediate neighbors’ China and India have been emerging as new great powers of the world. On the other hand, other great powers in the world also have prioritized Nepal strategically. So, Nepal has to continue its non-alignment trend and focus on its economic development and prosperity.

Do Geopolitical Risks Impact Trade Patterns in Latin America?

ABSTRACT The rapid rise of China as a major economic power, characterized by its expanding global trade and financial connections, has significantly heightened geopolitical tensions, particularly with the US. The primary objective of this study is to examine the ramifications of such geopolitical risks (GPR) on trading patterns within Latin America, employing a gravity model. The selection of Latin America stems from its ongoing transformation in power dynamics, with China emerging as the second largest partner, posing substantial competition to the US, which has historically been the region’s primary trading partner. This region has also emerged as an attractive investment and trade destination with abundant natural resources and a growing middle class. By focusing on seven of the largest economies in Latin America – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela – from 2000 to 2020, our study yields valuable insights into the influence of GPR on trade dynamics. The findings underscore the overall detrimental impact of GPR on trade, with a disproportionately adverse effect on imports. This study represents a significant contribution by bridging existing gaps in the literature, particularly within the underexplored context of Latin America, while providing crucial guidance for policy formulation and informing future research endeavours.

Respon Amerika Serikat dalam Menyeimbangkan Kekuatan Cina Melalui AUKUS dalam Klaim Kedaulatan Cina di Laut Cina Selatan

This research aims to analyze the formation of AUKUS as a new defense pact as the United States' response to China's unilateral claim of sovereignty in the South China Sea. The lack of presence of the United States, which for the last few decades has been too busy with its military operations in the Middle East region, has given China more freedom to carry out aggressive maneuvers in the Asia Pacific region which has then created an imbalance of power due to China's military strength being far superior to that of the alliance countries. United States in Asia such as the Philippines and Australia. In this research, a qualitative approach was used which aims to understand the phenomenon of events experienced by the subject through descriptions. Furthermore, this research uses the Balance of Power Theory and the Concept of Detterence as analytical tools to understand the material raised in this research. The results of this research show that AUKUS was formed due to the decline of the United States in various sectors which coincided with the rise of China as a new superpower. It is hoped that the selection of Australia and the UK in this collaboration will provide additional support to pressure China in the South China Sea through short-term and long-term programs.

Hubungan Tiongkok dan ASEAN: Upaya Tiongkok menjadi Kekuatan Hegemon di Asia Tenggara

China has turned into one of the most powerful countries in the world or "Great Powers" which has a vision to become a hegemonic country. Southeast Asia as China's backyard was the beginning of China's expansion to the world. China-ASEAN relations are very important because ASEAN is a strategic partner of China in trade cooperation. ASEAN can be a profitable companion for China in spreading its influence to the world. However, it is not that easy for ASEAN to support and assist China in achieving it. China spreads its influence through political, economic, socio-cultural and military aspects. In each of these aspects, China has a clear and measured strategy to implement it in order to achieve hegemony in Southeast Asia. The growth and rising of China into a great power is a testament to the massive effort made by China. This study analyzes the China-ASEAN relations in the efforts made by China with ASEAN. The author uses qualitative research methods with literature study to obtain various sources about China-ASEAN relations. It is undeniable that slowly China has become a new hegemon. This is evidenced by the massive influence of China in all aspects, especially the economy and military, which will slowly change the status quo in the international system.

China's One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative and Its Ambitions for Global Hegemony

This research paper analyses China's One Belt, One Road initiative and explores its ambitions for influencing the world economy through these economic corridors. However, each economic corridor has been separately explained in order to understand how these economic corridors would contribute to the rise and expansion of China in the world. In addition, to know whether the One Belt and One Road Initiative offers these six corridors' member states an opportunity to create a win-win relationship with China. It will ensure access and increase trade volume to the major world markets, or is it still a pipe dream for these countries to obtain such goals and objectives? Apart from this, to find out how it would improve and enhance regional connectivity, people-to-people contact, economic development, transit trade, road and maritime transport networks and tourism. This study used the qualitative method with an interpretive and descriptive approach. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants for the interview, and the snowball sampling technique was used to approach the participants. Five participants were interviewed through an interview schedule. The interview schedule was emailed to participants, and they typed their responses on MS Word and sent them back to the researcher. The researcher developed themes, and data were analyzed according to those themes. The findings of the study suggested that China has initiated these projects to promote its political power and economic interests in the region.

China’s Foreign Security Strategy Through the Belt and Road Initiative Under Xi Jinping: Achievements and Challenges

After becoming General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in 2012, President Xi Jinping led the implementation of a comprehensive reform of the national security strategy. Among that, the foreign security strategy plays an extremely important role in China’s national security strategy under the leadership of President Xi Jinping to realize the goal of the “Chinese Dream”, rejuvenating the great Chinese nation. To achieve that goal, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the key strategy to help China rise to become a global superpower replacing the position of the US in the future. This paper uses a qualitative analysis method through secondary data collected in October 2023. The research results will provide an overview of the BRI. From there, the paper objectively and multidimensionally assesses the results achieved by the BRI so far, while reflecting the challenges currently and prospectively facing the BRI.

The Impact and Response of Trade Sanctions

As China-U.S. relations become more complex, the United States considers China a major competitor and employs various means to impose trade sanctions, exerting pressure on Chinese enterprises. Among these measures, export controls in the high-tech and communication sectors are prevalent, often justified under the banner of "national security." The U.S.'s sanctioning behavior reflects its concerns about China's rise in these fields, attempting to maintain its technological advantage by controlling the export of crucial technologies and curb the development of China's technology and communication industries. The frequent use of U.S. export controls in recent years has had a significant impact on Chinese enterprises. In this context, it is essential to delve into the characteristics of U.S. trade sanctions to comprehensively understand their impact on Sino-U.S. trade. Additionally, understanding China's responses to these sanctions is crucial for our country's enterprises to more effectively navigate and counteract the measures imposed by the United States.

Çin’in Yükselişi Bağlamında Çin-Orta ve Doğu Avrupa İşbirliği: Realist Bir Bakış Açısı

Following the 2008–2009 global financial crisis, China began to engage in power competition in the CEE region for its economic and political interests. The EU regards the increase of Chinese influence in the CEE as a threat to its integrity and the interests of EU member states. The study argues that the basis of China-CEE cooperation is based on a realist thought that serves China's rise, aims to maximize China's economic power, and prioritizes Chinese interests. The study presents the basic motivations underlying China's involvement in power competition in the CEE, the impact of China’s growing influence in the CEE on the dominant actors in the region, such as the EU and Germany, and also their attitudes towards China-CEE cooperation from a realist perspective.

China’s Rise and the Global Dilemma: Balancing Economic Interdependence vis-à-vis Rules-Based System?

China's rise as an economic and geopolitical power has created a dilemma for the global community as it challenges the balance of economic interdependence vis-a-vis the rules-based system. China's growing assertiveness in the international arena and disregard for established international norms and rules has raised concerns about the future of the rules-based system and its impact on global governance. China's expanding military capabilities and assertive territorial claims have further fueled concerns about its intention to alter the existing global order. Thus, the article underscores that as a foreign policy tool, China has been using economic coercion, weaponising interdependence by leveraging its economic power over developing states to achieve political and strategic objectives. In addition, China has established parallel multilateral institutions to promote its interests and challenge the dominance of traditional Western-led institutions. These institutions provide an alternative to the existing global economic order, which China sees as being dominated by the West. The outcome of China's activism is that it has been able to form like-minded alliances at the United Nations and other prominent institutions, thereby posing a risk and an uncertain future for global governance and the balance of power in the international system.

Historical Insights of Global Power Transitions: Implications on US-China Relations

The history of global power transitions is a complex and multifaceted topic that has far-reaching implications on various aspects of international relations, including US-China relations. Throughout history, there have been numerous instances where the balance of power between nations has shifted, leading to significant changes in the global order. This research is aimed to analyse the prospects and implications of the current global power transition. Since the relative decline of the United States and the rise of China, the US-China relationship is one of the recurring themes in international relations. The pace of rise of the rest, especially China, is shrinking the power gap between the United States and these competitors. This paper suggests that the United States has gone through a relative decline in its military, economic, and soft power capabilities. The current trade war between the two largest economies, COVID-19 and other factors have exacerbated souring US-China relations. The realist theorists suggest that the ‘rising states are always prone to provoke war’, however, as China continues to increase its economic and military capabilities, the US has become increasingly wary of its rise and has adopted a more confrontational approach towards the country. This has led to a series of trade disputes, military tensions, and geopolitical conflicts between the two nations. The rise of China today is possible because of benefitting from the contemporary global order, but at the same time, China is dissatisfied with the role of the United States or a group of certain states in manipulating the laws of international institutions to pursue their self-interest. To avoid hostility, the largest economies should emphasize global issues by endorsing economic interdependence and cooperation.

China's Identity Positioning and Diplomacy among Developing Countries

In the contemporary era characterized by the collective rise of emerging nations with China at the forefront, significant shifts in the power structure of the international system have emerged. An urgent concern is how China should position itself and delineate friend from foe in order to garner international support from a vast array of developing countries. China's intricate national circumstances and the profound transformations in the global environment present formidable obstacles to defining its national and international identity. Historically, China has positioned itself as the "largest developing country." However, given its significantly larger scale compared to other developing countries within the global community, disagreements from developed nations regarding China's classification as a developing country have surfaced, leading to economic frictions between China and other countries. Concurrently, China's efforts to secure international support primarily from developing countries have been impeded by certain nations adopting counter-strategies within the backdrop of Sino-American strategic competition, inadvertently imposing substantial economic costs on China and even posing direct threats to its core interests. Therefore, basing its actions on a sound sense of righteousness and benefits, accurately positioning China within the international system and distinguishing between friends and adversaries is a prerequisite for conducting diplomatic work. This approach can potentially mitigate the costs of China's rise, enhance its strategic credibility, and facilitate the acquisition of broader international support. In future diplomatic endeavors, China should persist in safeguarding and advancing the interests of the vast community of developing countries, adhering to a diplomatic layout grounded in the prioritization of relationships with developing countries. This approach will underscore China's commitment to international justice and facilitate the transformation of its identity into that of a "responsible major power," thereby reshaping its perspectives on the international order in this new era.